bio final exam

In a population of 10,000 organisms, over a one-year period, there are 750 births and 130 deaths. Calculate the growth rate for that year. a. 0.062 b. 0.055 c. 0.088 d. 0.013 e. 0.075

a. 0.062

The climax-pattern model states that the same area will always lead to a specific type of community if it is given a sufficient amount of time. Which of the following statements is true of this model? a. In recent times, this has been modified to recognize that while the area may return to the same community it may not have exactly the same species diversity. b. In an area that has been disturbed, succession will result in the same community with the exactly same species diversity. c. In an area that has been disturbed, succession will result in an entirely new community. d. In an area that has been disturbed, primary succession must occur before secondary succession can reestablish the climax community. e. In recent time, this model has been changed to state that the climax community cycles through a series of different dominant species.

a. In recent times, this has been modified to recognize that while the area may return to the same community it may not have exactly the same species diversity.

Which of the following describes the role of NAD + in cellular respiration? a. It accepts two electrons plus a hydrogen ion. b. It provides the energy for the reaction. c. It is a product of glycolysis. d. It is a product of the citric acid cycle. e. It is oxidized.

a. It accepts two electrons plus a hydrogen ion.

Which is true of facilitated transport by carrier proteins? a. It is represented by the glucose carrier that can transport hundreds of molecules a second. b. Facilitated transport requires expenditure of chemical energy and is therefore active transport. c. Facilitated transport only applies to small, lipid-soluble molecules. d. One carrier protein can carry a variety of different molecules. e. After a carrier has transported a molecule, it is unable to transport any more.

a. It is represented by the glucose carrier that can transport hundreds of molecules a second.

Which of the following is an example of a compound? a. Cl b. C 6H 12O 6 c. O2 d. Na + e. H2

b. C 6H 12O 6

The alternate forms of a gene for thesame trait are known as: a. phenotypes b. alleles. c. genotypes. d. codominants. e. incomplete dominants.

b. alleles.

A normal male marries a color-blind woman. What percent of their female children will be color-blind? a. 100% b. 25% c. 0% d. 50% e. 75%

c. 0%

Which coenzyme is involved in the light reactions? a. NAD + b. both NAD + and FAD c. NADP + d. both FAD and NADP + e. FAD

c. NADP +

Which of the following occurs when lactose is present in the environment of E. coli? a. RNA polymerase binds to the operator. b. No genes are transcribed. c. RNA polymerase binds to the promotor. d. Lactose binds to the promotor. e. The lac repressor binds to the promoter.

c. RNA polymerase binds to the promotor.

This illustration shows a summary of the events in the human life cycle. Which of the lettered transitions or events require(s) mitosis? a. A, B, and C b. D and E c. all but F d. only F

c. all but F

Which organelle will take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen and water? a. lysosome b. mitochondrion c. chloroplast d. endoplasmic reticulum e. Golgi apparatus

c. chloroplast

A heterotrophic organism that eats other living organisms is called a a. decomposer. b. producer. c. consumer.

c. consumer.

The genetic makeup of an individual is also known as their: a. factors. b. phenotype. c. genotype. d. loci.

c. genotype.

How many membranes does a chloroplast have? a. four b. one c. two d. five e. three

c. two

If the frequency of the dominant gene is 0.7, what is the frequency of the recessive gene? a. 0.7 b. 0.49 c. 0.27 d. 0.3 e. 0.14

d. 0.3

Which of the following statements is true? a. The aerobic respiration of glucose has one phase. b. Aerobic respiration uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. c. The end product of glycolysis is acetyl CoA. d. NADH 2 will eventually produce three ATP molecules. e. The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate.

d. NADH 2 will eventually produce three ATP molecules.

In the Calvin cycle, the three-carbon molecule that will be immediately formed after carbon dioxide fixation occurs is a. PS I. b. G3P. c. RuBP. d. glucose. e. 3PG.

e. 3PG.

Poisons are often: a. cofactors. b. coenzymes. c. kinases. d. vitamins. e. enzyme inhibitors.

e. enzyme inhibitors.

When you are overheated, you perspire, and when you are too cold, you shiver to generate heat. Which property of life is best represented by this example? a. development b. behavior c. organization d. adaptation e. homeostasis

e. homeostasis

Which of the following nucleotide bases is found only in RNA? a. thymine b. guanine c. adenine d. cytosine e. uracil

e. uracil

the ____ percent rule explains why a food web can only support a few carnivores.

10

Both parents are heterozygous for Tay-Sachs disease (an autosomal recessive disorder). Three children in a row were born with Tay-Sachs disease. What is the chance that a fourth child will have Tay-Sachs disease? a. 25% b. 0% c. 100% d. 75% e. 50%

a. 25%

If a species contains 23% A in its DNA, what is the percentage of guanine it would contain? a. 27% b. 25% c. 44% d. 46% e. 23%

a. 27%

If one strand of DNA has the base sequence 5'AAGCAA3', the complementary strand has which of the following sequences? a. 3'TTCGTT5' b. 3'UUCGUU5' c. 3'TTCGTG5' d. 3'UTCGTU5' e. 3'AAGCAA5'

a. 3'TTCGTT5'

In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is: a. 46. b. variable depending on whether male or female. c. 92. d. 20. e. 23.

a. 46.

If their sperm contain 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do diploid cells in horses contain? a. 64 b. 46 c. 32 d. 128 e. 23

a. 64

A pheasant breeder starts with two birds in the P generation, one of which is AA and the other is aa. If he takes two of the birds from the F 1 generation and breeds them together, what genotypes can he expect in his F 2 offspring? a. AA, Aa, and aa b. AA only c. Aa and aa d. Aa only e. AA and Aa

a. AA, Aa, and aa

Why are two children born to the same parents (not identical twins) unlikely to have the same genetic makeup? a. All of the answer choices lead to genetic differences among siblings. b. Each sperm or egg has a random assortment of chromosomes, half from each pair. c. Chromosomes align themselves independently during meiosis I. d. Crossing-over recombines portions of sister chromatids. e. Fertilization provides a new pairing of chromosomes.

a. All of the answer choices lead to genetic differences among siblings.

Which of the following is a substrate in the photosynthesis equation? a. CO2 b. C6H12O6 c. O2 d. H2

a. CO2

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. On side A, there is a solution composed of 20% protein and 80% water. On side B, the solution is 100% water. As osmosis occurs, what will happen to the solution on side A? a. It will become less concentrated since water passes from B to A. b. It will become more concentrated since water passes from B to A. c. It will become less concentrated since protein will move from A to B. d. It will become more concentrated since protein will move from B to A. e. It will become more concentrated since water passes from A to B.

a. It will become less concentrated since water passes from B to A.

Which of the following crosses will yield four phenotypes in the 1:1:1:1 ratio? a. RrYy × rryy b. rryy × rryy c. RRYY × rryy d. RRYY × RRYY e. RrYy × RrYy

a. RrYy × rryy

What are transcription factors? a. Transcription factors are proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. b. Transcription factors are proteins that help the operator bind to the repressor. c. Transcription factors are proteins that help helicases bind to the operator. d. Transcription factors are proteins that help DNA polymerase bind to the promoter. e. Transcription factors are proteins that help the repressor bind to the operator.

a. Transcription factors are proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter.

A female with two Barr bodies in her cells would have what combination of sex chromosomes? a. XXX b. XX c. XXXY d. XXY e. XYY

a. XXX

The random alteration in a sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant of a gene is: a. a gene mutation. b. a polymorphism. c. genetic drift. d. disruptive selection. e. stabilizing selection.

a. a gene mutation.

The backbone of a nucleic acid strand is composed of: a. alternating pentose sugars and phosphate groups. b. nitrogenous bases. c. alternating adenines and thymines. d. R groups. e. glycerol.

a. alternating pentose sugars and phosphate groups.

Which component of the extracellular matrix is responsible for forming proteoglycans? a. amino sugars b. collagen c. integrin d. elastin e. fibronectin

a. amino sugars

The molecular structure shown here is a. an amino acid. b. a protein molecule. c. a glycerol molecule. d. a fatty acid molecule. e. a glucose molecule.

a. an amino acid.

Since pure water is neutral in pH, it contains: a. an equal number of hydrogen ions (H +) and hydroxide ions (OH -). b. seven times more hydrogen ions (H +) than hydroxide ions (OH -). c. no hydrogen ions(H +). d. no hydroxide ions(OH -). e. neither hydrogen ions (H +) nor hydroxide ions (OH -).

a. an equal number of hydrogen ions (H +) and hydroxide ions (OH -).

During what stage do homologous chromosomes separate from each other? a. anaphase I b. anaphase II c. prophase d. metaphase II e. metaphase I

a. anaphase I

This illustration depicts a cell that has a diploid number of 4 (2n = 4). If we assume that cell division started with a diploid cell, the cell shown in the diagram is in what stage of what type of cell division? a. anaphase of mitosis b. anaphase I of meiosis c. anaphase II of meiosis d. telophase II of meiosis

a. anaphase of mitosis

Which of these combinations would be found in a nucleotide? a. base-sugar-phosphate b. base-acid-salt c. adenine-thymine-uracil d. sugar-protein-fat e. DNA-RNA-nucleus

a. base-sugar-phosphate

Down syndrome: a. can occur if the sperm has an extra copy of chromosome 21. b. may occur at a lower rate in women over 40. c. persons have normal-appearing eyelids. d. individuals have two number 21 chromosomes. e. is due to disjunction of chromosomes.

a. can occur if the sperm has an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Which pathway in cellular respiration will produce ATP, NADH 2, and carbon dioxide? a. citric acid cycle b. electron transport chain c. preparatory reaction d. photosynthesis e. glycolysis

a. citric acid cycle

A form of symbiosis in which one participant benefits while the other is unaffected is called: a. commensalism. b. parasitism. c. mutualism. d. coevolution. e. symbiosis.

a. commensalism.

