Bio Final
Which of the following statements about the anatomy of a mollusk are correct?
-The tissue beneath the shell is called the mantle. -Gills are used for respiration. -Mollusks have a radula for grinding food.
The embryonic tissue layer called endoderm
-gives rise to tissues of the digestive tract and digestive glands -forms in the gastrula stage -forms the archenteron -is the innermost tissue layer in the gastrula embryo
Genetic drift
-has the strongest influence on small populations -is a random process -can lead to non-adaptive evolution
As one looks further in the past, traditional fossils in the evolution of whales
-have limb bones more like a land-dwelling deer or pig -have more robust hindlimbs -have less flipper-like forelimbs -look less and less like whales
Sympatric speciation
-is when species live in the same place -can arise from pre-zygotic barriers
In a cnidarian life cycle,
-polyps bud off from other polyps -medusae have gonads and produce gametes -polyps grow from ciliated larvae -medusae bud off from polyps
The vertebral column
-typically replaces the support function of the notochord -may be cartilaginous or bony -encloses and protects the nerve cord -is a characteristic of vertebrates
The vulptex is a species of fox-like creature from the mineral planet Crait and seen in "the Last Jedi." The vulptex has crystalline fur. Homozygous recessive animals have very short crystal fur and those with the dominant allele have long crystal fur. The recessive allele t is found in the population at a rate of 36 out of 100 alleles. What is the allele frequency of the dominant allele T?
0.64
In a population of bears under Hardy-Weinberg conditions, black coat color is completely dominant to brown coat color. Only 10% of the alleles are recessive. What proportion of the population is homozygous dominant?
0.81
Give the order for the life cycle of the hydrozoan, Obelia, starting with the polyp form.
1. Reproductive polyps form. 2. Medusa buds. 3. Meiosis occurs. 4. Fertilization occurs. 5. Cells grow into Planula. 6. Growth into mature polyp
If a population is in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, then the proportion of the heterozygotes in the population can be determined by solving for the value of
2pq
In plants, red flower color (R) is dominant over white (r). If p=0.75 and q=0.25 in a population of 1000 plants, how many individuals would you expect to have red flowers?
938
When a single-cell protist goes through asexual reproduction, which of these is POSSIBLE?
A haploid parent cell gives rise to two haploid daughter cells.
Which statement is not evidence for evolution of land plants from green algae?
All green algae produce large, stationary eggs.
According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur____?
At least one gene, affecting one reproductive barrier, must change
Which of the following is NOT a part of the medusa form of cnidarian?
Body stalk
Which of the following BEST fits the biologist's definition of evolution?
Butterflies and moths have scaly wings and coiled sucking mouthparts, suggesting that they descended from a common ancestor with similar features
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
Central & Peripheral
Electron microscopy reveals small sacs (characteristic of the protist group) just under the plasma membrane of_____
Ciliates and dinoflagellates
Why are fungi important decomposers?
They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals by the process of decomposition.
In what way are colorful petals, lovely scent and sweet nectar adaptations that help a flowering plant succeed in its environment?
They reduce wasted pollen by attracting insect pollinators
Archaeal genomes are typically organized as circular genomes, like bacteria
True
Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?
Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits
The idea of evolution of life over time by means of natural selection was developed independently by ___?
Wallace
What is thought to be the origin of mitochondria of eukaryotic cells?
an aerobic heterotrophic bacterium
Male rhinoceros beetles have large chitinous horns they use to fight with other males for access to females. Male rhinoceroses (the mammals) have large keratinous horns they use for fighting to defend their territories. These horns from these very different animals are therefore...?
analogous structures
Fluid that bathes the tissues is kept separate from the fluid that pumps through the circulatory system in
annelids
In deuterostomes, the blastospore developed into the
anus
In ALL plant life cycles, the sporophytes
are diploid plants that produce haploid spores
All extant reptiles EXCEPT birds...
are ectothermic.
When natural selection is at work, the individuals with the higher relative fitness are those who, compared to others in their population...?
are leaving more viable offspring to the next generation
Organisms that belong to the same population
are likely to interbreed with each other
Bryophytes (non-vascular plants)
are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants
Radial symmetry is primarily associated with animals that
are sessile or planktonic
What is the correct order for the stages of a lytic viral infection cycle, from earliest to latest stages?
attachment, entry, replication, assembly, release
The most important role of fungi in most terrestrial ecosystems is as
decomposers
What is the function of pollen?
deliver sperm to the egg
Dr. Bio samples some pond water to observe under the microscope. She finds the specimen above, which seems to have a clear shell or wall with yellowish pigmentation within. No flagella or cilia are observed. Recognizing that this is clearly a unicellular organism, Dr. Bio's best guess as to its classification is:
diatom
Cestodes are distinguished from other flatworms by the absence of
digestive system
A species with two extreme phenotypes is a result of
disruptive selection
Which type of selection results in greater genetic variance in a population?
disruptive selection
Ectomycorrhizae are well-known for
enhancing growth of plants
Which is an example of a trait that may have evolved as a result of the handicap principle?
eye span of male stalk-eyed flies
Darwin's evidence that many species have gone extinct, only to be replaced by other descendant species, largely came from...?
fossils
Birds, in a field, love to hunt small garter snakes. There are both red-striped and brown-striped garter snakes (the same species) in a large field. Birds hunt for red-striped snakes preferentially until they become less common than brown-striped ones. Then they start hunting the brown-striped snakes preferentially. This is most probably an example of:
frequency-dependent selection
In platyhelminthes, digestion occurs in the
gastrovascular cavity
Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopatric speciation?
genetic drift, genetic isolation, divergence
Birds cannot chew up their food before swallowing like a mammal can. In birds, this function is performed by the
gizzard
A scientist isolates a new, unicellular species. He notes that the specimen is a bacillus with a lipid bilayer and cell wall that stains positive for peptidoglycan (purple). Its circular chromosome replicates from a single origin of replication. What type of unicellular organisms is the specimen?
gram-positive bacterium
One species of buttercup plant is found in well-drained soils along hillsides, while a closely-related species of buttercup thrives only in soggy areas of the floodplain along the nearby river. These two species are most likely maintained as separate biological species because of...?
habitat isolation
Dioecious plants
has megasporangiate and microsporangiate flowers on different plants
Foraminferans
have axopodia
The term "heterokaryotic" describe certain hypahe that
have haploid nuclei from boht + and - strain individuals
Monoecious plants
have megasporangiate and microsporangiate flowers on the same plant
Ciliates
have micronucleus
Euglenazoa
have pellicle
Air sacs in birds
hold air, but do not participate in gas exchange.
Evidence that walruses and dogs have a common ancestor includes the fact that the walrus tusks grow from the same type of tooth buds that grow into the dog's "canine" teeth. Therefore we can say that the walrus tusk and the dog canine tooth are:
homologous structures
Stomata appear in which group of plants?
hornworts
Homozygotes with two sickle-cell alleles are selected against because of mortality. However, heterozygotes for sickle-cell experience little effects of sickle allele and are more likely to survive malaria. The net effect of this exposure produced evolutionary change in areas where malaria is endemic by
increasing sickle cell allele frequency
Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that
inhibit herbivory
Chemolithotrophs
inorganic compounds
Which of the following is characteristic of endotherms?
insulation
Host speciality of a virus is due to
interactions between viral and cellular surface molecules
Apicomplexa
intracellular parasites
"Dual circulation" of an adult frog
involves returning oxygenated blood from respiratory surfaces back to the heart before it goes to the tissues
We currently describe viruses as acellular, obligate intracellular parasites. Over the years, several systems of classifying viruses have been proposed and used. The current system
is the Baltimore system, which groups viruses based on the makeup and use of the viral genome
The embryonic tissue layer called endoderm
is the innermost tissue layer in the gastrula embryo gives rise to tissues of the digestive tract and digestive glands forms the archenteron forms during gastrulation and the gastrula stage
A new zookeeper mixed up his animals and can't remember which one is the female echidna (a monotreme) and is the female European hedgehog (a eutherian). What would help him decide?
lack of nipples
Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?
lack of true roots
Which of the following organisms is NOT a mollusc? squid clam leech nautlius slug
leech
Phototroph
light
All of these group names can properly include sharks EXCEPT -chondrichthyes -lobe fins -chordates -gnasthostomes -vertebrates
lobe-fins
All of the following are shared derived characteristics of the tetrapods EXCEPT: pelvic girdle fused to spinal column four limbs with digits neck lung
lung
Virus replication results in the death of the cell in ____ infection
lytic
Which of these is a correct match of term with description?
mesoderm - germ layer that is the origin of muscle tissue
Which of the following characteristics is functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?
mitochondria
Charles Darwin collected many birds from the Galapagos islands. If he sorted them out into species on the basis of their wingspans and beak size, then he would be defining
morphological species
Genetic variation ______
must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population
Which of the following is an incorrect match of the animal illustrated above and the name of its class? nautilus - gastropoda snail - gastropoda sea slug - gastropoda oyster - bivalvia squid - cephalopoda
nautilus - gastropoda
What is the charge of the inside of a neuron during the resting potential?
negative
A circulatory system and a respiratory system are absent in
nematodes
During the embryological development of chordates, the midline dorsal layer of ectoderm folds in on itself, form hollow tube. The tube is the origin of the
nerve cord
You are studying a new organism. If you find ___, you are certain that it belongs in the Animal Kingdom
neurons
You might find an amphibian with ____ but you would never find an amphibian with ____
no legs, an egg that has an amniotic sac
All of the following features are found in Annelids EXCEPT: complete digestive system open circulatory system parapodia coelom
open circulatory system
Chemoorganotrophs
organic compounds
Which is the correct order of water flow through poriferans?
ostia -> spongeocoel -> osculum
Which of the following is an incorrect match of structure and function? parapodia - defense from enemies cnidocyte - capturing prey cnelicerae - consuming food mantle - secretes protective shell radula - obtaining food
parapodia - defense from enemies
All chordates have (at some time in their development):
pharyngeal slits
In fungal sexual reproduction__
plasmogamy occurs before karyogamy
Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface area to volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length
platyhelminth
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?
pollen
What is the charge of the inside of a neuron during depolarization?
positive
Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). Consequently, the morphological similarities of these two species are probably due to _____?
possession of analogous (convergent) traits
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that differs for feeding and digestion between carnivores and herbivores?
presence of gut microbes
Angiosperms
produce flowers and fruits
Gymnosperms
produce seeds that are not protected by the ovary
A shared, derived characteristic of mammals that is not convergent with birds is
producing milk for young
Which of the following is thought to be most closely related to the common animal ancestor?
protist cells
Pinworms, hookworms, and t spiralis, are all unsegmented ecdysozoan parasites int he same phylum. Therefore, they all have:
pseudocoelom
nematoda
pseudocoelomate
All of the following are protist groups that are strictly unicellular, EXCEPT? -gymnamoebas -radiolarians -dinoflagellates -apicomplexans -red algae
red algae
The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) is an example of ___?
reduced hybrid fertility
The observation that the bacteria genus Chlamydia contains species that can only survive as intracellular parasites supports which viral origin hypothesis?
regressive
If biological species are defined in terms of reproductive compatibility, the formation of a new species hinges on...?
reproductive isolation
Retroviruses require the activity of ____ to complete their infection cycle
reverse transcriptase
Which of the following structures is NOT found in bryophytes?
root
The distinguishing feature of annelida compared to nematoda is
segmentation
You find a well-preserved, complete skull of a small animal. It could be a mammal, a lizard, a bird, or a salamander. Which feature would conclusively tell you that this skull is from a mammal?
several different shapes and sizes of teeth
Adult male humans generally have deeper voices than do adult female humans, which is the direct result of higher levels of testosterone causing growth of the larynx. If the fossil records of apes and humans alike show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in adult females and increasing larynx size in adult males, then...?
sexual dimorphism was evolving over time in these species
Diatom
silica skeleton and photosynthetic
Which of these situations is a violation of the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?
small population size
Reproductive structures consisting of one or more photosynthetic cells surrounded by fungal hyphae are called
soredia
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n=17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti, a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. The agouti is most directly invovled with the Brazil nut tree's dispersal of____?
sporophyte embryos
A notochord functions to
support
Scientists believe that the jaws of gnathostomes were derived from
support rods between gill slits.
Birds have the most efficient respiratory system among all tetrapods because
the air passes through the lungs in a continuous one-way flow
Which of the following is not a characteristic of insects?
the circulatory system is responsible for exchange of respiratory gases
In protists exhibiting both asexual and sexual modes of reproduction, what factor frequently triggers the shift from asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction?
the onset of unfavorable environmental conditions
Which of the following traits characterizes gymnosperms?
the plants carry exposed seeds on modified leaves
Cnidarians and ctenophores are alike int he following way
they are both diploblastic
Lizards and birds can produce uric acid. The primary advantage of this is that
they can excrete more waste nitrogen using less water
Which of the following statements about protists is FALSE? -they are important components of plankton -flagella occur in many different protist groups -they can be free living or symbiotic -they live in very dry environments -they include the algae
they live in very dry environments
(Recombination) (Recipient cell) The illustration above shows a final step in the process of
transduction
Annelids have a
true coelom
Which of the following statements describes mechanical isolation as a prezygotic barrier?
two snails have shells that spiral in different directions
Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of...?
vestigial trait
The circulatory fluid in echinoderms is
water
The lateral line of a shark is able to detect
water pressure changes
All of the following animals are filter or suspension-feeders EXCEPT: lancelets (cephalochordata) waterbears (tardigrada) tubeworms (annelida) sea cucmber (echninodermata) rotifers (rotifera)
waterbears (tardigrada)
Your professor shows you a mystery organism you have never seen, but it belongs to one of the phyla we have studied. She tells you that it is not a chordate. Which single characteristic would tell you immediately the phylum to which this animal belongs? (Hint: the other characteristics are found in more than one phylum
wings
A [x] form of cnidarian has its mouth facing downwards, while the [y] form has its mouth facing upwards.
x = medusa y = polyp
Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution?
Descent with modification
What factors influence gene flow between populations?
Differences in animal behavior and life history strategies can form effective barriers to gene flow
How has sexual dimorphism complicated species classification?
Different sexes look so different they were thought to be different species
The poisonous "red tides" result from blooms of
Dinoflagellates
Why can't dogs catch the measles?
Dog cells don't have the receptors for the virus to attach to
Match the tissue to the germ layer it develops from. Epithelium CNS Muscles Digestive tract Skeleton
Epithelium - ectoderm CNS - ectoderm Muscles - mesoderm Digestive tract - endoderm Skeleton - mesoderm
Pseudopodia are used for feeding in all of the following groups except
Euglenazoans
Adaptations are traits that result from selection, but can have no impact on fitness. T/F?
False
Hyphae are comprised of individual mycelia
False
Thirty species of snapping shrimp live off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Panama. Panama formed as a land bridge between the Americas about 3 million years ago, separating the two oceans. What was the evidence that this present species diversity is the result of allopatric speciation?
Genetic analysis concluded that the closest relative each of fifteen Atlantic species is one of fifteen species from the Pacific
Which of the following does natural selection favor?
Genetic variants within a population that have the greatest reproductive success
Which of these following factors is an essential element to the process of evolution?
Genetic variation
The leaves of a pitcher plant arise at soil level and curl around, forming an open-topped pitcher. This pitcher fills with water and digestive juices but is also green and photosynthetic. Insects are captured and digested in the pitcher for their nitrogen. The leaves of a maple tree are broad and flat, performing photosynthesis. What are these two structures?
