bio final chapter 5

mitosis

2 diploid offspring cells

meiosis

4 haploid offspring cells

interphase

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during

Centromere

A duplicated chromosome remains tightly paired with its partner at a region called the

Down Syndrome

A nondisjunction results in a person with an extra copy of chromosome 21 results in this

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

Pleiotropy

A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

sister chromatids

As mitosis begins, __________ are linked together at the centromere.q

Cytokinesis

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.

sister chromatids

Before a cell divides, it copies all of its chromosomes. While the two copies of a chromosome are attached they are called

DNA

Chromosomes contain most of the cell's blank which acts as the molecule of heredity.

Chromatin

DNA and protein together form a complex called

prophase 1

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

linked genes

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses.

incomplete dominance

If a woman with curly hair and a man with straight hair have a child with wavy hair, the gene for this characteristic of hair shows __

dominant

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the this allele.

recessive

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the this allele.

g and k

Imagine that five hypothetical genes are arranged on a chromosome in the following order: G--H--I--J--K. Which two genes are most likely to have a crossover occur between them?

independent assortment

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

4 haploid cells

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces

Law of Segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

alleles

Most human genes come in alternate versions called

crossing over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

independent assortment

Random orientation of homologous pairs of chromosomes during meiosis I result in alternative arrangements that contribute to genetic variation in offspring. This is called

chromosomes

The DNA of every eukaryotic cell is stored in one or more blank located in the nucleus

cytokinesis

The cell divides into two offspring cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes from the parent cell.

prophase

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

telophase

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?

metaphase

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

interphase

The cytoplasm doubles, increasing the overall size and volume of the cell. Chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for cell division.

mitosis

The duplicated chromosomes separate and are distributed to two offspring nuclei.

phenotype

The physical traits of an organism are called its

Genetics

The scientific study of heredity

anaphase

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

dihybrid cross

What do we call a genetic cross that follows two separate characters, such as pea seed color and pea seed shape?

Chromosomes must be duplicated

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

sexual reproduction

What process involving cell division results in daughter cells that are NOT identical to the parent cell?

cell theory

a fundamental concept of biology states all life is cellular and all cells arise from preexisting cells

therapeutic cloning

cloning where stem cells are harvested from the cloned embryo

reproductive cloning

cloning where the embryo must be transplanted into a surrogate

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

clones

identical genetic copies, can be done through the process of nuclear transplanting

prophase 1

in meiosis homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.

random fertilization

source of genetic variation caused by the unlimited number of possible sperm & egg combinations

polygenic inheritance

the combined effect of two or more genes on a single character

independent assortment

the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

heredity

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

character

this is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual.

trait

this is one particular variation of a character.