Interaction between two species as both attempt to use the same environmental resources is: a. competition. b. commensalism. c. parasitism. d. predation. e. symbiosis.

a. competition.

The main reason that ATP is considered the energy currency in cells is because it: a. contains accessible energy in phosphate bonds. b. is a small molecule. c. contains anadenine base. d. carries a positive charge. e. contains a sugar ring.

a. contains accessible energy in phosphate bonds.

If a person has a portion of number 5 chromosome missing, they may have a. cri du chat syndrome. b. Turner syndrome. c. Jacobs syndrome. d. Klinefelter syndrome. e. Down syndrome.

a. cri du chat syndrome.

In grassy fields, light-banded British land snails escape bird predators. In forested areas, the snails with darker shells have the advantage. What type of selection is at work? a. disruptive b. directional c. stabilizing d. sexual e. a combination of directional and disruptive

a. disruptive

Which of these classification categories contains the most closely related group of organisms? a. genus b. kingdom c. domain d. family e. phylum

a. genus

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes: a. have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates. b. increase the energy of activation. c. are named for their substrate. d. decrease the productivity of the cell. e. always require coenzymes.

a. have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.

Which of the following organisms are the primary consumers of the producers? a. herbivores b. carnivores c. decomposers

a. herbivores

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. On side A, there is a solution composed of 20% protein and 80% water. On side B, the solution is 100% water. Initially, the solution on side B is ___________ to the solution on side A. a. hypotonic b. isotonic c. hypertonic

a. hypotonic

Hormones that deliver a signal to the plasma membrane of target cells are known as a. internal and external signals. b. growth factors. c. proto-oncogenes. d. checkpoints. e. cyclins.

a. internal and external signals.

Buffers: a. keep the pH within normal limits. b, are strong acids or bases. c. release large amounts of hydrogen ions (H +). d. will only lower the pH. e. will only increase the pH.

a. keep the pH within normal limits.

Tay-Sachs is a serious childhood metabolic disorder where ____ fail to digest certain lipids. a. lysosomes b. centrioles c. mitochondria d. Golgi apparatus e. nucleoli

a. lysosomes

In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell? a. metaphase b. telophase c. interphase d. anaphase e. prophase

a. metaphase

In an Asian rice paddy, carp eat algae around the base of rice plants while a snail scrapes algae from the leaves and stem. The carp and snails can coexist in the same rice paddy because they: a. occupy the same habitat but use the resources differently. b. occupy the same habitat and use the same resources. c. use the same resources but occupy different habitats. d. occupy different habitats and use the resources differently. e. work according to the competitive exclusion principle.

a. occupy the same habitat but use the resources differently.

Which of the following serve to directly accelerate the cell cycle? a. oncogenes b. carcinogens c. repressors d. tumor-suppressor genes e. p53 gene

a. oncogenes

Which of the following subatomic particles will be found orbiting the nucleus of the atom? a. only electrons b. protons and neutrons c. only neutrons d. electrons and neutrons e. only protons

a. only electrons

An unmanned spacecraft has been sent to another planet to detect new life forms. If the probe could only send back one image, which property or properties of life would be observable in the picture? a. organization b. homeostasis and metabolism c. evolution d. response to stimuli e. growth

a. organization

Mendel carried out most of his research with: a. pea plants. b. fruit flies. c. bacteria. d. livestock. e. guinea pigs.

a. pea plants.

Which of the following types of lipids is the most abundant constituent of cell membranes? a. phospholipid b. cholesterol c. triglyceride d. fat e. neutral fat

a. phospholipid

When the number of births exceeds the number of deaths, this results in: a. population growth. b. biotic potential. c. environmental resistance. d. carrying capacity. e. population decrease.

a. population growth.

Hemoglobin is a protein composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains. What is the highest level of protein structure represented by hemoglobin? a. quaternary b. secondary c. primary d. molecular e. tertiary

a. quaternary

You are on vacation in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and you observe that a massive forest fire has burned all the trees off the side of the mountain. The type of succession that occurs following the fire is: a. secondary succession. b. tertiary succession. c. primary succession. d. primary soil leaching. e. facilitated succession.

a. secondary succession.

Osmosis can occur when a membrane is: a. selectively permeable. b. absent. c. plasmolyzed. d. impermeable. e. permeable.

a. selectively permeable.

The formation of carbohydrate molecules occurs within the: a. stroma. b. thylakoid space. c. inner chloroplast membrane. d. outer chloroplast membrane. e. thylakoid membranes.

a. stroma.

DNA segments at the ends of chromosomes that shorten every time a cell divides are called a. telomeres. b. transposons. c. operons. d. mutagens. e. activated chromatin.

a. telomeres.

When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell wall prevents: a. the cell from bursting. b. active transport. c. water from entering the cell. d. the cell from shrinking. e. diffusion.

a. the cell from bursting.

Age structure diagrams with a broad base suggest that: a. the population will continue to grow for some time. b. environmental resistance is preventing population growth. c. the biotic potential is decreasing. d. many individuals are migrating into the population. e. there are many older individuals in a population.

a. the population will continue to grow for some time.

The addition of a poly-A tail to mRNA occurs after which of the following? a. transcription b. translation c. translocation d. replication e. termination

a. transcription

For the complete respiration of one molecule of glucose, the citric acid cycle must turn a total of: a. two times. b. six times. c. one time. d. three times. e. four times.

a. two times.

Which molecule would you need to radioactively label in order to produce radioactive oxygen during photosynthesis? a. water b. cytochrome c. carbon dioxide d. G3P e. glucose

a. water

an underground storage area of water between rock layers is called an:

aquifer

the phosphorus cycle is a sedimentary cycle because the phosphorus does not enter the:

atmosphere

In a population, freckles is inherited as a dominant trait. Individuals that are homozygous recessive lack freckles. If 1% of the population lacks freckles, and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at this locus, what percentage of the next generation will lack freckles? a. None, since it is a recessive condition. b. 1% c. 2% d. 50% e. 99%

b. 1%

How many molecules are formed from the cleavage of glucose during the first step of glycolysis? How many carbons are found in the resulting molecules? a. 3 molecules, each with 4 carbons b. 2 molecules, each with 3 carbons c. 6 molecules, each with 2 carbons d. 4 molecules, each with 3 carbons e. 3 molecules, each with 2 carbons

b. 2 molecules, each with 3 carbons

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is correct? a. The process is known as semiconservative replication because one old strand is conserved in the new molecule. b. All of the answer choices are correct statements about DNA replication. c. As hydrogen bonds break, the DNA molecule unwinds. d. Complementary base pairs are held together with hydrogen bonds. e. The enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication is DNA polymerase.

b. All of the answer choices are correct statements about DNA replication.

Which of the following is true concerning the cell theory? a. Theodor Schwann came to the conclusion that cells come from preexisting cells. b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek is recognized for making some of the earliest microscopes. c. No one knows who first used the term "cells." d. Matthias Schleiden stated that animals are composed of cells. e. Hooke researched animal tissues and discovered that they were all made of cells.

b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek is recognized for making some of the earliest microscopes.

While eating a container of yogurt, you have to leave, so you store the yogurt in the refrigerator. A day later you return and find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquified products. You correctly guess that enzymes from your saliva, via the spoon, have continued digesting the yogurt in your absence. What will happen over time? a. The reaction will continue until half is digested and then stop because the reaction between substrate and product will be balanced. b. As long as the enzyme is not denatured by environmental conditions, the reaction will continue until all of the substrate is used up. c. The reaction will continue indefinitely since the enzyme is not consumed by the reaction. d. Nothing, the reaction has stopped because the amount of saliva is small and you would have to add more saliva to continue the degradation. e. The reaction has stopped because the yogurt has denatured the enzyme.

b. As long as the enzyme is not denatured by environmental conditions, the reaction will continue until all of the substrate is used up.

The harmless orange-and-black viceroy butterfly closely resembling the toxic orange-and-black monarch butterfly is an example of: a. Müllerian mimicry. b. Batesian mimicry. c. both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry. d. a case of resource partitioning. e. a case of competitive exclusion.

b. Batesian mimicry.

Some students consume large amounts of coffee and so-called energy drinks to help them stay alert when studying. You notice that many who engage in this practice seem to do poorly on exams. Suppose you want to investigate the relationship between caffeine consumption and exam performance. Which of the following statements would be an appropriate hypothesis? a. Many students consume large amounts of caffeine while studying. b. Consuming large amounts of caffeine while studying reduces performance on exams. c. Too much caffeine is harmful to your health. d. One should avoid consuming too much caffeine while studying. e. Caffeine increases alertness but also increases anxiety.

b. Consuming large amounts of caffeine while studying reduces performance on exams.

The enzyme that is used to join DNA nucleotides together is: a. RNA polymerase. b. DNA polymerase. c. helicase. d. lipase. e. primase.

b. DNA polymerase.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics? a. One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form. b. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another. c. Energy can be created or destroyed but not changed from one form to another. d. One usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form. e. Energy cannot be transformed.

b. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another.

What role does NAD + play in cellular respiration? a. It provides the energy. b. It is an electron carrier. c. It produces the ATP. d. It is an enzyme. e. It provides the oxygen.

b. It is an electron carrier.

The human growth curve is best described as being: a. flat. b. J-shaped. c. V-shaped. d. S-shaped. e. W-shaped.

b. J-shaped.

Organs are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells. This is an example of which characteristic of life? a. Living things maintain themselves by homeostasis. b. Living things have levels of hierarchical organization. c. Living things respond to stimuli. d. Living things are adapted to the environment. e. Living things grow and develop.

b. Living things have levels of hierarchical organization.

Which of the following describes a type III survivorship curve? a. Most individuals die of old age. b. Many individuals die early in life. c. Individuals die at a constant rate throughout time. d. Most individuals die during their reproductive years. e. Most individuals die before old age, but after their reproductive years.

b. Many individuals die early in life.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about metabolic pathways? a. Products are the input molecules. b. Metabolic pathways often intersect one another. c. A constant supply of new enzymes must be produced to keep the metabolic pathway active. d. Metabolic pathways tend to be unorganized and unregulated. e. The same enzyme catalyzes all the reactions in a pathway.

b. Metabolic pathways often intersect one another.

