BIO Final Exam
A difficult wound for the immune system to respond to is...
a puncture wound
Iron deficiency anemia is a potentially serious condition that is characterized primarily by...
a reduction in the blood's capacity to transport oxygen
The primary role of the immune system's first line of defense is to...
act as a barrier to prevent entry of pathogens
The human liver produces bile, a substance that...
allows fats to dissolve more easily in the watery contents of the gut.
Pancreatic cancer is an especially dangerous disease in humans because the pancreas is...
an organ that manufactures many different kinds of digestive enzymes.
Eating disorders such as.... can cause...
anorexia nervosa and bulimia can cause nutrient deficiencies and death.
As nutrients move across an intestinal villus, most of the nutrients are absorbed by...
capillaries
The blood vessels that allow diffusion between blood and nearby body cells are...
capillaries
Arteries...
carry blood away from the heart
Veins...
carry blood to the heart
The function of the esophagus is to...
carry the food to the stomach
Nervous tissue...
communicates signals between your brain and the rest of your body.
circulatory system:
conveys oxygen from the lungs to body cells
Epithelial tissue...
covers the whole surface of the body, including your digestive tract.
Which of the following is a collection of organs?
heart, lungs, and liver
One of the advantages of the villi that line the small intestine is that they...
increase the surface area available for food absorption
The body responds to tissue damage by mounting an immediate and coordinated sequence of events called the...
inflammatory response
Capillaries...
join arterioles to venules
After about an hour of basking in the sun, the body temperature of the marine iguana reaches 37°C, and the animal dives into the water to feed. In the water, its body temperature rapidly drops, and the iguana must return to the rocks to warm up. This process is an example of
negative feedback
Which of the following about negative feedback is true?
negative feedback slows down or shuts off a process when a set point is reached
For homework, your instructor asks you to write a paragraph discussing how the mouth, stomach, and small intestines work together to process food items and provide nutrients to the body. Which level of biological organization are you studying?
organ systems
Which of the following is a type of epithelial tissue?
skin
3 types of muscle
smooth cardiac skeletal
Which of the following structures has the smallest diameter?
the bronchioles
When blood arrives at an alveolus,
the concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood than in the alveolus.
Blood enters the heart at the....which pumps it a short distance to the......
Atria; ventricles
____________ _________ consists of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue
Four processes of food processing:
Ingestion Digestion Absorption Elimination
Which of the following is a component of the immune system's third line of defense?
T cells
Which of the following features could be found in a vein, but NOT in an artery?
a one-way valve
Each T cell and each B cell binds to only one specific type of...
antigen
The pulmonary _________ carries __________ blood from the heart to the lungs.
artery; oxygen-poor
Which of the following events is the first to occur during inflammation?
damaged cells release key signaling molecules
Blood leaving the right ventricle of the heart travels next to the...
lungs
Which of the following sequences correctly describes the journey of a potato chip through our digestive tract?
mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus
Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes tissues from organs?
organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types
Why is it important that white blood cells are able to travel outside the human circulatory system?
pathogens may be found in other areas of the body besides the circulatory vessels
Which o the following sequences correctly describes the journey of a molecule of oxygen from the pharynx to an alveolus?
pharynx to trachea to bronchus to bronchiole to alveolus
Activated B cells are responsible for...
producing antibodies that binds to pathogens
The advantage of chewing food is that this process...
provides mechanical digestion and increases the surface area of the food for further digestion
Accessory organs...
secrete specific digestive chemicals into the alimentary canal via ducts.
Pulmonary circuit...
shuttles blood from the heart to the lungs
Systemic circuit...
shuttles blood from the heart to the rest of the body
The power that moves food along your esophagus comes from...
smooth muscle
Insulin is a protein hormone that helps cells use glucose. In type 1 diabetes, insulin-making cells in the pancreas are attacked and destroyed. This is an example of
the endocrine, digestive, circulatory, and immune systems affecting one another
Which of the following prevents both blood loss and the invasion of pathogens in vertebrates?
the formation of blood clots
Food passing through our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients when it reaches which of the following organs?
the large intestine
One side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit, and the other side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit. How do these different functions affect the structure of the heart?
the left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the right side.
Physiology is...
the study of the functions of those parts
Anatomy is...
the study of the structure of an organism"s body parts
What prevents pathogens from entering our bodies through the delicate tissues of the lungs?
the tubes that enter the lungs are lined with mucus that traps pathogens and is then removed from then respiratory system.
Chemical digestion:
the use of enzymes to perform hydrolysis, chemical reactions that use water to break bonds within large molecules
Mechanical digestion:
the use of physical processes to break down food into smaller pieces
The breaking open of alveoli in people who have emphysema decreases their rate of gas exchange because...
their lungs have less surface area available for diffusion.
Some species of fish that live in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean have evolved an "antifreeze" protein. Why might this protein be important to homeostasis?
this protein might prevent ice crystals from forming inside fish cells, which would prevent damage to the plasma membrane when temperatures are low
alveoli are...
tiny air sacs in your lungs
Cells work cooperatively as part of a...
tissue
Obesity contributes to...
type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease
Carbohydrates and fats are both...
used as energy sources
Large blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from the legs to the heart are...
veins
Which of the following is a characteristic of an organ used for gas exchange?
very thin tissues
Which of the following is most likely to be the target of a T cell?
virally infected self cells
Which of the following things happens during inhalation?
Oxygen-rich air enters the alveoli
Malnutrition is caused by...
a diet that lacks sufficient calories or essential nutrients
