BIO FINAL PART 1

Some adult weight lifters dope with human growth hormone. What effect would this have on their bodies?

They would gain muscle.

Heterotrophs could live underground if they could find a food source, but photosynthetic autotrophs, which include the majority of autotrophs on Earth, must live where they can obtain sunlight.

True

Since small amounts of ammonia are very toxic, mammals convert ammonia to urea for concentration before excretion occurs.

True

The events of the birthing process use positive feedback. The stretching of the cervix during prelabor or stage 1 of labor causes the hypothalamus to trigger the pituitary gland to release the hormone oxytocin, which causes uterine contractions.

True

The capillary wall consists only of

a single layer of epithelial cells covered by connective tissue

The expulsion of the placenta does not occur until the final stage of labor, since up to that point the placenta

all answers are correct

Which correctly describes B cells and T cells?

all are correct: B and T cells all are lymphocytes, all attack cancerous cells, foreign particles, are not innate defenses

The enzyme that breaks down starch is

amylase

Which is an example of active immunity? a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies antibodies produced from a vaccine, antibodies produced when the flu strikes a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, antibodies produced when the flu strikes antibodies produced from a vaccine, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies a person receiving an injection of antibodies, antibodies produced when the flu strikes

antibodies produced from a vaccine, antibodies produced when the flu strikes

Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. This would be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen because it would lead to

both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?

by recombination of the gene used to make antibodies

The semisolid mass of food and gastric juice in the human stomach is termed

chyme

The 2 cm. long structure in the human female that stimulates the female to experience orgasm is the

clitoris

In a "silent" mutation, the

codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified.

A tRNA molecule is "bilingual" because it binds to

codons of mRNA and to amino acids.

When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten, their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villi. Which symptom would a person with celiac disease have?

decreased absorption of nutrients

Thalidomide was given to pregnant women from 1957 to 1961 to help relieve the symptoms of morning sickness. Thalidomide binds to and inactivates the protein cereblon, which is important in limb formation. If a woman took thalidomide during the ________ period of her baby's development, it could result in stunted growth of their limbs.

embryonic

The stage of human development that occurs from implantation to about eight weeks after fertilization is the

embryonic stage

Irritants, such as cigarette smoke, cause the walls of the alveoli to tear, thereby reducing the surface area for gas exchange. A respiratory disease caused by long-term exposure to such irritants is

emphysema

the function of bile is

emulsify fats

A phagocyte is a cell that

engulfs other cells and debris.

Steroid hormones

enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus

Since fever is not always present, it is an example of adaptive immunity.

false

The second stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage.

false

What mutations occurred in most ice fish that prevent production of hemoglobin?

fragmentation of both the alpha and beta genes

White blood cells are produced

from bone marrow stem cells

Which is not an endocrine gland? pineal gland adrenal gland gallbladder hypothalamus testes

gallbladder

The stage of human development in which the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm form is the

gastrulation

What is a principal mechanism by which endotherms obtain body heat?

generate heat via metabolism

In the human male and female reproductive systems, each system contains paired primary sex organs called ________, which contain ________ that give rise to gametes.

gonads; germ

1 n is an abbreviation for

haploid

In organisms that reproduce sexually, ________ are the sex cells that carry the genetic information from each parent.

haploid gamete

Animals that eat only plants are

herbivores

The Y chromosome: is genetically identical to the X chromosome. is smaller than the X chromosome. is the same size as the X chromosome. contains more genes than the X chromosome. is larger than the X chromosome.

is smaller than the x chromosome

If a doctor tells you to bring all of the bags with blood components that you can find in the lab refrigerator to the operating room, what would you leave behind?

lymph

The division of the nucleus during the eukaryotic cell cycle is

mitosis

The liver produces 90% of the cholesterol in your body. Most cholesterol is transported in the blood as low density lipoprotein (LDL). When the levels of blood LDL increase, the enzyme in the liver that makes cholesterol is inhibited. This is an example of ________ feedback.

negative feedback

The atomic number of an atom or element is the number of

number of protons

When DNA replicates: one strand of the original DNA ends up in each of the new DNA molecules. the original DNA is not affected and a new double-stranded DNA is made from two new strands of DNA. a cell that was diploid (2N) will now be tetraploid (4N). transcription factors determine where to begin DNA replication. the original DNA unwinds, and multiple copies of a region are transcribed before the DNA closes back up.

one strand of the original DNA ends up in each of the new DNA molecules.