Historically, the protists were classified in "kingdom Protista." Recently, however, the protists were reclassified into "supergroups." What was the reason for this reclassification? a. Scientists decided to reclassify protists based on their nutritional mode. For example, all the photosynthesizers were placed together into one supergroup. b. New DNA evidence suggests that not all protists share a common ancestor and therefore their classification needed to be reorganized. c. Scientists reclassified protists based on how many cells the organism contains. For example, there is a supergroup for one-celled organisms, a supergroup for two-celled organisms, etc. d. There were too many protist species to fit into a single kingdom.

b. New DNA evidence suggests that not all protists share a common ancestor and therefore their classification needed to be reorganized.

Which statement about ecosystems is true? a. Within an ecosystem there is a community of organisms, but non-living components are absent. b. Some organisms can produce their own food and these organisms form the base of the food chain. c. Energy continually cycles through an ecosystem. d. Chemicals flow through ecosystems in a one-way direction and are not recycled. e. The location of ecosystems around the world appears to be random. There is no relationship between ecosystem location and factors like climate.

b. Some organisms can produce their own food and these organisms form the base of the food chain.

Rain falling in the northeastern United States has a pH between 5.0 and 4.0. Normally, rainwater has a pH of about 5.6. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The hydrogen ion (H +) content of the rainwater has decreased. b. The pH of the rainwater has become more acidic. c. The proportion of hydroxide ions (OH -) in the rainwater has increased. d. The pH of the rainwater has changed from neutral to acidic. e. The rainwater with a pH of 4.0 is a thousand times more acidic than the rainwater with a pH of 5.0.

b. The pH of the rainwater has become more acidic.

Why are plant leaves green? a. They reflect nearly all wavelengths of light. b. They reflect green wavelengths of light. c. They reflect yellow and blue wavelengths of light. d. They absorb only green wavelengths of light. e. They absorb only yellow and blue wavelengths of light.

b. They reflect green wavelengths of light.

A semipermeable membrane sac filled with water and large molecules of starch is suspended in a beaker of distilled water. What will happen? a. The starch will leave and the water will enter until both sides reach equal concentrations. b. Water will enter the sac and it will swell. c. The starch will leave the sac and it will shrink. d. We cannot determine the outcome unless we know the tonicity of the solutions. e. Because the starch cannot leave, the water cannot enter.

b. Water will enter the sac and it will swell.

What is a metabolic reaction called that involves one reaction releasing energy to provide energy for a second reaction that requires energy? a. an endergonic reaction b. a coupled reaction c. anabolism d. a reversible reaction e. an exergonic reaction

b. a coupled reaction

The outbreak of a disease, such as the bubonic plague, that kills large numbers of people in a city is an example of: a. a density-independent factor. b. a density-dependent factor. c. a commensalistic factor. d. a symbiotic relationship. e. predation.

b. a density-dependent factor.

A food chain shows which of the following for an ecosystem? a. a path to energy creation b. a path of energy flow c. a path of chemical cycling

b. a path of energy flow

If A → B → C → D → E represents a metabolic pathway, then the letter E would be: a. an enzyme. b. a product. c. an enzyme-substrate complex. d. a substrate. e. energy.

b. a product.

A color-blind (recessive trait) woman will pass the allele to a. her sons only. b. all her children. c. her husband. d. her daughters only. e. none of her children.

b. all her children.

A variety of genotypes and phenotypes in a population is useful because it: a. makes life more interesting. b. allows the species to survive if the environment changes. c. means that the gene pool is constant and unchanging. d. makes genetic drift an unlikely occurrence. e. will lead to nonrandom mating.

b. allows the species to survive if the environment changes.

The relatively thin layer on the earth's surface where life is possible is known as the: a. ecosystem. b. biosphere. c. biome. d. biopreserve. e. lithosphere.

b. biosphere.

Which organelles have a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules? a. chloroplasts and mitochondria b. cilia and flagella c. centrioles and flagella d. cilia and centrioles e. mitochondria and centrioles

b. cilia and flagella

The nucleolus: a. contains polysaccharides and is found in the nucleus. b. contains RNA and is found in the nucleus. c. contains ribosome subunits and is found in the cytoplasm. d. contains DNA and is found in the cytoplasm. e. contains RNA and is found in the cytoplasm.

b. contains RNA and is found in the nucleus.

Which of the following refers to the loss of a portion of a chromosome? a. monosomy b. deletion c. inversion d. duplication e. translocation

b. deletion

The role a species plays in the community is called its: a. habitat. b. ecological niche. c. biotic role. d. abiotic role. e. ecology.

b. ecological niche.

You are looking at a single chromosome in a human being. Assuming there is no crossing over, what is the source of all the genes on this chromosome? a. a combination of both mother and father b. either the mother or father c. mother d. father e. it is impossible to tell given this information

b. either the mother or father

Ecological pyramids are one way to demonstrate: a. food webs and the interactions that occur within a food web. b. energy losses that occur between successive trophic levels. c. losses of trophic level biomass within a food chain.

b. energy losses that occur between successive trophic levels.

Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner-filled space is called the matrix, which contains ______________ that break down carbohydrate products, releasing _______________ to be used for ATP production. a. DNA/energy b. enzymes/energy c. RNA/energy d. ribosomes/carbon dioxide

b. enzymes/energy

If a person inherits two X chromosomes, this individual will be a. color-blind. b. female. c. male. d. sterile. e. a poly-X female

b. female.

Changes in the allele frequencies of a gene pool due to the random meeting of gametes during fertilization is called: a. mutations. b. genetic drift. c. gene flow. d. nonrandom mating. e. natural selection.

b. genetic drift.

Which of the following need an outside source of organic nutrients? a. autotrophs b. heterotrophs c. algae d. plants

b. heterotrophs

The plasma membrane is composed primarily of: a. lipids and actin filaments. b. lipids and proteins. c. proteins and carbohydrates. d. proteins and microtubules. e. lipids and microtubules.

b. lipids and proteins.

If neutral atoms become positive ions, they: a. gain electrons. b. lose electrons. c. gain protons. d. lose protons. e. do not change.

b. lose electrons.

Which type of RNA carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome? a. ribosomal RNA b. messenger RNA c. transfer RNA d. All types of RNA can carry the information from the nucleus to the ribosome.

b. messenger RNA

Where does the preparatory reaction take place within the cell? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. mitochondrial matrix c. nucleus d. cytoplasm e. mitochondrial cristae

b. mitochondrial matrix

The inheritance of blood types in humans can be explained by: a. simple Mendelian genetics (one gene pair). b. multiple alleles. c. simple dominance. d. polygenic inheritance. e. linked genes.

b. multiple alleles.

A population age structure diagram which shows the number of people in the pre-reproductive class is roughly equal to the number in the reproductive age class would be: a. bell shaped. b. narrow and roughly rectangular in shape. c. pyramid shaped. d. shaped like an inverted triangle. e. irregularly shaped.

b. narrow and roughly rectangular in shape.

For Mendel's law of segregation to occur, the alleles must be: a. on different loci on different chromosomes. b. on a homologous pair of chromosome at the same loci. c. at the same locion the same chromosome. d. on a nonhomologous pair of chromosomes. e. at different loci on the same chromosome.

b. on a homologous pair of chromosome at the same loci.

The carriers of the electron transport chain are located: a. on the outer mitochondrial membrane. b. on the cristae of the mitochondria. c. within the cytoplasm of the cell. d. in the matrix of the mitochondria. e. within the intermembrane space.

b. on the cristae of the mitochondria.

Wood becomes petrified when its tissues are replaced by minerals. Although petrified wood is no longer part of a living organism, which property of life will still be present in the wood? a. growth and reproduction b. organization c. metabolism d. response to stimuli e. homeostasis

b. organization

Most enzymes are: a. DNA molecules. b. protein molecules. c. carbohydrate molecules. d. lipid molecules. e. ATP molecules.

b. protein molecules.

The division of feeding niches in a community is known as: a. competitive exclusion. b. resource partitioning. c. predation. d. hybridization. e. competition.

b. resource partitioning.

The leaves of a maple tree vary in size depending on the location of the leaves on the tree. Those growing at the outer region of the tree tend to be smaller than those growing closer to the trunk of the tree. This allows leaves that are growing in the shade to have a larger surface area. This is an example of: a. incomplete dominance b. response to environmental factors. c. epistatic interactions. d. Mendelian inheritance. e. codominance.

b. response to environmental factors.

Because every DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand, the process of DNA replication is called a. mixed. b. semiconservative. c. conservative. d. dispersive.

b. semiconservative.

Prior to protein synthesis, the DNA a. must first undergo replication. b. serves as a template for the production of mRNA. c. attracts tRNAs with appropriate amino acids. d. adheres to ribosomes for protein synthesis. e. contains anticodons that become codons.

b. serves as a template for the production of mRNA.

Which of the following is a correct association? a. mitosis-when a cell duplicates and then divides twice to reduce chromosome number by half b. sister chromatids-two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere c. centromere-forms spindle fibers during prophase d. haploid-having two copies of each chromosome e. cytokinesis-division of the chromosomes

b. sister chromatids-two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere

The change in free energy of a reaction, delta G, is calculated by: a. the amount of free energy content of the reactants. b. subtracting the free energy content of the reactants from that of the products. c. subtracting the free energy content of the products from that of the reactants. d. the amount of free energy content of the products. e. adding the free energy content of the products to that of the reactants.

b. subtracting the free energy content of the reactants from that of the products.

