Bio foundations exam 2

Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it ________.

does not require energy from the cell

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is in the form of heat as the car is driven. Which of the following best describes this in relation to the 1st law of thermodynamics?

energy can be changed from one form to another

In what function do the embedded membrane proteins at "c" serve?

facilitated and active transport

Molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a transport protein in ________.

facilitated diffusion

The end product of the Calvin cycle reactions is ___________.

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

glycolysis→preparatory reaction→citric acid cycle→electron transport chain

Energy of activation ________.

is the energy required for molecules to react with each other

What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration?

mitochondria

In the set-up shown in the figure below, which process allows the water to move across the membrane?

osmosis

The drug chloral hydrate prevents elongation of microtubules by preventing the addition of new subunits to the growing end. During which stage of mitosis would chloral hydrate be most harmful?

prophase

Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is oxidation?

removal of H atoms to form new molecules

The energy source that drives the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation is

removal of electrons and hydrogen from glucose.

In photosynthesis, the light reactions ____________ while the Calvin cycle ____________.

capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy

On the cellular level what process uses oxygen to break food down, producing ATP?

cellular respiration

The structure labeled "c" in the following figure is called the ________.

centromere

Apoptosis ________.

can be used to remove damaged or malfunctioning cells.

If there are twenty centromeres in a cell, how many chromosomes are there?

20

How many turns of the Calvin cycle would be required for a plant to make one molecule of glucose?

6

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to produce ____.

ATP

In the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, both ATP and NADH are formed. What purpose do each of these molecules serve in the cell?

ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH serves as an electron carrier to allow for greater ATP production.

The light reactions act much as a battery to power the reactions of the Calvin cycle. This energy is stored as

ATP and NADPH

Identify which of the following statements is not true.

ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and two phosphate groups.

ATP and NADPH are both used during the Calvin cycle. What is the function of each?

ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power.

Pickles are often preserved in a 20-30% salt solution called brine. How does this method prevent contamination by microorganisms?

Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water.

Which of the areas shown in the figure below indicates the presence of an enzyme in the movement of reactant over to product?

C

The three stages of the Calvin cycle reactions are

CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration.

When glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O, __________ energy is released and converted into __________.

Chemical potential; ATP

The G2 checkpoint prevents the cell cycle from continuing until ________.

DNA is completely replicated AND damage to DNA can be repaired

A cell is inhibited during the S phase of its cycle. It will not reproduce due to lack of

DNA synthesis

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into ________.

Energy in ATP

In a redox reaction, reduction means _________, and oxidation means _________.

Gain of electrons; loss of electrons

Intestinal cells absorb glucose via active transport. What would happen if all the mitochondria within these intestinal cells were destroyed?

Glucose absorption would decrease.

What two things are added to NADP+ to convert it into NADPH?

H+ and electrons

Energy to drive the formation of ATP in photosynthesis is derived from ____________.

H+ gradient

The O2 given off during photosynthesis is derived from which compound

H2O

How does ATP synthase obtain the energy to produce ATP?

Hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma through ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi.

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are similar in that they both produce ________.

NADH; ATP

Which of the following is not derived from G3P?

NADP+

Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration?

Oxygen

The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is ___ resulting in formation of ___.

Oxygen; water

Which following pair is correctly matched?

S phase - DNA replication

The figure below represents a metabolic pathway, what happens if Enzyme2 is defective and non-functional

Substrate Y would not be metabolized.

How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare to their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?

The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.

Which of the following is best associated with a coupled reaction?

The metabolic reaction requires energy from ATP.

Which of the following events does NOT take place in the light reactions?

conversion of 3PG to G3P

Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell undergoes mitosis and not cytokinesis, this would result in

a cell with two or more nuclei

A coenzyme is defined as

a non-protein helper that works with an enzyme.

The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to ________.

a person descending a flight of stairs one step at a time

The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the ________.

active site

The concentration of calcium in a cell is 3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?

active transport

Which of these words does not belong with the rest as it relates to concentration gradient?

active transport

Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis?

algae

All of the following occur during the latter stages of mitotic prophase EXCEPT

synthesis of DNA

Ben was looking at onion root tip cells under the microscope in Biology class. He saw one cell that had two nuclei within it. What stage of the cell cycle was this cell in?

telophase and cytokinesis

The production of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle occurs through

the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate that is then added to ADP.

The processes of glycolysis that break down glucose to pyruvate involve

the removal of electrons and hydrogen from glucose, and the addition of phosphate to ADP.