Homologous
Match the organism to their type of skeleton Human starfish beetle clam
Human - endoskeleton starfish - endoskeleton beetle - exoskeleton clam - exoskeleton
What is the function of the apical complex in an Apicomplexan?
It helps the parasitic cell penetrate and enter a host cell.
A mantle and mantle cavity are present in:
Mollusca
What is happening in the neuron during depolarization?
Na+ entering the neuron
The common edible frog of Europe is a hybrid between two species, Rana lessonae and Rana ribibunda. The hybrids were first described in 1758 and have a wide distribution, from France across central Europe to Russia. Both male and female hybrids exist, but when they mate among themselves, they are rarely successful in producing offspring. What can you infer from this information?
Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species
A geologist asks you to look at some ocean sediment, knowing this "dirt" contains the remains of dead protists whose hard shells have fossilized. You mix the sediment with water and examine it under the microscope. The "shells" or "tests" you observe will most likely belong to which group(s)?
Radiolarians, Foraminiferans, or Diatoms
What is TRUE about plasmodium, the apicomplexan that causes malaria?
Rapid asexual reproduction of parasitic cells within red blood cells causes them to rupture
Joe Student is looking through a microscope at a sample of planktonic life filtered from the Gulf of Mexico. He discovers a single-celled organism with no pigmentation, but with a glassy-looking and porous shell or skeleton. Through the pores, tiny extensions of cytoplasm extend out in all directions, stiffened by thin rods. Joe is correct in thinking he is observing a member of the
Rhizarians
Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue? Skeletal muscle tissue Adipose tissue Blood Bone Cartilage Fibrous tissue Loose tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue
Type of symmetry Starfish Pigeon Anemone Iguana
Starfish - radial Pigeon - bilateral Anemone - radial Iguana - bilateral
Which of the following statements accurately describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda phage that infects E. coli?
The phage genome is integrated in the bacterial chromosome where it is replicated along with the host genome
Why do scientists consider vestigial structures evidence for evolution?
The structure indicates a past form or function that has since changed
How are viroids like viruses?
They both contain nucleic acid + they both replicate in the cell
How are prions different from all other known disease causing pathogens?
They lack nucleic acid
What does a flatworm have in common with a cnidarian?
a digestive cavity that also distributes nutrients
Evidence supports the conclusion that new species have been formed from pre-existing species. The most common process for this requires
a geographic barrier
Animals int he phyla which have radial symmetry do NOT have
a head
An animal that is diploblastic could not possibly have
a true coelom
An animal that is diploblastic could not possibly have:
a true coelom
platyhelminthes
acoelomate
Lamarck's ideas about evolution were similar to Darwin's because they emphasized
adaptation
What can partner with a fungus to make a lichen?
algae
One frog species in a pond has a low, slow-repeating mating call while another species int he same pond calls with a high-pitched trill. What type of reproductive barrier is keeping these species separate?
behavioral isolation
How do amphibians get their oxygen on land?
both lungs and moist skin
The viral ___ plays a role in attaching a virion to the host cell
capsid + envelope
The Gram stain differentiates between bacteria based on the composition of their ____
cell wall
The pellicle is most closely analogous to a
cell wall
Microevolutions occur when___?
changes in allele frequencies in a population occur over generations
Chemotroph (energy source)
chemical compounds
Which of these organelles is not found in a fungal cell?
chloroplast
Which of the following is characteristic of sponges?
choanocytes
annelids
coelomate
Similarities between developmental stages of chickens and humans is an argument for____?
common ancestry
The advantage of seeds, compared to spores, include____
containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte
A significant portion of oxygen production on our planet is due to__
cyanobacteria
All of these structures are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, EXCEPT: -ribosomes -plasma membrane -genetic material -cytoskeleton -cytoplasm
cytosekeleton