There are two plowed fields that are both the same size, have the same soil composition and climate. Both fields are surrounded by woodland. In the first field, as succession begins, the pioneer species are pine trees and shrubs. In the second field, the pioneer species are weeds and shrubs. This provides evidence for which model of succession? a. the facilitation model b. the tolerance model c. the inhibition model d. an opportunistic model e. the climax model

b. the tolerance model

How many NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle per turn? a. one b. three c. two d. six e. four

b. three

Primary succession takes much longer than secondary succession because it involves: a. colonization by more equilibrium species. b. time for weathering of rock and development of the soil horizons. c. more time for development of a seed bank. d. colonization by organisms that are farther away. e. redevelopment of the atmospheric gases.

b. time for weathering of rock and development of the soil horizons.

Specific DNA sequences that have the ability to move within and out of chromosomes are called a. operators. b. transposons. c. introns. d. exons. e. ribozymes.

b. transposons.

The most common autosomal abnormality seen among humans is a. XXY. b. trisomy 21. c. a deletion in chromosome 5. d. Edwards syndrome. e. Patau syndrome.

b. trisomy 21.

Which of the following is a density-independent factor? a. food supply b. weather c. shelter or nest space d. disease e. predators

b. weather

A woman who can roll her tongue is married to a man who cannot. Two of their four children can roll their tongues and two cannot. If T = tongue rolling and t = cannot roll tongue, then what is the genotype of the parents? a. woman tt; man tt b. woman Tt; man tt c. woman TT; man tt d. woman Tt; man TT e. woman Tt; man Tt

b. woman Tt; man tt

In peas, the yellow seed color is dominant ( YY or Yy) over the green seed color ( yy). You have been given a plant that only produces yellow seeds and need to determine if the plant is YY or Yy. Which of the following crosses would be most effectivefor determining the genotype of your plant? a. No cross is necessary. You should just plant your yellow seed and see what color flowers it produces. b. your plant× a plant that produces only green seeds c. your plant× another plant with known genotype YY d. your plant × another plant with known genotype Yy e. There is no way to determine the genotype of your plant.

b. your plant× a plant that produces only green seeds

____ is the number of organisms multiplied by their weight.

biomass

Select the components of a biogeochemical cycle from the list below: a. biotic communities b. food chains c. reservoirs d. exchange pools e. ecological pyramids

biotic communities, reservoirs, exchange pools

A student proposes that left-handedness is a recessive trait. A survey of a class of 36 students finds that 27 (0.75) are right-handed and 9 (0.25) are left-handed. Using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would the expected genotype and allele frequencies be in this theoretical population? a. 0.75 right-handed homozygous dominant and 0.25 recessive homozygous for 3-to-1 right- to left-handed alleles in the population b. 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 3-to-1 right- to left-handed alleles in the population c. 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele d. 0.50 right-handed homozygous, 0.25 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele e. They cannot be estimated using these limited data.

c. 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele

How efficient is the breakdown of one glucose molecule via cellular respiration? a. 100% b. less than 10% c. 39% d. 58% e. 20%

c. 39%

If a herbivore consumes 500 kg of plant material, how much gets converted into the herbivore's body mass (generally speaking, according to the text)? a. 500 kg b. 10 kg c. 50 kg d. 100 kg e. 5 kg

c. 50 kg

If one parent has type B blood and the other has type AB, what type might the child have? a. A or O only b. A or B only c. A, B, AB only d. B or O only e. A, B, O, or AB

c. A, B, AB only

Which of the following conditions is due to a sex-linked gene? a. hemophilia b. inability to see red or green c. All of the answer choices are sex-linked conditions. d. color-blindness e. muscular dystrophy

c. All of the answer choices are sex-linked conditions.

Which of the following is true according to Mendel's law of segregation? a. Each gamete contains one copy of each allele. b. Alleles separate from each other during gamete formation. c. All of the answer choices are true about Mendel's law of segregation. d. Fertilization restores the presence of two alleles. e. Each individual contains two alleles for each trait.

c. All of the answer choices are true about Mendel's law of segregation.

Which of the following is true about a karyotype? a. sex chromosomes are identified separately from autosomes b. banding patterns are used in pairing chromosomes c. All of the answer choices are true about karyotypes. d. homologous chromosomes are arranged in pairs e. chromosome pairs are assorted by both size and shape

c. All of the answer choices are true about karyotypes.

Which of the following organism(s) has/have a dependence on photosynthesis for their energy? a. wolves b. raccoons c. All of the answer choices will have a dependency on photosynthesis. d. squirrels e. white-tailed deer

c. All of the answer choices will have a dependency on photosynthesis.

Which part of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma? a. noncyclic electron pathway b. electron transport chain c. Calvin cycle reactions d. light reactions e. cyclic electron pathway

c. Calvin cycle reactions

The X-ray diffraction photography of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins was critical to showing that: a. the four bases of DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. b. DNA has equal numbers of purines and pyrimidines. c. DNA has a double-helix structure. d. the bases of DNA were held together by hydrogen bonds. e. DNA has deoxyribose sugar rather than ribose sugar.

c. DNA has a double-helix structure.

Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning used to form a hypothesis? a. The cell from a mushroom has a nucleus. b. All fungi absorb their food; if mushrooms are fungi, then the mushroom absorbs its food. c. Every fungus that has ever been studied absorbs its food; therefore, food absorption is characteristic of fungi. d. A mushroom is classified in the kingdom Fungi of the domain Eukarya. e. Fungi are not capable of photosynthesis.

c. Every fungus that has ever been studied absorbs its food; therefore, food absorption is characteristic of fungi.

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true? a. Glycolysis is a reduction reaction where only glucose is reduced. b. Glycolysis is a cyclical reaction. c. Glycolysis breaks glucose down to two pyruvate molecules. d. Glycolysis results in the release of carbon dioxide. e. Glycolysis occurs twice per glucose molecule.

c. Glycolysis breaks glucose down to two pyruvate molecules.

Which of the following best describes the role of histones? a. Histones determine the diploid number of chromosomes. b. Histones are not thought to play any role in the cell. c. Histones are responsible for packaging the DNA so it can fit into a small space. d. Histones make RNA synthesis possible. e. Histones play a role in coding for hereditary features.

c. Histones are responsible for packaging the DNA so it can fit into a small space.

The individual(s) given the most credit for the discovery of the structure of DNA is (are) a. Erwin Chargaff. b. Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel. c. James Watson and Francis Crick. d. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. e. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.

c. James Watson and Francis Crick.

What evidence would suggest that the fluid in the nucleus is different from the cytoplasm? a. There is no pH difference between the two fluids. b. Light microscopy reveals no differences between the fluid within the nucleus and the fluid outside of the nucleus. c. Nuclear pores only permit passage of certain molecules into and out of the nucleus. d. Nucleoplasm flows freely back and forth between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

c. Nuclear pores only permit passage of certain molecules into and out of the nucleus.

Which of the following is a correct statement about the second law of thermodynamics and entropy? a. Carbon dioxide and water form glucose without the input of energy. b. Living cells without energy would become more organized. c. The amount of disorder in the universe is always increasing. d. Energy lost as heat is more useful to the cell in doing work. e. To maintain organization of a cell, a continual output of energy is required.

c. The amount of disorder in the universe is always increasing.

Kidney dialysis relies on diffusion of various dissolved waste molecules (solutes) across a non-living semipermeable membrane. If the concentration of solutes in the blood increases over time before dialysis is administered, what will happen to the rate of dialysis when it occurs? a. It will remain the same since there are no carrier molecules in a non-living membrane. b. It will remain the same since there is no active transport in a non-living membrane. c. The rate will speed up since the concentration gradient is higher. d. The rate will slow down since the solute is more viscous. e. The rate will depend on the amount of time given for diffusion to take place.

c. The rate will speed up since the concentration gradient is higher.

What is the difference between the chromosomes in a secondary spermatocyte and those in a spermatid? a. The secondary spermatocyte is haploid; the spermatid is diploid. b. The chromosomes in secondary spermatocytes consist of two chromatids; the ones in the spermatid consist of only one chromatid. c. The secondary spermatocyte is diploid; the spermatid is haploid. d. The chromosomes in a secondary spermatocyte consist of homologous chromosomes; the ones in the spermatid consist of two chromatids. e. The chromosomes in the secondary spermatocyte consist of one chromatid;the ones in the spermatid consist of two chromatids.

c. The secondary spermatocyte is diploid; the spermatid is haploid.

In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur was searching for a vaccine for anthrax in livestock. One French veterinarian had a local reputation for being able to cure anthrax by applying oils and wrapping the animal in cloth to induce a fever. Pasteur also knew that some animals got well on their own when left untreated. Pasteur tested the effectiveness of the local veterinarian's methods by injecting four cattle with anthrax bacteria. He then directed the veterinarian to perform his procedures on two cattle. The other two cattle were left alone. One cow from each group died and the other one in each group survived. Pasteur dismissed the veterinarian's procedure as ineffective, but he also considered this to be a poor test. Why would he consider this to be a poor test? a. In a small group with 50% survival, the treated cows would have survived anyway. b. The difference in survival between the two groups was not dependent on the treatment. c. With such a small group you cannot determine if survival was dependent on the treatment or random chance. d. The number of cows that survived was the same as the number of cows that died. e. The production of a fever in the treated cattle interfered with the outcome.

c. With such a small group you cannot determine if survival was dependent on the treatment or random chance.

Two parents with widow's peak and short fingers have a child with a continuous hairline and long fingers. What are the genotypes of the two parents? ( W = widow's peak; S = short fingers) a. WwSs × wwss b. WWSS × wwss c. WwSs × WwSs d. wwss × WWSS e. WWss × WWss

c. WwSs × WwSs

Circulating red blood cells in your body do not contain a nucleus and other organelles. Are these cells living? a. No, because red blood cells do not actively metabolize. b. No, because they are now only part of a once living cell. c. Yes, because they are actively metabolizing and once contained organelles. d. Yes, because they are capable of moving throughout the body in the circulation. e. No, because they do not contain a nucleus, they cannot be living.

c. Yes, because they are actively metabolizing and once contained organelles.

A population of 1,000 mice living in a barn loses one-half of its members when a sudden virus spreads through the population. This population has undergone a reduction in population size due to: a. an intrinsic factor. b. a density-independent factor. c. a density-dependent factor. d. natural selection. e. an opportunistic control.

c. a density-dependent factor.

Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries of the lungs because there is: a. a higher concentration of CO 2 in the alveoli than the capillaries. b. a higher concentration of O 2 in the capillaries than the alveoli. c. a higher concentration of O 2 in the alveoli than the capillaries. d. a higher concentration of CO 2 in the capillaries than the alveoli. e. an equal concentration of O 2 in the alveoli and the capillaries.

c. a higher concentration of O 2 in the alveoli than the capillaries.

Which of these is most closely associated with the process of electron transport? a. the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast b. a stack of thylakoid membrane structures c. a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids d. a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast e. the double membrane of the chloroplast

c. a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids

You are looking at a cell under the microscope, and see what appears to be several "X" structures being pulled to each side of the cell. What stage of meiosis are you looking at? a. anaphase II b. prophase II c. anaphase I d. prophase I e. metaphase I

c. anaphase I

Due to a recessively inherited trait, some plants fail to produce chlorophyll and therefore are white rather than green.If we locate a pea plant that is heterozygous for this trait, self-pollinate it, harvest the seeds, and then plant the seeds, what are the likely phenotypes of the resulting offspring? a. approximately 1/4green and 3/4 white b. 100% green c. approximately 1/4white and 3/4green d. approximately 1/2 green and 1/2white d. 100% white

c. approximately 1/4white and 3/4green

If there are 12 different intermediate products produced during production of a molecule in a cell, we can expect that there: a. must be 12 different raw materials combined in the cell by one enzyme. b. is one enzyme that carries this process through all 12 stages to the end product. c. are about 12 enzymes, at least one responsible for each step in the metabolic pathway. d. is one enzyme for degradation and another enzyme for synthesis. e. there may not be any enzymes involved if this is a natural cell product.

c. are about 12 enzymes, at least one responsible for each step in the metabolic pathway.

Surface-area-to-volume ratios indicate: a. as cells get larger, their surface area actually decreases. b. that the largest cells have a less proportionate need for food intake and waste removal. c. as cells get larger, their surface area gets larger but at a slower rate than the volume increases. d. cells must exceed a certain minimum size. e. a chicken egg is one cell which demonstrates the upper limit for metabolizing cell size.

c. as cells get larger, their surface area gets larger but at a slower rate than the volume increases.

Calcium chloride, CaCl 2, is an ionic compound in which: a. one chlorine atom transferred an electron to the other chlorine atom. b. calcium has two extra electrons in its innermost shell. c. calcium has lost two electrons. d. calcium has gained two electrons. e. each chlorine atom has lost electrons.

c. calcium has lost two electrons.

Which of the following structure(s) is/are only found in a plant cell? a. centrioles b. chromosomes c. chloroplast d. lysosome e. nucleus

c. chloroplast

A small marine amphipod has recently been discovered that carries another organism on its back. The "backpack" organism tastes bad. If a fish ingests the pair, it immediately spits them back out. If the amphipod is alone, however, it is readily eaten and swallowed. There is no apparent benefit in this relationship for the "backpack" organism, which appears to be neither helped nor harmed. This is therefore a case of a. mutualism. b. parasitism. c. commensalism. d. competitive exclusion. e. predation.

c. commensalism.

There are two organisms with overlapping ranges that fill a similar niche. Where their niches overlap, there is strong competition for resources. This will eventually lead to: a. speciation. b. emigration. c. competitive exclusion. d. total extinction of one species. e. cooperative sharing of the resources.

c. competitive exclusion.

Replacement reproduction occurs when: a. the number of births equals the number of deaths. b. each couple has an average of two children, which also results in zero population growth. c. each couple has an average of two children, but population growth may still occur. d. the population reaches carrying capacity. e. all of the adult population is married.

c. each couple has an average of two children, but population growth may still occur.

The interconnected paths of energy flow can be shown by a diagram called a ______. a. food pyramid b. food chain c. food web

c. food web

Which intercellular junction allows for the rapid movement of small molecules or ions to flow from one animal cell to the next? a. tight junctions b. desmosomes c. gap junctions d. plasmodesmata e. adhesion junctions

c. gap junctions

The ____ is the total number of alleles of all the gene loci in all the members of a population. a. genetic drift b. gene flow c. gene pool d. adaptive radiation e. community

c. gene pool

What phase(s) of cellular respiration produce(s) NADH + H +? a. preparatory reaction b. glycolysis c. glycolysis, preparatory reaction, and citric acid cycle d. glycolysis and preparatory reaction e. citric acid cycle

c. glycolysis, preparatory reaction, and citric acid cycle

An individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual with a recessive phenotype. Five out of nine offspring show the dominant phenotype. What is the genotype of the dominant parent? a. either homozyous dominant or heterozygous b. homozygous dominant c. heterozygous d. There is not enough information to determine the genotype of the dominant parent. e. homozygous recessive

c. heterozygous

An isotonic solution means that the solute concentration outside the cell: a. is less than inside the cell. b. has no effect on the cell. c. is the same as inside the cell. d. is greater than outside the cell. e. is greater than inside the cell.

c. is the same as inside the cell.

Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell: a. is larger. b. is not living. c. lacks organelles beyond ribosomes. d. has no method of movement. e. does not require energy.

c. lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.

Social research indicates that a person is most likely to marry someone from the same village or city, or a high school or college classmate. Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium does not apply well to human populations because: a. there is a lack of gene flow. b. the populations are small. c. mating is nonrandom. d. this increases genetic drift. e. natural selection is occurring.

c. mating is nonrandom.

Gametes are produced by meiosis rather than mitosis because a. mitosis would produce too many sister cells. b. meiosis doubles the number of chromosomes so that each gamete has twice the usual number of genes. c. meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes so that the zygotes resulting from fertilization will have one full genome consisting of a diploid number of chromosomes. d. meiosis ensures that the gametes are identical to the cell that produced them.

c. meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes so that the zygotes resulting from fertilization will have one full genome consisting of a diploid number of chromosomes.

What is the term used to describe the accumulation of small changes in the gene pool of a species over time? a. genetic drift b. founder effect c. microevolution d. directional selection e. mutation rate

c. microevolution

What genetic disorder is associated with the lack of an enzyme necessary for the normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine? a. Huntington disease b. Marfan syndrome c. phenylketonuria (PKU) d. sickle cell disease e. cystic fibrosis (CF)

c. phenylketonuria (PKU)

All the members of a single species that occupy a particular area and are able to interbreed are a: a. subspecies. b. gene pool. c. population. d. domain. e. community.

c. population.

Which of the following levels of control involves the use of a poly-A tail? a. translational b. transcriptional c. posttranscriptional d. pre-transcriptional e. transcriptional control

c. posttranscriptional

Autotrophic organisms that make their own food are called a. decomposers. b. heterotrophs. c. producers.

c. producers.

Enzymes are organic compounds classified as: a. lipids. b. steroids. c. proteins. d. carbohydrates. e. nucleic acids.

c. proteins.

Which type of membrane protein will bind to hormones? a. cell recognition proteins b. enzymatic proteins c. receptor proteins d. channel proteins e. carrier proteins

c. receptor proteins

The site of translation is the a. nucleus. b. nucleolus. c. ribosome. d. mitochondria. e. ribozyme.

c. ribosome.

Which sequence of classification categories is in the proper order from least to most inclusive? a. genus, species, order, class, family, kingdom, domain, phylum b. genus, class, kingdom, domain, order, phylum, species, family c. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain d. species, genus, family, class, order, phylum, kingdom, domain e. domain, class, genus, family, species, order, phylum, kingdom

c. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Which type of natural selection occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored? a. disruptive selection b. directional selection c. stabilizing selection d. drift selection e. adaptive radiation

c. stabilizing selection

You are examining the rapidly dividing cells of a fish embryo and notice a cell that seems to contain two nuclei with complete nuclear envelopes and decondensing chromosomes. The middle of the cell is pinched inward. This cell must be in: a. metaphase b. anaphase c. telophase d. prophase

c. telophase

Regions of the earth inhabited by living organisms are known collectively as: a. a population. b. a community. c. the biosphere. d. an organism. e. an ecosystem.

c. the biosphere.

In a pine forest, very few other species of plants can grow underneath the pine trees because pine needles make the soil very acidic. This is an example of a. the facilitation model. b. the tolerance model. c. the inhibition model. d. an opportunistic model. e. the climax model.

c. the inhibition model.

When pairs of factors separate independently of other pairs of factors, this is known as: a. codominance. b. the law of segregation. c. the law of independent assortment. d. multiple alleles. e. the law of dominance.

c. the law of independent assortment.

The lower the pH: a. the greater the hydroxide ion (OH -) concentration. b. the lower the hydrogen ion (H +) concentration. c. the more acidic the solution. d. the higher the pH. e. the closer the hydroxide ion (OH -) concentration comes to equaling the hydrogen ion (H +) concentration.

c. the more acidic the solution.

Replacement reproduction cannot bring about zero population growth unless: a. all diseases such as cholera, typhus, and diphtheria are eradicated. b. there are many fatalities due to a world war. c. there are as many older women leaving the reproductive years as there are younger women entering them. d. there are more older women leaving the reproductive years than there are younger women entering them. e. there are fewer older women leaving the reproductive years than there are younger women entering them.

c. there are as many older women leaving the reproductive years as there are younger women entering them.

Lactose is milk sugar that is broken down by the enzyme lactase. The reason that some people are "lactose intolerant" could be because: a. the temperature of the digestive system does not allow lactase to function properly. b. the pH of the digestive system does not allow lactase to function properly. c. they are missing the enzyme lactase in their digestive system. d. the enzyme lactase only works in the laboratory, not in the human body. e. they drink too much milk and have inactivated the lactase in their digestive system.

c. they are missing the enzyme lactase in their digestive system.

