BIO FINAL

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be

2x.

Maize (corn) plants are tall if they have the genotype HH or Hh, and they are short if they have genotype hh. If a tall plant is mated with a short plant as a Test Cross, which outcome would indicate that the tall parent corn plant was heterozygous?

The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1. (50%:50%)

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Blood Type: What are the probabilities for blood types in the offspring of individuals who both have type AB blood?

Type A = 25% Type B = 25% Type AB = 50%ccc

The trait found in the individuals is represented by the shaded symbols. Which of the following patterns of transmission for this gene is/are consistent with this pedigree?

autosomal dominant

After Telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate gorup from ATP to a protein is:

protein kinase.

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are found at high levels on various cancer cells. A protein, Herceptin, has been found to bind to an RTK known as HER2 if which of the following is true?

If the patient's breast cancer cells have detectable HER2.

In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by:

Hydrogen Bonds

Using the functional group diagram at right answer A-E which of the following is incorrectly matched?:

E-carboxyl groups

A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a __________. where one with the formula C6H12O6 is probably a __________.

Fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively

Up to 60% of all medicines used today influence what structures in the cell membrane? a. Receptor tyrosine-kinases b. Epinephrine receptors

G-protein linked receptors

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following occurs in meiosis, but not mitosis?

Homologous chromosomes separate.

In a population with two alleles for cystic fibrosis, C and c, the frequency the recessive allele is 0.6. What percent of the population would be heterozygous carriers for cystic fibrosis if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

48%

Epistasis: A black Labrador retriever (BbEe) is crossed with a chocolate Lab (bbEe). In a litter of 16 F1 puppies, what are the likely proportions of black, chocolate or yellow Labs?

6 Black, 6 Chocolate, 4 Yellow

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction: 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy= C6H12 +6O2

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

Catabolic reations

A molecule with four joined rings that is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones and is also found in the vertebrate phospholipid bilayer is:

Cholesterol

Which function group shown at right is: i.) is an acidic functional group that can release H+ into a solution? ii.) a basic functional group that can accept H+? iii.)can exist as a ketone or aldehyde configuration? iv.) a characteristic of alcohols? v.) helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?

i.) C (carboxyl group) ii.) D (amino group) iii.) B (carbonyl group) iv.) A (hydroxyl group) v.) E (phosphate group)

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?:

It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.

Which of the following is NOT true about Rubisco?

It is an oxygenase

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY)

It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the chemical reaction illustrated above?

It results in a peptide bond

A comparison of saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats reveals that the unsaturated fats are __________ at room temp and have __________.

Liquids; cis double bonds

Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated conclusively that:

Organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth

A bond that forms by joining monomers into polymers is a(n)

Peptide bond

All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins excepts:

Synthesis of hormones

At what stage of meiosis do cells become haploid?

Telophase I

Why is the Calvin cycle said to be dependent of the light reactions?:

The light reactions produce the ATP energy and NADPH for sugar production in the Calvin cycle.

What do the four 'elements of life'-carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen- have in common?:

They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells

Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?

Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse

Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they:

are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions

When skeletal muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful.

buildup of lactate.

Increasing the substrate concentration in a reaction could overcome with of the following?:

competitive inhibition

Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because:

each of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is weakly negative in charge

If the cell whose nuclear material is shown at right continues toward completion of mitosis, which of the following events would occur next?

formation of telophase nuclei

Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure i. Cholesterol - ii. Glycolipid - iii. Integral Membrane Protein - iv. Peripheral Membrane Protein - v. Glycoprotein -

i. E ii. A iii. B iv. F v. C

Match the following human genetics disorders with their inheritance patterns? Answers (a-e) may be used more than once i.)Marfan's ii) Tay Sachs iii) Cystic Fibrosis iv) Hemophilia v) Achondroplasia vi) Schizophrenia vii) Polydactyly

i.) Autosomal Dominant ii.)Autosomal Recessive iii.)Autosomal Recessive iv.)X-linked v.)Autosomal Dominant vi.) Multifactorial condition vii.) Autosomal dominant

Using a microscope to examine the skin cells from a female, it is apparent that each nucleus has two Barr bodies. From this karyotype, it can be concluded that the woman's chromosomal condition is

47, XXX

The primary way that cells do work is called energy coupling, using ATP. Which statements below state accurately defines energy coupling?:

-Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions. -ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate.

