Bio final exam

108) A Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise _______ grams of water _______ degree Celsius at sea level.

1000, 1

What is A. tumefaciens?

BACTERIA

123) _______ is a stimulant and would cause a delay of drowsiness.

CAFFINE

126) Photoplethysmography detects the flow of blood through the ______ in the wrist.

CAPILLARIES

140) Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ______ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned.

CARBON

Hemoglobin is not a good carrier of carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is converted into ______ before it is transported to the alveoli.

Which of the following examples best describes how geoengineering may help mitigate global climate change?

Developing ways to reflect portions of solar energy before they reach the earth, preventing it from contributing to the greenhouse effect

142) A(An) ______ represents the interactions of biological communities and the abiotic factors within the inhabited location.

ECOSYSTEM

116) The role of the ______ is the filter the blood of wastes and chemicals.

KINDEY

131) In ______ sleep, the body resets it metabolism, and in ______ sleep, the body undergoes maintenance of body structures.

LIGHT, DEEP

110) There are multiple organ systems involved in maintaining homeostasis. Which organ system is considered the control center of homeostasis?

NERVOUS SYSTEM

The GMO procedure that coats very small fragments with tungsten or gold with genetically modified DNA and then uses a gene gun for delivery is called __________ _________

PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT

144) Sunlight consists of a wave and a particle. The particle is also known as a(an) ________.

PHOTON

6) Which plant structure provides the initial capture of solar energy?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

97) The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a ______ over time.

POPULATION

57) In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______.

SPERM AND EGG

Anaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during anaphase?

THE SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE AND BECOME DAUGHTER CELLS

Prophase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during prophase?

THE SPINDLE BEGINS TO ASSEMBLE BETWEEN THE SEPARATING CENTROSOMES

DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a __________, and if one strand has a guanine the other has a/an __________.

THYMINE AND CYTOSINE

141) What are the two most important insect vectors involved in the spread of bacterial and viral diseases?

TICKS AND MOSQUITOES

59) ______ are the basic unit of inheritance that can be passed on from one generation to the next.

gene

DNA is a double strand of nucleotides arranged in a

helical structure.

By genetically engineering pigs

scientists are investigating ways to provide organs for human transplants.

The overall goal of PCR is to create several copies of a

segment of DNA in a tube.

In a chemical reaction

the energy in ATP is provided by splitting the ATP molecule into adenosine diphosphate and phosphate.

Cells within the inside of a tumor secrete growth factors, which cause capillaries to grow toward the tumor. This process is called ______, and contributes to the growth and spread of the tumor.

ANGIOGENESIS

75) What part of the flower produces pollen grains?

ANTHER

64) Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase I phase of meiosis I?

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SEPARATE

133) Since the 1950s, there has been a steady increase in the levels of atmospheric CO 2 as a result of ________ activity.

HUMAN

106) What is the role of histamine in the immune response?

Histamine affects the maturation of immune system cells and alters their activation, polarization, chemotaxis, and effector functions.

99) The ______ glycoproteins are presented by all nucleated cells and an identification tag. The ______ glycoproteins are only presented by cells to provide the link between nonspecific immune responses.

MHC I AND MHC II

121) What is the endocrine function of the thymus?

RELEASES HORMONS THAT CONTROL THE FUNCTION OF YOUR BODY

65) Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase II phase of meiosis II?

THE CENTROMERE SPLITS, FREEING THE SISTER CHROMATIDS FROM EACH OTHER

52) Red blood cells are responsible for __________.

THE EXCHANGE OF GASES IN OUR BODIES

For the expression of a recessive trait,

a person needs to inherit a recessive allele from both of their parents.

The movement of genes between species is termed

horizontal gene transfer.

100) Macrophages and dendritic cells ingest, digest, and provide an antigen for the immune system to respond.

idk

101) When a macrophage presents an antigen with an MHC-II protein, it interacts with helper T cells.

idk

A biome is defined by

its average temperature and precipitation.

Cellular respiration is a process that harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bond

organic molecules.

Plants genetically modified with the Bt gene are more

pest resistant.

Mosses are considered the most

primitive group of plants.

Enzymes are

proteins

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange. Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into

red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered in a way that would not occur in nature.

idk

There are multiple steps in interphase that prepare the cells for cell division. The correct order of steps that prepare cells for division is G 1, S, G 2

idk

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes have ______ complementary in shape to their substrates.

ACTIVE SITES

76) Golden rice has been genetically modified to produce vitamin _______.

BETA-CAROTENE

Malignant tumors need nutrients and oxygen to grow. From what structures do they obtain nutrients and oxygen?

BLOOD VESSELS

19) Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

BREAK DOWN FOOD INTO NUTRIENTS SUCH AS CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, AND PROTEINS

143) The measure of the impact on climate change by a person or a company is known as their _________.

CARBON FOOTPRINT

24) The second law of thermodynamics states that ____________.

CONVERSION OF ENERGY FROM ONE TO ANOTHER RESULTS IN LOSS OF ENERGY AS HEAT

Genome editing can be accomplished by using

CRISPR

A method of genome editing that uses the Cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific nucleotides from the genome is called __________.

CRISPR-CAS9

18) Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

ELIMINATES INDIGESTABLE MATERIALS, REABSORBS WATER

105) What is the role of interferon in the immune response?

Interferons are proteins that are part of your natural defenses. They tell your immune system that germs or cancer cells are in your body.

103) B cell activation, through antibody-mediated immunity, results in the production of memory B cells, secretion of antibodies, production of plasma cells.

idk

127) Temperature, pH and blood glucose levels controlled by a negative feedback mechanism in the body.

idk

147) What sources of alternative energy involves using uranium or other materials to split the nucleus of an atom?

NUCLEAR ENERGY

107) What is the role of interleukin in the immune response?107) What is the role of interleukin in the immune response?

The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses.

A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in _________.

UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION

115) In homeostasis, which organ system's central role is to remove liquid wastes and detoxification of chemicals?

URINARY SYSTEM

28) What is the function of Ribosomes?

USE GENETIC INFORMATION TO SYTHESIZE PROTEINS

92) What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release

Climate can best be described as the

average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

The overall goal of gene expression

is to make a structural protein that can be used by the cell.

During the division of eukaryotic cells, the _--------__ assists by dividing the genetic material and cell contents into the two resulting cells.

centrioles

125) Which digestive system organs stores bile that is used in the small intestines?

GALLBLADDER

22) Which organ is responsible for the storage of extra bile, used to aid in the digestion of fats?

GALLBLADDER

In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, the _____ stage produces diploid cells and the ______ stage produces haploid cells.

GAMETOPHYTE, SPOROPHYTE

72) Which process has been used to modify arctic apples to prevent browning?

GENE SILENCING

n normal cells, tumor suppressor gene monitor the rate of cell division and check newly synthesized DNA for

damage before being passed on to daughter cells.

The role of vectors in gene therapy is to

deliver the genetic material to the cells of interest.

122) Blood sugar monitoring would be beneficial for those who have

diabetes.

The oxygen exchange between the red blood cells and the alveoli is driven by

diffusion. This diffusion is due to the lower amount of oxygen found in the red blood cells.

Cancer begins when cells

divide uncontrollably.

During translation, the _-------__ reads the codon on the mRNA and brings in the corresponding amino acid.

tRNA

In a biochemical reaction,

the energy of activation is the amount of energy required to start a reaction.

14) In humans, energy stored in food is converted into ______ to perform work by the cells.

ATP

145) What two products of the light reaction are used in the Calvin cycle?

ATP AND NADPH

7) Description of ATP-

ATP consists of an adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

Organic molecules contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. How many bonds can form with each carbon atom?

4

In the process of feedback inhibition, the end product binds to the ______ site of the _______ enzyme to block the biochemical pathway.

ACTIVE SITE

The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides. What are the complementary base pairs of DNA?

ADENINE/THYMINE AND CYTOSINE/GUANINE

15) Vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the __________ tissue.

ADIPOSE

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

If a gene mutation occurs that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence, the protein will __________.

BE SMALLER

146) What processes contributes the greatest amount of CO 2 to the atmosphere?

BURING FOSSIL FULES, HEAT AND TRANSPOTATION

All major classes of energy nutrients have potential energy.

Because of the structure of the energy nutrient in it, which food source would provide quick access to energy.

136) Name the various greenhouse gases.

CARBON DIOXIDE

The following event (or events) occur in the prophase I phase of meiosis I

Condensing of the chromosomes, homologous chromosomes form tetrads, crossing over occurs.

Tumor suppressor genes halt cell division if an error is found in the

DNA

47) Metaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during metaphase?

DURING METAPHASE THE CHROMOSOMES ARE ALIGNED AT THE SPINDLE EQUATOR MIDWAY BETWEEN THE SPINDLE POLES

European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ______ gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide.

ENDOTOXIN

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED BETWEN FORMS

What is the name of the enzyme that adds new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand?

ENZYME DNA POLYMERASE

93) What types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

EPITHELIAL CELLS LINING THE RESPIATORY SYSTEM

138) Photosynthesis takes carbon in from the atmosphere and uses it to form ______, the energy source for all plants and animals to use in cellular respiration.