A structure consisting of tissues organized to carry out a specific function defines a(n)

organ

Which is not a major part of the immune system?

pancreas

The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the

small intestine

If a chromosome in one of your bone cells becomes mutated, you will not pass this mutation onto your children because

somatic cells cannot undergo meiosis

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle do not capture all of the potential energy in a glucose molecule because

some energy is always lost as heat during chemical reactions

Antacids would be effective in which part of the digestive system?

stomach

What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

tRNA

In the late 1950s, some women took ________ as a tranquilizer to relieve morning sickness and it caused deformed limbs in developing embryos.

thalidomide

A dual-chamber pacemaker is surgically placed in a patient's chest. Wires then carry pulses to the right atrium and the right ventricle. How would the pulses be directed from the pacemaker to the heart?

the atrium would be stimulated first and then the ventricle

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder. What is the probability that a son will have hemophilia if the parents are a normal man and a woman who is a carrier?

50%

If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have round peas? R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green

50%

Each day the human heart sends a volume of blood equal to about ________ through the body.

7000 liters

If you were looking for a card describing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, you would look in a drawer labelled with what information?

A substrate.

ATP is required by cells to provide power for

A. DNA replication. B. movement. C. production of proteins. D. growth. [E] All answers are correct.

The simplest animals with a closed circulatory system are

A. birds. B. amphibians. [C.] annelids. D. fishes. E. reptiles.

The walls of the bronchioles are made up of

A. cartilage. [B] smooth muscle. C. cartilage and smooth muscle. D. cartilage and skeletal muscle. E. skeletal muscle.

A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for growth. metabolism. maintenance. repair of tissues. All answers are correct.

All answers are correct

Why would exercise help your blood circulation in your legs?

As muscles contract, they squeeze blood through the veins and increased heart rate pushes more blood into the legs.

In creating a transgenic organism, the ________ from one species is inserted into another species.

DNA

The phospholipid bilayer of membranes allows lipids and small nonpolar molecules to pass across membranes, but prohibits the passage of ions and polar molecules. This occurs because the phospholipid tails are

Hydrophobic and selectively permeable

Beano is a product containing an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates in beans and other vegetables, thereby reducing gas production when these foods are eaten. Why would humans need to take Beano to avoid gas?

If they don't break down the complex carbohydrates, bacteria in their colon will.

A single chromosome has

Multiple genes each with a single allele

Eukaryotic cells are 10-100 times larger than prokaryotic cells. How do eukaryotic cells resolve the surface area to volume limitations that favor smaller cells?

Organelles keep reactions compartmentalized and concentrated.

The second time that an immune system sees an antigen, a secondary immune reaction will take place.

true

The signal for the heart to contract begins at the sinoatrial node.

true

The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies is the plasma cell.

true

Mammals excrete nitrogen wastes as what?

urea

The tube-like structure that serves as the birth canal in the human female is the

vagina

Which is correct about sexually transmitted infections? All STIs are treatable with antibiotics if caught early enough. Viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi can cause STIs. STIs cannot be contracted through oral sex. All STIs can kill a human if left untreated. All answers are correct.

viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi can cause sti's

A vasectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vas deferens are severed, and then tied. How would this cause sterility?

Sperm cannot move to the urethra

If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence ATTCGACGCTA, then the complementary strand has the nitrogenous base sequence

TAAGCTGCGAT

If you exercised more and more intensely over two months, your heart would be able to pump out more and more blood with each stroke.

TRUE Exercise makes the heart better able to eject more blood, allowing for better oxygenation and more exercise.

Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?

The fetus and mother are not genetically identical.

A patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV. Which is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS?

The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat.