Bio Final P2/4

The antibody secreting cells are called B cells. A patient is infected with SARS-CoV-2. Which of the following are true about this person's response? Choose the two correct answers. 1. Different B-cells will be making different types of antibodies directed at against many types of antigens. 2. Different B-cells will be making the same type of antibody directed against the same type of antigen. 3. Each of this person's B-cells will be making many types of antibodies directed against many types of antigens. 4. Each of this person's B-cells will be making only one type of antibody directed against one type of antigen.

1. Different B-cells will be making different types of antibodies directed at against many types of antigens. 4. Each of this person's B-cells will be making only one type of antibody directed against one type of antigen.

Freckles are dominant in humans. Suppose that you had a father who is homozygous recessive and a mother who is heterozygous for the trait. What is their expected phenotypic ratio of their children? 1. 0% freckled, 100% not freckled 2. 25% freckled, 75% not freckled 3. 50% freckled, 50% not freckled 4. 75% freckled, 25% not freckled 5. 100% freckled, 0% not freckled

50% freckled, 50% not freckled

What would be the advantage of using a microarray as opposed to a PCR reaction to look for genetic evidence that a patient has cancer, or is susceptible to cancer. 1. A microarray can test for lots of different genetic sequences found in one patient. 2. The microarray takes a tiny sample, while the PCR requires the patient to give lots of blood. 3. The microarray can test hundreds of patients at the same time and is thus much cheaper per patient. 4. The base pairs are so small they can be better studied by a microarray than they can by PCR.

A microarray can test for lots of different genetic sequences found in one patient.

Which of the following tools is a special type of X-ray that is used to determine if the cancer has spread? 1. MRI 2. Screening mammogram 3. CT scan 4. PET scan

CT scan

A DNA molecule has the sequence GATCGA. What sequence of RNA does this code for? (Necessary information: DNA basepairs : T-A, A-T, C-G, G-C; RNA : U substitutes for T.) 1. GAUCGA 2. CUAGCU 3. GATCGA 4. CTAGCT

CUAGCU

Which of the following limitations of DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase is exploited in PCR that allows selective amplification of certain DNA segments? 1. DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase requires a DNA template. 2. DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase can only add to double stranded DNA. 3. DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase requires high energy molecules to power its activity. 4. DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase requires free nucleotides to function.

DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase can only add to double stranded DNA.

In semiconservative replication: 1. The two strands of the parental DNA are fragmented, complementary DNA is made from those fragments and then the fragments are stitched together to make the two double-stranded DNA molecules. 2. The two strands in the parental DNA molecule remains intact, and rejoin after serving as templates, and the other double helix is made of 2 new strands each complementary to one of the original strands. 3. Each of the two strands in the parental DNA molecule remains intact, but the two strands get separated into the two daughter double helices. A completely new strand is synthesized in each daughter double helix.

Each of the two strands in the parental DNA molecule remains intact, but the two strands get separated into the two daughter double helices. A completely new strand is synthesized in each daughter double helix.

A breast cancer patient may be diagnosed with being hormone receptor positive. This receptor protein is known as the ______ protein. 1. BRCA1 2. HER-2 3. TP53 4. p53

HER-2

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule? 1. Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules, each of which contains millions of heme groups, each of which binds to and carries oxygen. 2. Hemoglobin is composed of two globin molecules, both with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen. 3. Hemoglobin is composed of three globin molecules and one heme group per hemoglobin molecule. Each heme group binds to and carries oxygen. 4. Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

_____ contain the same genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, ______ contain identical alleles combinations. 1. Sister chromatids; homologous chromosomes 2. Homologous chromatids; sister chromosomes 3. Sister chromosomes; homologous chromatids 4. Homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids

Homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids

Tongue rolling is dominant. Suppose that you have a woman who can roll her tongue married to a man who cannot. Which of the following pieces of information will allow you to calculate the likelihood (% of cases) in which their first born could roll their tongue? 1. If you know that the man's father could not roll his tongue. 2. If you know both man's parents can roll their tongues. 3. If you know the man's mother could not roll her tongue. 4. If you know that both the woman's mother and father could their tongues. 5. If you know that the woman's father could roll his tongue. 6. If you know that the woman's mother could not roll her tongue.

If you know that the woman's mother could not roll her tongue.

We talked about the experiment from Israel that looked at the effect of the third (booster) shot on people over 60. Which of the following statements is not true about this study? 1. It had a very large sample size. 2. It was published in a peer reviewed Journal. 3. It showed there the booster shot reduced the probability of catching COVID after a lag of about 2 weeks. 4. It measured the probability of catching COVID in unvaccinated vs fully vaccinated individuals.

It measured the probability of catching COVID in unvaccinated vs fully vaccinated individuals.

Griffith's experiment was one of the first that suggested there was a non-living "factor" that was transferred between different bacteria and changed them. What was the most critical experiment showing inheritance driven by a non-living factor. (Hint S: the strain was the deadly one.) 1. Killed S strain bacteria plus live R strain bacteria were injected into the mouse and the mouse lived. 2. Killed S strain bacteria plus live R strain bacteria were injected into the mouse and the mouse died. 3. Killed R strain bacteria plus live S strain bacteria were injected into the mouse and the mouse died. 4. Killed R strain bacteria plus live S strain bacteria were injected into the mouse and the mouse lived.

Killed S strain bacteria plus live R strain bacteria were injected into the mouse and the mouse died.

PICTURE A DNA molecule has the sequence GATCGA. What sequence of amino acids does this code for? (Necessary information : DNA basepairs : T-A, A-T, C-G, G-C; RNA : U substitutes for T. Also see the table.) 1. Phe, Gln 2. Asp, Arg 3. Pro-His 4. Leu, Ala

Leu, Ala

Consider the replication fork shown here. You can assume that both polymerase molecule have primers. You would expect: PICTURE 1. One polymerase to move towards the replication fork and the other one to move away from it. 2. Both polymerases to move towards the replication fork. 3. There is no way to tell which way they will move. 4. Both polymerases to move away from the replication fork.

One polymerase to move towards the replication fork and the other one to move away from it.

PICTURE Consider this pedigree. Individuals with sickle cell are denoted as filled in. Using this pedigree, person 1 must be_______ and person 2 must be _______. Hint 1 be as specific as possible given the data, hint 2: look at the data, not just the form of the pedigree. 1. Person 1 must be heterozygous and person 2 could be heterozygous or homozygous. 2. Person 1 could be heterozygous or homozygous and person 2 must be heterozygous. 3. Person 1 could be heterozygous or homozygous and person 2 must be homozygous. 4. Person 1 must be homozygous and person 2 could be heterozygous or homozygous. 5. Person 1 must be heterozygous and person 2 must be homozygous. 6. Person 1 must be homozygous and person 2 must be heterozygous. 7. Person 1 could be heterozygous or homozygous and person 2 could be heterozygous or homozygous.

Person 1 must be heterozygous and person 2 could be heterozygous or homozygous.

PICTURE Consider this pedigree where the filled shapes represent those with a genetic disorder. This particular disorder must be: 1. Recessive 2. Dominant 3. Incompletely dominant 4. It could be either recessive or dominant

Recessive

The immune system can usually fight off invading microorganisms, but has a much more difficult time eliminating cancer cells. Which of the statements below reflects the biggest reason why? 1. The cancer cells take advantage of the immune system's mechanism to prevent targeting cells the immune system identifies as "self" 2. Invading microorganisms are usually widely dispersed in the body, but cancer cells usually are usually not. 3. The cancer cells have ready access to the body's nutrients, something that most invading microorganisms cannot do. 4. The cancer cells are usually widely dispersed in the body, but invading microorganisms are usually not.

The cancer cells take advantage of the immune system's mechanism to prevent targeting cells the immune system identifies as "self"

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease in which the disease is caused by a defective cftr gene. Compare two cells from a particular human male who is a cystic fibrosis carrier. One of his cells that has just completed mitosis and another cell has just completed meiosis. Which of the statements below if FALSE? 1. The cell that has completed mitosis has twice as much DNA as the cell that has just completed meiosis. 2. The cell that has completed meiosis has a 50% change of one allele for the non-functional cftr, and a 50% chance of the wild-type allele for the same gene. 3. The cell that has completed mitosis has twice as many chromosomes as the cell that has just completed meiosis. 4. The cell that has completed mitosis has two alleles for the non-functional cftr.

The cell that has completed mitosis has two alleles for the non-functional cftr.

At which point of the respiratory system would sickle-cell disease cause an impact? 1. The delivery of air into the alveoli 2. The diffusion of gases across the alveoli into the capillaries 3. The flow of air down the trachea 4. Inhalation of air into the nasal cavity

The diffusion of gases across the alveoli into the capillaries

Monoclonal antibodies are used in the treatment of some breast cancers. Which of the following statements is false? 1. The monoclonal antibody binds to an estrogen receptor found on the surface of certain cells of the breast tissue. 2. The gene for the receptor is a tumor suppressor gene. 3. This treatment only works for certain kinds of breast cancers and is ineffective with other types. 4. In normal (non-cancerous cells) the cell produces thousands of receptors, but in types of cancer targeted from this treatment the cells produces even more copies.

The gene for the receptor is a tumor suppressor gene.

What is the direct consequence of the genetic change that results in the sickle cell disease? 1. The hemoglobin molecules bind to oxygen so tightly that they do not give up the oxygen to tissues when needed by the cells of the body. 2. The hemoglobin molecules lose the ability to carry CO2 from the body to the lungs. 3. The hemoglobin molecules loose some of their binding to oxygen so that they cannot pick up enough oxygen. 4. The hemoglobin molecules expose a sticky (hydrophobic) patch on the outside of the molecule that binds to other hemoglobin molecules.

The hemoglobin molecules expose a sticky (hydrophobic) patch on the outside of the molecule that binds to other hemoglobin molecules.

The Hershey Chase experiments tested whether proteins or nucleic acids were the hereditary material. They did two sets of experiments. In one set they labeled the DNA with radioactive P (common in DNA but not in proteins). In the other they labeled the proteins with radioactive S (present in proteins but not in DNA). They added viruses to the bacteria, and waited just long enough so that they knew that the bacterial cells became infected. Then they knocked off any viruses from the outside of the bacteria. They found: 1. The radioactive P was found in the E. coli cells and the radioactive S was found outside of them. 2. The radioactive S and P was found in the E. coli cells. 3. The radioactive S and P was found outside of the E. coli cells. 4. The radioactive S was found in the E. coli cells and the radioactive P was found outside of them.

The radioactive P was found in the E. coli cells and the radioactive S was found outside of them.

One kind of polydactyly (extra fingers) is chromosome-based and dominant. It is also very rare. Assume that a cell of a man with polydactyly has finished Meiosis I. What would you expect about the chromatids in one of the daughter cells? 1. There would be a 50% chance of the cell having 1 copy of the polydactyly allele and a 50% chance of having no copies of the polydactyly allele. 2. There would be 1 copy of the polydactyly allele and 1 copy of the wild-type allele in the cell. 3. There would be a 50% chance of the cell having 2 copies of the polydactyly allele and a 50% chance of the cell having no copies of the polydactyly allele. 4. There would be 2 copies of the polydactyly allele and 2 copies of the wild-type allele in the cell.

There would be a 50% chance of the cell having 2 copies of the polydactyly allele and a 50% chance of the cell having no copies of the polydactyly allele.

In the Meselson and Stahl experiments, the bacteria were grown in medium with "heavy N" (15N), so the initial DNA was all labeled with the heavy N. Then cells were transferred into medium containing only "light nitrogen" (14N), so subsequent DNA would be labeled with the lighter N. Lastly, they analyzed the position(s) of the DNA band(s) on a CsCl density gradient. Assuming the conservative model is true, what would they expect after one round of DNA replication in the new medium. 1. There would be one band. 2. There would be two bands with unequal amounts of DNA in each. 3. There would be three bands with unequal amounts of DNA in each. 4. There would be two bands with equal amounts of DNA in each. 5. There would be three bands with equal amounts of DNA in each. 6. There would be four bands with unequal amounts of DNA in each.

There would be two bands with equal amounts of DNA in each.

In the Meselson and Stahl experiments, the bacteria were grown in medium with "heavy N" (15N), so the initial DNA was all labeled with the heavy N. Then cells were transferred into medium containing only "light nitrogen" (14N), so subsequent DNA would be labeled with the lighter N. Lastly, they analyzed the position(s) of the DNA band(s) on a CsCl density gradient. Assuming the semiconservative model is true, what would they expect after three rounds of DNA replication in the new medium. 1. There would be one band. 2. There would be three bands with unequal amounts of DNA in each. 3. There would be two bands with equal amounts of DNA in each. 4. There would be four bands with unequal amounts of DNA in each. 5. There would be three bands with equal amounts of DNA in each. 6. There would be two bands with unequal amounts of DNA in each.

There would be two bands with unequal amounts of DNA in each.

Gene expression requires two steps. What are they? 1. Replication and translation 2. Replication and transcription 3. Transcription and translation

Transcription and translation

Radiation is targeted cancer therapy that works by 1. interfering with the spindle fibers that separate the sister chromatids. 2. mimicking nucleotides, which results in an incorrectly developed DNA molecule. 3. interfering with the cell's ability to unwind DNA during DNA replication. 4. breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.

breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.

In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of ______, and all other cells are formed through the process of ______. 1. meiosis; mitosis 2. binary fission; mitosis 3. meiosis; binary fission 4. mitosis; meiosis

meiosis; mitosis

Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an 1. promoter 2. start codon 3. origin of replication 4. primer

promoter

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _____ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells. 1. Bladder 2. Heart 3. Large intestine 4. Spleen 5. Kidney

spleen

During DNA replication, the ______ strand is the one being used by the DNA polymerase to synthesize the new ______ strand of DNA. 1. complementary; daughter 2. template; parent 3. daughter; template 4. template; daughter

template; daughter

Consider a fly that is heterozygous for short wings. The short wings allele is recessive. You are examining a cell from the male fly that is just about to start meiosis. In the cell 1. there would be a total of 2 alleles for wing length; they must be identical. 2. there would be a total of 4 alleles for wing length; it is possible that they would all be different. 3. there would be a total of 2 alleles for wing length; it is possible that they would both be different. 4. there would be a total of 4 alleles for wing length; alleles must be the same. 5. there would be a total of 4 alleles for wing length; of these there are 2 identical alleles for short wings and 2 wild-type alleles.

there would be a total of 4 alleles for wing length; of these there are 2 identical alleles for short wings and 2 wild-type alleles.

You have a viral infection. In your immune response, the ____________ are acting as antigens. 1. complement produced by your immune cells 2. proteins made by your B-Cells that bind to the viral coat protein 3. viral coat proteins 4. circulating T-Cells that recognize viral laden cells because they display portions of the viral coat proteins

viral coat proteins

Which of the following blood cells would be measured to evaluate a patient for cancer? 1. All the answer choices are correct. 2. White blood cells 3. Platelets 4. Red blood cells 5. Osteocytes

white blood cells