FOOD

What is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

135) How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

96) Which structure on the influenza virus provides attachment to the surface of the targeted host cell?

HEMAGLUTIN

98) Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures. Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures.

HOMOLOGOUS, ANALOGOUS

128) In maintaining body temperature, the ______ is the part of the brain that detects the increase in body temperature.

HYPOTHALAMUS

134) According to the evidence of climate change, there has been an overall ______ in ocean and land temperature, and an overall ______ in ice formations.

INCREASE, DECREASE

39) In which stage does the cell spend most of its time?

INTERPHASE

37) In eukaryotic cell division, what are the two major parts of the cell cycle?

INTERPHASE AND M PHASE

The PCR process requires three steps.

In the first step, the temperature is usually set at 95˚C because this is the optimum temperature for the denaturing of the DNA double strands.

There are three checkpoints during cell division. Which checks for proper alignment of chromosomes?

M CHECKPOINT

In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of ______, and all other cells are formed through the process of ______.

MEIOSIS, MITOSIS

104) The adaptive immune response can remember past exposures to pathogens by holding ______ B cells in reserve.

MEMORY B CELLS

29) What cell organelle converts the energy found in food into a form usable by cells?

MITOCHONDRIA

119) There are three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system. What is the function of the capillaries?

Narrow, thin-walled blood vessels found in the tissues of the body (skin, liver, digestive system). Location where the majority of the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste takes place in the body.

95) How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

ONE IS NATIVE TO THE BODY THE OTHER OF FOREIGN THREAT

109) A collection of organs and tissues that work together to perform a general function is called a(n) __________.

ORGAN SYSTEM

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. What are considered to be carbon sinks?

Oceans, fossil fuels deep underground and the atmosphere.

114) Which digestive system organs produces digestive enzymes, and produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar?

PANCREAS

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as ___________.

PLASMIDS

The browning of an apple is due to the expression of the ______ gene. This gene produces the brown trait.

PPO

48) In a normal cell, what is the function of topoisomerase.

PREVENTING DNA REPLICATION

21) What is a function of the liver?

PRODUCE BILE, PROCESSES AND STORES NUTRIENTS

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

RED BLOOD CELLS

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ______ cells and carries ______ to all cells of the body.

RED BLOOD CELLS, OXYGEN

120) What is the function of nervous tissue in the human body?

RESPONDE TO STIMILI AND TRANMIT INFORMATION

124) During skeletal muscle contractions, which part of the muscle shortens?

SARCOMERE

DNA replication is considered to be ______ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

SEMI CONSERVATIVE

117) The ______ neurons take information and send it to the ______ neurons, where it is integrated and processed.

SENSORY AND INTERNEURONS

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of CO 2in the photosynthesis reaction?

SOURCE OF CARBON NEEDED FOR THE FORMATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of H 2O in the photosynthesis reaction

SOURCE OF ELECTRONS FOR LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS

111) Thinking about a negative feedback system, the ______ is the condition being measured and the ______ is the target of the actions of the control center.

STIMULUS AND EFFECT

132) Different types of exercise affect the muscular system differently. Weight lifting promotes ______, while long-distance running promotes ______.

STRENGTH AND STAMINA

139) The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ______ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the ______ of the chloroplast.

STROMA

112) There are two different paths for blood to travel throughout the body. The ______ circuit carries blood to and away from organ systems, and the ______ circuit carries blood to and from the lungs.

SYSTEMIC/ PULMONARY

33) In animal cells, DNA is located in the __________.

THE NUCELUS

78) In what way have AquaAdvantage Salmon been genetically modified?

TO GROW FASTER

34) The purpose of transcription is to ____________.

TO MAKE MRNA THAT WILL CARRY THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING PROTEINS OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS

35) The purpose of translation is to____________.

TO USE MRNA CONDONS TO LINK YOGETHER AMINO ACIDS TO FORM POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS

Which of the following is the key feature of glycolysis? Splitting glucose into ___ pyruvates.

TWO MOLECULES

All viruses are made up of two components.

These components are a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

They have their own genomes.

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called __________.

VIRAL RECOMMBINATION

118) There are three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system. What is the function of the veins?

Vessels that return the blood to the heart. Usually have interior valves to keep the blood moving under low pressure.

8) Lipids are different from other nutrient classes in that they don't mix with __________.

WATER

113) The respiratory system plays a major role in homeostasis by regulating gas exchange between the internal body and the external environment.

idk

129) Air enters the lungs when the diaphragm move down and pressure in the lungs decreases.

idk

130) The skeletal system aids in movement, projects vital organs and stores calcium.

idk

38) Chromosomes are copied in the growth (S) phase of interphase (G 1).

idk