Bio Final Review #1

structural isomers

have different covalent arrangements of atoms but carbon bonds are the same

organic carbon + hydrogen molecules

hydrocarbons

carbohydrates in water

hydrophillic

nucleic acid in water

hydrophillic-> sugar & phosphate hydrophobic-> the base

lipids in water

hydrophobic

proteins in water

hydrophobic & hydrophillic -depends on R group

functional group which increases polarity & helps dissolve

hydroxyl

NaCl

ionic bond

attraction between cation & anion

ionic bond

all have the same molecular function and fomula

isomers

two atoms of an element with different number of neutrons

isotope

nucleic acid functional group

phosphate

phosphorus

phosphate

nucleic acid linkage

phosphodiester bond

water has a higher ___ ____ means it takes longer to raise the heat

specific heat

if one of these isomers doesn't have a double bond, the other can't either

structural isomers

rough ER

studded with ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins

functional group attracted to others of same group

sulfhydryl

extracellular matrix functions

support adhesion movement regulation

smooth ER

synthesizes lipids metabolizes carbs detox toxins stores calcium ions

water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds

cohesion

consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

compound

desosomes

(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets proteins pack cells together to hold things together tightly

gap junctions

(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasm channels between adjacent cells

how many electrons are in Hydrogen's valence shell

1

two laws of thermodynamics

1. energy cannot be destroyed, only transferred or transformed 2. every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy in the universe

number of H+ and OH- must equal

14

how many electrons are in Oxygen's valence shell

2

how many electrons are in Nitrogen's valence shell

3

how many electrons are in Carbon's valence shell

4

Which key concept is represented? light energy-> chemical energy -> kinetic energy

Life requires energy transfer and transformation

functional group involved in things that can act as an acid

carboxyl

number of ___ equals the pH

H+ hydrogen ions

nucleic acid purpose

DNA-> stores heredity info RNA-> carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes

formula for change in G

Gfinal - Ginitial

are hydrocarbons soluble?

NO, not soluble

catabolic

OXIDIZED breakdown energy released: exergonic negative change in G= spontaneous order -> disorder = moves toward stability complex-> simple energy REQUIRED

Which key concept is represented? it's hot -> sweat it's cold -> shiver

Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment

protein purpose

catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) transport materials in & out of cell walls

Where is atomic number and atomic mass?

Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass

anabolic

REDUCED build-up energy consumed: endergonic positive change in G= not spontaneous disorder -> order= move toward stability simple-> complex

tight junctions

cells pressed together preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

site of photosynthesis

chloroplasts **has it's own DNA, ribosomes & chromosomes

variations around C=C (carbon bond)

cis-trans isomers

proton donor

acid

water molecules stick to cell walls

adhesion

plasmodesmata

allows cells to talk to eachother through channels that perforate cell walls

functional group which acts as a base

amino

protein functional group

amino & carboxyl

protein monomers

amino acids N-C-C-N-C-C (protein backbone)

proton reducer

base

why are hydrocarbons hydrophobic?

because they are not looking for hydrogen so they are excluded by water

where are bound ribosomes located

bound to the outside of ER

plasma membrane

boundry that separates living cell from it's surroundings

functional group which goes in the middle or on the end, form structural isomers

carbonyl

carbohydrate functional group

carbonyl & hydroxyl

where are free ribosomes located

cytosol

ionic bond

electronegativity difference is so big, one atom strips an electrion from another creating ions

nonpolar covalent bond

electrons are shared equally; no poles of charge

polar covalent bond

electrons are shared unequally; an atom is involved with an atom which is more electronegative

cannot be broken down any farther

element

mirror images of each other

enantiomers

lipid linkage

ester linkage

lipid functional groups

fatty acid-> carboxyl glycerol-> 3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl attached to each carbon

cell wall

gives structure & rigidity prevents excessive water

lipid monomer

glycerol & fatty acid

name 6 things in the phospholipid bylayer

glycoprotein, carbohydrate, integral protein, peripheral protein, glycolipid, cholesterol

proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates

glycoproteins

carbohydrate linkage

glycosidic linkage

ribosomes

use info from DNA to make proteins

purpose of lipids

long term energy insulation

define heat

measure of TOTAL amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion

surface tension

measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

define temperature

measures intensity of heat due to AVERAGE kinetic energy of molecules

functional group which turns genes on & off

methyl

carboydrate monomer

monosaccharide

hydrogen bond

negative oxygen bonded to positive hydrogen

lipid polymer

none!

H--H O=O C--H

nonpolar covalent bond

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotides

contains cells DNA

nucleus

protein linkage

peptide bond carboxyl end: C-terminus amino end: N-terminus

produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it to water

peroxisomes

O-H

polar covalent bond

protein polymer

polypeptide (polymer of amino acids)

nucleic acid polymer

polypeptide or nucleic acid

carbohydrate polymer

polysaccharide

mitochondria

power plant of cell site of cellular respiration uses oxygen to generate ATP **has it's own DNA, ribosomes & chromosomes

peroxisomes

remove hydrogen from various substrates and transfer to oxygen

distributes transport vesicles

rough ER

membrane factory for the cell

rough ER

hydrogen bond

second bond the hydrogen atom goes into when left partially positive by covalent bond.

golgi apparatus

shipping & recieving center manufactures certain molecules sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

purpose of carbohydrate

short term energy cell wall structure

being dissolved

solute

dissolver

solvent

the more _____ _____ , the ______ it is to raise the temperature

the more HYDROGEN BONDS, the HARDER it is to raise the temperature

proteins surrounded by membranes

transport vesicles

lysosome

waste management hydrolitic enzyme sac which can digest macromolecules

water ______, heat from ______ air and _____ stored heat to _____ air.

water ABSORBS heat from WARMER air and RELEASES stored heat to COOLER air