Which of the following bases pairs with adenine in DNA? a. adenine b. uracil c. thymine d. cytosine e. guanine

c. thymine

Which of the following refers to the movement of a piece of one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome? a. deletion b. duplication c. translocation d. monosomy e. inversion

c. translocation

Consider the life of the praying mantis. The large predatory female lays several hundred eggs in a foam mass in the fall. The young are most vulnerable when they emerge in the spring, but the few that survive spread out over the countryside and, if they find a mate, lay eggs the following fall. Which type of survivorship curve does this represent? a. type I b. type II c. type III d. type I or II e. There is not enough information given to determine the type of survivorship curve.

c. type III

The _____ cycle is involved with the plants living in the aquatic and the terrestrial ecosystems since plants and algae use photosynthesis to produce food.

carbon

limestone shells of marine organisms are components of the inorganic ____ reservoir.

carbonate

An animal that feeds exclusively on other animals is called a

carnivore

Select the fossil fuels from the choices below. coal old trees oil water from old aquifers natural gas

coal, oil, natural gas

In a population of 150 organisms, over a six-month period, there are 75 births and 30 deaths. Calculate the growth rate for those six months. a. 0.7 b. 0.5 c. 0.2 d. 0.3 e. 0.75

d. 0.3

In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. A black, short-haired animal who is homozygous for both traits,reproduces with a brown, long-haired animal. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring? a. 1 black short hair, 1 black long hair, 1 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair b. 1 black short hair, 1 brown short hair c. 3 black short hair, 1 brown long hair, 3 black long hair, 1 brown short hair d. 100% black short hair e. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 brown short hair

d. 100% black short hair

Transcription of part of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of 3' AAACAACTT 5' results in a mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of a. 5' TTTGAAGCC 3'. b. 5' GGGAGAACC 3'. c. 5' CCCACCTCC 3'. d. 5' UUUGUUGAA 3'. e. 5' AAACAACTT 3'.

d. 5' UUUGUUGAA 3'.

In humans, widow's peak (W) is dominant over straight hairline (w). If a heterozygous male marries a female with a straight hairline, what percent of their children can be expected to have widow's peak? a. The answer cannot be determined by the information given. b. 0% c. 25% d. 50% e. 100%

d. 50%

Hemophilia (h) is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a hemophiliac male marries a carrier female: a. 25% of their sons will be hemophiliac. b. 25% of their daughters will be hemophiliac. c. 75% of their daughters will be hemophiliac. d. 50% of their daughters will be hemophiliac. e. 75% of their sons will be hemophiliac.

d. 50% of their daughters will be hemophiliac.

If a woman is a carrier for the color-blind recessive allele and her husband has normal vision, what are their chances that a son will be color-blind? a. 100%, because the mother has the gene b. 25%, because the mother is a hybrid c. none, because the father is normal d. 50%, since the mother is only a carrier e. None, since the son will also be just a carrier.

d. 50%, since the mother is only a carrier

What are the products of the noncyclic electron pathway? a. O 2 and ATP b. H +,ATP, and NADPH c. H +andO 2 d. ATP and NADPH e. H +,O 2, ATP, and NADPH

d. ATP and NADPH

Some herbicides inhibit the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Without the movement of electrons, hydrogen ions would not be pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid space and the hydrogen ion gradient would not be established. How would this affect the Calvin cycle reactions? a. Sunlight could no longer be used by the chloroplast, but this would have no effect on the Calvin cycle reactions because they do not require light. b. RuBP carboxylase would not function properly, so CO2 fixation would not occur. c. Since the Calvin cycle reactions occur in a different part of the chloroplast, there would be no effect. d. ATP would not be produced and, as a result, the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur. e.CO2 would not enter the cell as a result, and the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.

d. ATP would not be produced and, as a result, the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.

The various uses of ATP include: a. mechanical work. b. chemical work. c. transport work. d. All of the answer choices are correct. e. moving substances into a cell.

d. All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following is true about cancer cells? a. They exhibit uncontrolled growth. b. They can form benign or malignant tumors. c. They exhibit disorganized growth. d. All of the answer choices are true statements about cancer. e. They may undergo metastasis.

d. All of the answer choices are true statements about cancer.

Which of the following best characterizes apoptosis? a. Apoptosis happens accidentally to healthy cells. b. The stages of apoptosis are different in each cell type. c. Apoptosis is bad for an organism. d. Apoptosis plays a normal role in development and cancer prevention. e. Apoptosis results in our going from a fertilized egg to trillions of cells.

d. Apoptosis plays a normal role in development and cancer prevention.

Which statement regarding science and technology is true? a. Science is defined as the application of technological knowledge. b. Technology, without the assistance of science, helps us to understand the causes of cancer. c. Science, without the assistance of technology, has brought about life-improving discoveries, such as antibiotics. d. Combining both science and technology may ease the feeding of the world population by producing new plant strains.

d. Combining both science and technology may ease the feeding of the world population by producing new plant strains.

Which of the following statements is true? a. During photosynthesis, NADH and FADH 2are the electron carriers. b. During cellular respiration, mitochondria release oxygen. c. During photosynthesis, energy from the sun is used to form lipids and proteins. d. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used. e. During cellular respiration, ATP energy is converted into carbohydrate.

d. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used.

Upon examination, a cell is found to have twice as much DNA as the normal diploid state but is no longer in the process of replicating the DNA. All of the DNA is found within a single nucleus. Which phase of the cell cycle is this cell in? a. G 1 b. cytokinesis c. S d. G 2 e. M

d. G2

Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials within the cell? a. mitochondria b. lysosomes c. ribosomes d. Golgi apparatus e. chloroplasts

d. Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is true about RNA? a. It contains deoxyribose sugar. b. The bases are held together by hydrogen bonds. c. The structure is a double helix. d. It is composed of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. e. The bases are complementary to each other.

d. It is composed of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

If the carbons from glucose were radioactively labeled, which molecule(s) will ultimately end up with the label? a. carbon dioxide b. citric acid c. pyruvate and carbon dioxide d. NAD + e. pyruvate

d. NAD +

Which statement about DNA and RNA is correct? a. The sugar in DNA is ribose, and in RNA the sugar is deoxyribose. b. DNA is a nucleotide polymer while RNA is a carbohydrate polymer. c. RNA has a helix shape; DNA does not. d. The base uracil is unique to RNA and the base thymine unique to DNA. e. DNA is single-stranded, and RNA is double-stranded.

d. The base uracil is unique to RNA and the base thymine unique to DNA.

Which statement about parasitism is true? a. The host is generally smaller than the parasite. b. Parasites always kill the host. c. All parasites require a single host for their life cycle. d. There are examples of parasites in every kingdom of life. e. All parasites will remain attached to their host for the entire life span of the host.

d. There are examples of parasites in every kingdom of life.

Of the following conditions, which is absolutely necessary for diffusion to take place? a. a non-permeable membrane b. low temperatures c. a living cell d. a concentration difference e. a differentially permeable membrane

d. a concentration difference

A nucleotide contains: a. DNA and RNA. b. RNA, protein, and lipids. c. a sugar and a phosphate. d. a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base. e. complementary purines and pyrimidines.

d. a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base.

When two glucose molecules combine, they form a disaccharide molecule and: a. a lipid molecule. b. another glucose molecule. c. another disaccharide molecule. d. a water molecule. e. a dipeptide molecule.

d. a water molecule.

Which of the following would increase the electron transport system's production of ATP? a. limiting the amount of oxygen available b. adding an NADH reductase inhibitor c. decreasing use of ATP and thus reducing available ADP d. adding additional hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria e. reducing synthesis of NAD + and FAD

d. adding additional hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

This illustration depicts a cell that has a diploid number of 8 (2n = 8). If we assume that cell division started with a diploid cell, the cell shown in the diagram is in what stage of what type of cell division? a. metaphase II of meiosis b. anaphase I of meiosis c. anaphase of mitosis d. anaphase II of meiosis

d. anaphase II of meiosis

Carrier molecules are required for: a. osmosis. b. facilitated diffusion. c. active transport. d. both facilitated diffusion AND active transport. e. both osmosis AND diffusion.

d. both facilitated diffusion AND active transport.

The metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and cellular respiration: a. involve oxidation reactions during respiration and reduction reactions during photosynthesis. b. involve oxidation reactions during photosynthesis and reduction reactions during respiration. c. are exactly the same. d. both involve oxidation and reduction reactions. e. involve the same substrates and therefore the same enzymes.

d. both involve oxidation and reduction reactions.

An ecosystem contains: a. only the biotic (living) components of the environment. b. only the abiotic (nonliving) components of the environment. c. only the energy flow components of an environment. d. both the living organisms and the abiotic components of the environment. e. only the food relationships found in an environment.

d. both the living organisms and the abiotic components of the environment.

The smallest structural and functional unit in a multicellular organism is a(n): a. organism. b. organ system. c. organ. d. cell. e. tissue.

d. cell.

All of the organisms living in your front yard represent a(n): a. population. b. ecosystem. c. species. d. community. e. trophic level.

d. community.

During meiosis, what process can sometimes "unlink" genes? a. the formation of tetrads b. metaphase II c. independent assortment d. crossing over e. synapsis

d. crossing over

Two molecules of glucose combine to form a disaccharide molecule during a(n) ________ reaction. a. hydrogen bond b. ionic bond c. inert d. dehydration e. hydrolysis

d. dehydration

You are conducting an experiment to determine what concentration of disinfectant is most effective in killing bacteria. In this example, the concentration of disinfectant would represent the: a, response variable. b. data. c. hypothesis. d. experimental variable. e. control.

d. experimental variable.

Tumor-suppressor genes are a. oncogenes that code for proteins that stimulate cell division. b. transposons that can be used as cancer therapy. c. anti-oncogenes that code for proteins that stimulate cell division. d. genes that code for proteins that inhibit cell division. e, oncogenes that code for proteins that inhibit cell division.

d. genes that code for proteins that inhibit cell division.

The equation, p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1.0, describes: a. the process of evolution. b. the size of a population. c. the rate of speciation of species p and q. d. genotypic frequencies of a nonevolving population. e. evolution of a population.

d. genotypic frequencies of a nonevolving population.

During interphase: a. two nuclei split. b. the cell begins to die. c. the cell rounds up and detaches from its neighbors. d. hereditary material duplicates itself. e. the cell is at rest.

d. hereditary material duplicates itself.

In which kind of monohybrid cross would you expect to find a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 among the offspring? a. homozygous dominant× homozygous dominant b. homozygous recessive × homozygous dominant c. homozygous recessive× homozygous recessive d. heterozygous× heterozygous e. homozygous dominant × heterozygous

d. heterozygous× heterozygous

In a testcross, an organism with a dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype, is crossed with an organism that is: a. heterozygous. b. heterozygous dominant. c. homozygous dominant. d. homozygous recessive. e. monohybrid dominant.

d. homozygous recessive.

Which part of a mRNA molecule is edited out? a. inducers. b. exons. c. transposons. d. introns. e. promoters.

d. introns.

The atomic mass of an element: a. changes after each reaction. b. equals the number of neutrons. c. equals the number of protons plus the number of electrons. d. is determined by the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus. e. depends on the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

d. is determined by the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus.

The climax community in a biome that receives a large amount of rainfall would include: a. plants with high tolerance to full sun, limited water, and limited nutrients. b. the pioneer community. c. small native plants of the area such as grasses and herbs. d. large plants such as shrubs and trees. e. lichens, mosses, and ferns.

d. large plants such as shrubs and trees.

When viewed through a microscope, one characteristic of living cells is that their internal structures move. Which two organelles are most directly responsible for this motion we see? a. cell membrane and nucleus b. centrioles and cell wall c. ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum d. mitochondria and cytoskeleton e. chloroplasts and lysosomes

d. mitochondria and cytoskeleton

In a person with a disease in which the mitochondria do not produce enough energy for the cell, which organs would be the most severely affected? a. liver b. skin c. stomach d. muscles e. ovaries/testes

d. muscles

Inbreeding within a population is an example of: a. mutations. b. genetic drift. c. gene flow. d. nonrandom mating. e. natural selection.

d. nonrandom mating.

Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance? a. incomplete dominance b. multiple allele systems c. codominance d. polygenic e. simple Mendelian inheritance

d. polygenic

All the members of the same species that inhabit a particular area are termed a(n): a. ecosystem. b. biosphere. c. ecological niche. d. population. e. community.

d. population.

Which level of primary control in eukaryotic gene activity involves the speed of transport of mRNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm? a. pre-transcriptional b. translational control c. transcriptional control d. posttranscriptional control e. posttranslational control

d. posttranscriptional control

Which of the following processes takes place during transcription? a. binding of two tRNA molecules/ribosome b. attachment of a ribosome to mRNA c. growth of a polypeptide chain d. production of mRNA e. liberation of polypeptide from ribosome

d. production of mRNA

During which phases of mitosis do the chromosomes look like Xs? a. metaphase, telophase b. anaphase, metaphase c. prophase, anaphase d. prophase, metaphase e. anaphase, telophase

d. prophase, metaphase

Which genetic disorder is associated with an irregular shape of the red blood cells? a. Huntington disease b. phenylketonuria (PKU) c. Marfan syndrome d. sickle cell disease e. cystic fibrosis (CF)

d. sickle cell disease

Generally, it is not possible to determine whether nondisjunction failed to occur in oogenesis or spermatogenesis. However, it is possible to assert that XYY results from nondisjunction during a. cytokinesis. b. mitosis. c. oogenesis. d. spermatogenesis.

d. spermatogenesis.

In some bacteria, the outermost layer is a gelatinous sheath known as: a. the cell wall. b. the DNA. c. the nucleus. d. the capsule. e. the cell membrane.

d. the capsule.

An XXX female would most likely result from nondisjunction in: a. neither the mother nor the father. b. the fertilized egg. c. the father during sperm formation. d. the mother during egg formation. e. in both the mother and father during gamete formation.

d. the mother during egg formation.

The chemical reactivity of an element is dependent on: a. the number of protons. b. the arrangement of neutrons. c. the number of protons and neutrons. d. the number of electrons in the outermost shell. e. the number of electrons in the inner shell.

d. the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

The high energy bond in ATP is found in or between: a. the ribose sugar. b. the adenine and the phosphates. c. the adenine and the ribose. d. the phosphate groups. e. the adenine base.

d. the phosphate groups.

Which is most directly responsible for the sequence of amino acids in a protein? a. the sequence of the anticodons b. the enzyme that attaches the amino acid to tRNA c. the number of codons in mRNA d. the sequence of codons in mRNA e. the proteins associated with rRNA

d. the sequence of codons in mRNA

Which of the following is a correct association of cell organelles and function? a. cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells b. lysosome-anchoring cell organelles c. mitochondrion-photosynthesis d. vacuole-storage of chemicals e. nucleolus - storage of DNA

d. vacuole-storage of chemicals

The reason that deciduous leaves turn bright colors in the fall is: a. bright pigments are shifted from the roots and stem to the leaves while sugars and chlorophyll are pumped down to the roots. b. a shift in the reflectance values of light is caused by the sun being lower in the sky; all leaf pigments actually remain the same. c. chlorophyll is converted into bright carotenoid pigments. d. when chlorophyll breaks down, the remaining pigments become visible. e. it is a chemical reaction involving the formation of ice crystals.

d. when chlorophyll breaks down, the remaining pigments become visible.

A heterotroph that breaks down organic matter into inorganic nutrients that are recycled in the environment is called a

decomposer

What genotypic ratio would result from a cross between two individuals who are both heterozygous for a trait? a. 50% homozygous dominant, 50% homozygous recessive b. 100% homozygous dominant c. 50% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous d. 100% homozygous recessive e. 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive

e. 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires: a. no new mutations. b. no migration of alleles into or out of the population. c. a large population size. d. a sexually reproducing population that mates randomly. e. All of the answer choices are conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

e. All of the answer choices are conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Which statement about Down syndrome is correct? a. Down syndrome is usually associated with chromosomal nondisjunction in meiosis. b. Individuals affected with Down syndrome display mental impairment. c. Characteristics of Down syndrome include stubby fingers and a palm crease. d. Down syndrome is caused by a third copy of chromosome 21. e. All of the answer choices are correct about Down syndrome.

e. All of the answer choices are correct about Down syndrome.

Which of the following contributes to evolution? a. mutations b. gene flow c. genetic drift d. natural selection e. All of the answer choices describe agents of evolution.

e. All of the answer choices describe agents of evolution.

Biotic potential depends on: a. the number of offspring per reproduction. b. how often each individual reproduces. c. chances of survival until the age of reproduction. d. the age at which reproduction begins. e. All of the answer choices describe factors that affect biotic potential.

e. All of the answer choices describe factors that affect biotic potential.

Which of the following mechanisms can disrupt genetic equilibrium? a. founder effect b. differential reproduction c. genetic drift d. natural selection e. All of the answer choices describe mechanisms that can disrupt genetic equilibrium.

e. All of the answer choices describe mechanisms that can disrupt genetic equilibrium.

For natural selection to act on a population, there must be: a. variation among members of the population. b. more offspring born than the environment can support. c. some members of the population that have greater reproductive success. d. variation that is heritable. e. All of the answer choices describe requirements for natural selection.

e. All of the answer choices describe requirements for natural selection.

How is variation maintained in population? a. Heterozygotes serve as a reservoir of recessive alleles. b. Mutation generates new alleles. c. Recombination and independent assortment during gametogenesis creates variation. d. Gene flow brings in new alleles. e. All of the answer choices describe ways that variation is maintained within a population.

e. All of the answer choices describe ways that variation is maintained within a population.

Which statement is true regarding a Barr body? a. Barr bodies are found in the nuclei of male cells. b. A Barr body is a condensed, inactive Y chromosome. c. Barr bodies are found in the cytoplasm of female cells. d. Barr bodies are found in the cytoplasm of male cells. e. Barr bodies are found in the nuclei of female cells.

e. Barr bodies are found in the nuclei of female cells.

NADPH and ATP are used in the: a. citric acid cycle. b. cyclic electron pathway. c. noncyclic electron pathway. d. light reactions. e. Calvin cycle reactions.

e. Calvin cycle reactions.

The end product of the Calvin cycle is: a. RuBP. b. 3PG. c. PS I. d. RuBP carboxylase. e. G3P.

e. G3P.

If an individual has a XYY genotype, they are classified as having a. Klinefelter syndrome. b. cri du chat syndrome. c. Turner syndrome. d. Down syndrome. e. Jacobs syndrome.

e. Jacobs syndrome.

Ribosomes are composed of: a. DNA and protein. b. DNA and RNA. c. only protein. d. only DNA. e. RNA and protein.

e. RNA and protein.

The ability to roll the edges of the tongue upward in a U-shape is inherited as a dominant allele at a single gene locus. Which of the following genotypes would produce an individual that can roll their tongue? a. Tt or tt b. Tt only c. TT only d. tt only e. TT or Tt

e. TT or Tt

Which of the following might plausibly be said by a scientist? a. Although no one else gets the same results as I do, since I get the results in my experiments, it is still science. b. Since all the accumulated body of data support it, my hypothesis is undoubtedly "true." c. The test's results and conclusion finish the scientist's job; it is enough that a scientist alone knows the results. d. Test methods are unimportant since anyone can run another test; it is the results that make the substance of science. e. There is always a possibility that a more advanced experiment might falsify my hypothesis.

e. There is always a possibility that a more advanced experiment might falsify my hypothesis.

Which is a correct example of tonicity? a. Distilled water is hypertonic to red blood cells. b. Plasmolysis results from plant cells in hypotonic solutions. c. Crenated red blood cells result when they are placed in a hypotonic solution. d. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water enters the cell. e. Turgor pressure is created when a plant cell swells in a hypotonic solution.

e. Turgor pressure is created when a plant cell swells in a hypotonic solution.

Which of the following would be considered a heterozygous dihybrid genotype? a. WWSs b. Ww c. sS d. WWss e. WwSs

e. WwSs

The term hypertonic means: a. an equal solute concentration. b. to gain water. c. to lose water. d. a lower solute concentration. e. a higher solute concentration.

e. a higher solute concentration.

The main function of stomata is to: a. store glucose. b. store pyruvate and provide the site of the Calvin cycle. c. expose the chlorophyll to sunlight. d. transport water to the chlorophyll. e. allow passage of CO 2 and O 2 into the leaf.

e. allow passage of CO 2 and O 2 into the leaf.

Organic molecules: a. are found only in organisms, hence their name. b. are always food molecules. c. always contain carbon. d. always contain hydrogen. e. always contain carbon and hydrogen.

e. always contain carbon and hydrogen.

Mendel's law of segregation implies that the two members of an allele pair: a. are segregated pairwise. b. must always code for the identical trait or feature. c. are distributed to the same gamete. d. are assorted dependently. e. are distributed to separate gametes.

e. are distributed to separate gametes.

As the human population size increases: a. it becomes evident that preserving the biosphere has no benefit to humans. b. ecosystems remain unaffected. c. fewer ecosystems are destroyed, resulting in an abundance of biodiversity. d. fewer fossil fuels are burned and carbon dioxide levels remain constant. e. biodiversity is adversely affected as humans have destructive effects on ecosystems.

e. biodiversity is adversely affected as humans have destructive effects on ecosystems.

Photosynthesis shows higher activity for violet/blue and orange/red and a lower absorption for green/yellow. If we could create a different photosynthetic pigment that absorbed absolutely all visible wavelengths of light, the leaves would appear which color? a. green b. white c. red d. orange e. black

e. black

Which stage(s) will produce carbon dioxide in cellular respiration? a. both glycolysis and the electron transport chain b. glycolysis c. citric acid cycle d. preparatory reaction e. both the preparatory reaction and the citric acid cycle

e. both the preparatory reaction and the citric acid cycle

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both involved in redox reactions because: a. both use carbon dioxide. b. photosynthesis uses energy and cellular respiration releases energy. c. both are required to be in all cells. d. energy cycles between the two organelles. e. carbon dioxide is reduced during photosynthesis and carbohydrates are oxidized during cellular respiration.

e. carbon dioxide is reduced during photosynthesis and carbohydrates are oxidized during cellular respiration.

Which of the following is a substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis? a. glucose b. RuBP c. water d. pyruvate e. chlorophyll

e. chlorophyll

Which of these is unique to plant cells? a. cell membrane b. nucleus c. Golgi apparatus d. centrioles e. chloroplasts

e. chloroplasts

Which of the following domains contains organisms that are adapted to life in extreme environments? a. domain Eukarya b. domain Plantae c. domain Animalia d. domain Bacteria e. domain Archaea

e. domain Archaea

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration? a. preparation reaction b. glycolysis c. Calvin cycle d. citric acid cycle e. electron transport chain

e. electron transport chain

A multicellular, photosynthetic organism with complex, specialized cells and tissues would most likely be assigned to: a. domain Archaea. b. kingdom Fungi. c. kingdom Protista. d. kingdom Animalia. e. kingdom Plantae.

e. kingdom Plantae.

Where within the cell is the majority of ATP produced? a. Golgi body b. endoplasmic reticulum c. cytoplasm d. nucleus e. mitochondria

e. mitochondria

When researchers test a new human cancer drug using mice, the mice constitute the: a. hypothesis. b. control. c. experimental design. d. data. e. model.

e. model.

Which of the following agents of evolutionary change results in adaptation? a. mutation b. genetic drift c. gene flow d. nonrandom mating e. natural selection

e. natural selection

Blood type is determined by proteins. Blood type A has a different protein than blood type B. Blood type AB has both types of proteins and type O does not have either type of protein. When blood is transfused, the recipient's immune system will detect any new or foreign proteins. The blood type proteins must be located: a. inside the red blood cell cytoplasm. b. in the red blood cell nucleus. c. in the endoplasmic reticulum of the red blood cells. d. in the nuclear membrane. e. on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane.

e. on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane.

Which organelle primarily functions to package or regulate the production of H2O2? a. Golgi apparatus b. vacuole c. lysosome d. endoplasmic reticulum e. peroxisome

e. peroxisome

When an intestinal cell ingests substances inside very small vesicles that can only be seen with an electron microscope, this is: a. exocytosis. b. diffusion. c. phagocytosis. d. active transport. e. pinocytosis.

e. pinocytosis.

Which of the classes of RNA molecules is produced in the nucleolus? a. messenger RNA b. ribozymes c. primary mRNA transcript d. transfer RNA e. ribosomal RNA

e. ribosomal RNA

An intimate relationship between two different species is called: a. competition. b. exclusion. c. mimicry. d. predation. e. symbiosis.

e. symbiosis.

Ecology is best defined as the study of: a. populations. b. the rate of population changes. c. communities. d. how populations are restricted by environmental resistance. e. the interactions between organisms and with their physical surroundings.

e. the interactions between organisms and with their physical surroundings.

Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A (CoA), and CO 2 is given off. This phase is called: a. the citric acid cycle. b. fermentation. c. the electron transport chain. d. substrate-level ATP synthesis. e. the preparatory reaction.

e. the preparatory reaction.

The Golgi apparatus directs its protein products to the correct location in the cell based on: a. the DNA extending its long molecular helix to direct the protein through the Golgi apparatus and on to the final destination. b. how long it takes the vesicle to travel from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. c. proteins drifting away in all directions and are only used at the cell sites that need them. d. vesicles that constantly shuttle back and forth from the various cell destinations and these vesicles determine which protein in the Golgi apparatus to pick up and deliver. e. the specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell.

e. the specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell.

Unattached earlobes ( EE or Ee) are dominant over attached earlobes ( ee). A couple has unattached earlobes. Both notice that one of their parents on both sides have attached earlobes ( ee). Therefore, they correctly assume that they are carriers for attached earlobes ( Ee). If the couple proceeds to have four children, then: a. if the first three are heterozygous, the fourth must be homozygous recessive. b. all children must have unattached earlobes since both parents possess the dominant gene for it. c. they can be certain that three will be heterozygous and one homozygous recessive. d. the children must repeat the grandparents' genotype (Ee). e. two heterozygous, one homozygous dominant, and one homozygous recessive is a likely outcome, but all genotype ratios are possible.

e. two heterozygous, one homozygous dominant, and one homozygous recessive is a likely outcome, but all genotype ratios are possible.

Which of the following would allow optimal population growth? a. accumulation of waste products b. predation c. competition d. limited access to food and water e. unlimited resources

e. unlimited resources

Which of the following describes a function of the DNA helicase? a. re-creates the broken hydrogen bonds so that DNA becomes double-stranded again b. connects the Okazaki fragments and seals any breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone c. creates the lagging strand in semiconservative replication d. adds nucleotides to the growing 3' end of the new DNA strand e. unwinds and "unzips" the double-stranded DNA by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds between the paired bases

e. unwinds and "unzips" the double-stranded DNA by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds between the paired bases

If an enzymatic reaction was controlled by feedback inhibition, we would expect it to stop a. when the product changed the pH. b. as soon as acritical level of end product builds up. c. only if ametabolic poison is added. d. only if the substrate was exhausted. e. when the cofactors are exhausted.

e. when the cofactors are exhausted.

an outside ___ source and inorganic nutrients are required by autotrophs.

energy

Which of the following are the two fundamental phenomena of ecosystems? a. chemical flow b. energy flow c. energy cycling d. chemical cycling

energy flow and chemical cycling

Cultural ____ is caused by excessive amounts of phosphates being added to lakes and rivers through human activities.

eutrophication

nitrogen _______ occurs when nitrogen gas in converted into ammonium.

fixation

Coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of dead organisms and are therefore considered ___ fuels.

fossil

The top of the saturation zone in the ground is called the ___ table.

groundwater

Select health conditions that can be experienced by humans caused by exposure to chemicals that combine to produce photochemical smog. increase in appetite headaches eye irritations respiratory distress certain types of cancer

headaches, eye irritations, respiratory distress, certain types of cancer

A consumer that feeds directly on plants and algae is called a:

herbivore

a primary consumer in a food chain (a plant eater), like a rabbit, is called

herbivore

an ecosystem possesses both ___ and ___ components.

living; nonliving

The gas that makes up 78% of the atmosphere is

nitrogen

A heterotroph that feeds on both plant and animal matter is called an

omnivore

Phospholipids, ATP and DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the element ____, which does not enter the atmosphere and thus is in a sedimentary cycle.

phosphorus

Photosynthetic organisms such as algae and plants are producers which are also called:

photoautotrophs

autotrophs found in aquatic environments are commonly referred to as

producers

Which of the following may contribute to cultural eutrophication? a. burning fossil fuels b. sewage treatment plants c. livestock feedlots d. fertilizer usage

sewage treatment plants, livestock feedlots, fertilizer usage

Select ways in which animals incorporate phosphate into their bodies. a. shells b. bones c. teeth d. feces

shells, bones, and teeth

Which of the following are involved in the phosphorus cycle? soil atmosphere plants animals decomposers water

soil, plants, animals, decomposers, water

Select the two ecosystems in which the carbon cycle is involved in. a. sedimentary b. terrestrial c. extraterrestrial d. aquatic

terrestrial, aquatic

Detritus is partially decomposed matter in the ____ or soil.

water