Which of the 4 kinase enzymes in glycolysis might be the enzyme shown below(Show all that apply)

-Phosphoglycerokinase (PGK) -Pyruvate Kinase (PK)

Sex linkage: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Hemophilia is an X-linked, recessive trait. If a male has hemophilia (XfY),and his spouse is heterozygous for blood clotting factors (XFXf),

-There is a 50% chance that their sons will have hemophilia -There is a 50% chance that their daughters will have hemophilia -There is a 50% chance that their daughters will be carriers for hemophilia

In a plant with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in a cell that has just entered Meiosis II? (We want everyone correct!)

0

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

1/2

Substrate level photosphorylation accounts for approximately what percent of the ATP forming during glycolysis.

100%

How does adenylyl cyclase help transmit signals within a cell?

Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, which then amplifies the signal throughout the cell.

Proteins that are manufactured for secretion:

Are made in the cytosol and transported across the ER membrane

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (R-TKs) is always characterized by

Dimerization and auto-phosphorylation.

A C4 plant initially fixes CO2 into __________ where a C3 plant fixes into___________.

RuBP using Rubisco, Oxaloacetic acid using PEP carboxylase

Match the molecules shown below to the right: a. cholesterol. b. dipeptide. c. saturated fatty acid. d. polyunsaturated fatty acid. e. glucose.

a. 4 b. 5 c. 3 d. 2 e. 1

Observations of cancer cells in culture support the hypothesis that cancer cells _____

a. have altered plasma membranes and cytoskeletal proteins b. have mutations or deletions in tumor suppressors like p53 c. have the ability to stimulate new blood vessel formation d. do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition of growth **e. all of the above**

50. Homologous chromosomes synapse or pair during:

prophase I.

MATCHING: Enzyme Roundup: Cell Signalling a. Converts ATP to cAMP after G-protein signalling b. Converts cAMP to AMP; inhibited by caffeine c. Converts membrane lipids to IP3 and DAG d. Phosphorylates relay molecules after activation and dimerization

a.) Adenylyl Cyclase b.) Phosphodiesterase c.) Phospholipase C d.) Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Photosynthesis and respiration: Match with the correct location in the cells: a. Krebs cycle b. Calvin cycle c. Light reactions d. Proton Gradient in aerobic respiration e. Proton Gradient in light reactions

a.) Mitochondrial matrix b.) Chloroplast stroma c.) Thylakoid lumen d.) Mitochondrial inner membrane space e.) Thylakoid membrane

MATCHING: Match the following components related to cell signaling: a. Epinephrine b. Integral membrane protein receptor c. Integral membrane protein enzyme d. Peripheral membrane protein that binds GTP e. Second messenger generated from ATP

a.)Ligand b.)GPCR c.) Adenylyl cyclase d.)G-Protein e.)cAMP

The oxygen consumed during aerobic cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid a warmer temps.?

adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids

Mendel's law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis?

alignment of tetrads at the equator in metaphase

Match the following parts of the cell to their function: i.) Nucleus ii.) Mitochondria iii.) Nucleolis iv.) Rough ER v.) Golgi Apparatus vi.) Lysosome vii.) Smooth ER viii) Extracellular Matrix

i.) Site of transcription of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis ii.) Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation iii.) Synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein iv.) Site of rRNA for protein synthesis v.) Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion vi.) Intercellular digestion vii.) Synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone viii) Site of cell-cell adhesion and cell recognition

One function of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation is to:

oxidize NADH to NAD+.