Bio Lab

When considering chemical cycles, global cycles involve elements with an interchange between the

atmosphere and ecosystem

When considering chemical cycles, local cycles involve elements with no mechanism for long distance transfer.

atmospheric

Which of the following are involved in biogeochemical cycles? Choose all that apply.

geological mechanisms biological mechanisms chemical transport mechanisms

When consume plants they obtain nitrogen from the plant material they ingest.

herbivores

Which of the following are natural contributions to the carbon cycle? Choose all that apply.

hot springs fires volcanoes

Which statement describes ammonification?

the conversion of organic nitrogen to NH3 or NH4+

Why was it appropriate to consider insect herbivores in the study conducted by Stiling and Drake?

the leaf minor was the most common type of herbivore at the site

How do plants obtain nitrogen?

through the root system which takes in NH3, NH4+ and NO3-.

True or false: Animals release phosphorous in their waste. This phosphorous dissipates into the air to circulate to the atmosphere.

true

True or false: Even though nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere it is in limited supply to living organisms.

true

Which of the following is an example of a disaster typically resulting in primary succession?

volcanic eruption

Which statements accurately describe the eutrophication events associated with Lake Erie? Choose all that apply.

-The U.S. and Canada worked together to reduce phosphorous entering Lake Erie, primarily by eliminating phosphorous from laundry detergents -in the 1960s Lake Erie became eutrophic but has since recovered due to efforts to reduce the influx of phosphorous

Correctly order the forms nitrogen passes through during the nitrogen cycle. Start at the top with the product(s) of nitrogen fixation.

NH3 or NH4+ NO2- NO3-

Even though % of the water that reaches the atmosphere has passed through plants and exited by evapotranspiration, only approximately % of water is found in the bodies of organisms or frozen in the soil.

90, 2

To study the impact of elevated on plant growth researchers have had to overcome various challenges including high costs and the difficulty of enclosing trees in large chambers.

CO2

What factors determine the composition of the climax community of a particular region?

Climate, soil condition, and frequency of disturbanc

The tolerance model of succession proposes that:

Competition-intolerant species are more successful early in succession, while competition-tolerant species appear later in succession

In the 1960s Lake became eutrophic due to runoff from fertilizers rich in phosphorous from farms as well as industrial and domestic pollutants from the neighboring areas along its shores.

Erie

Which statements related to eutrophication are correct? Choose all that apply.

Eutrophication results in the death of fish due to reductions in oxygen levels Eutrophication occurs when algal blooms are followed by bacterial decomposition of the alga which leads to reduced oxygen levels

Which of the statements given below supports the notion that human activities contribute to the nitrogen cycle in negative ways? Choose all that apply.

Excess NO3- in groundwater is a health hazard, especially for infants burning fossil fuels releases N2O which contributes to air pollution and acid rain

Which of the following are factors of the facilitation process that assist in the establishment of a climax community?

Facilitation promotes the invasion of new colonists. Facilitation results in the most dominant species colonizing the community.

____ results in forming a more suitable habitat for subsequent species, whereas ____ may exclude subsequent species and ____ neither hinders or assists subsequent species.

Facilitation; inhibition; tolerance

Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects the earth globally by doing which of the following? Select all that apply.

It is linked to more acidic oceans. It is linked to global warming,

Which of the following exemplifies inhibition?

Leaf litter of earlier plant species releases toxins and obstructs the land, preventing subsequent grasses from invading.

Anaerobic bacteria that use NO3- in their metabolism deliver to the atmosphere.

N2

Competition-intolerant species

Successful early in succession

Competition-tolerant species

Successful late in succession

Which of the following accurately describes the phosphorous cycle?

a local cycle with no atmospheric component

When leaching and runoff wash phosphate into aquatic systems it can then be utilized by aquatic plants and

algae

Because most soils lack nitrifying bacteria is the most common pathway for nitrogen to enter the soil.

ammonification

Cycles that involve the movement of chemical elements through ecosystems involving biological, geological, and chemical transport mechanisms are called cycles.

biogeochemical

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere forms acid in the oceans.

carbonic

The composition of the climax community for any given region is determined by __________, the condition of the __________, and the frequency of disturbance.

climate, soil

Only some bacteria, primarily , can convert N2 to forms usable by other organisms.

cyanobacteria

Which of the following are human activities that provide contributions to the carbon cycle? Choose all that apply.

deforestation burning fossil fuels

The reduction of NO3- to N2 is called

denitrification

Which of the following responses accurately answers the question, 'how is the water cycle different from other cycles?' Choose all that apply.

driven by evaporation and precipitation the water cycle is a physical process rather than a chemical process

The inhibition model of succession states that

early colonists prevent colonization by other species.

Of the three models of succession, facilitation is a process in which ____, inhibition is when ____, and tolerance is occurs when ____.

early species prepare the ground for later species; early species may exclude later species; early and late species are equally likely to establish

Which of the following are recognized as challenges to modeling elevated levels of CO2 on plant growth? Choose all that apply.

expensive to elevate CO2 levels over a broad area difficult to enclose tall trees in chambers

A mechanism of succession in which earlier species make the area more suitable for subsequent species is called

facilitation

When lichens grow on bare rock, they may eventually accumulate enough organic material around them to supply the foothold for later rooted vegetation. What term describes the effect of these lichens on species that arrive later?

facilitation

Which of the following describes a successional event in which decomposition by fungi makes the environment more suitable and allows mosses to colonize the soil?

facilitation

Algal blooms, which can be promoted by human activities such as fertilizer or sewage waste dumping into aquatic systems, can ultimately lead to the death of this type of animal,

fish

Dams are often constructed to generate hydroelectric power. These dams can alter population sizes, due to interference with migration, of what specific types of creatures

fishes

After nitrogen by bacteria, plants can then use the ammonia or ammonium that the bacteria release as a by product of their metabolism

fixation

Why was insect herbivory reduced? Choose all that apply.

increased exposure to predatory spiders increased exposure to parasitoids reduced nitrogen content of leaves did not support normal development

According to the ______ model of succession, the order of colonization determines subsequent community structure as early colonizers make the site less suitable for later colonists

inhibition

An earlier grass species releasing chemicals into the surrounding soil making the ground unsuitable for invading grasses is an example of a(n) ______ process in succession.

inhibition

he primary method of succession in the marine intertidal zone is accomplished through:

inhibition

Higher acidity shell growth in many marine creatures and causes disorders in some fish.

inhibits, reproductive

Facilitation assists in the establishment of a climax community because ____

it results in species that are best suited to their community as early species prepare the land for later species

Which of the following accurately describes leaf miners? Choose all that apply.

larvae burrow between surfaces of plant leaves

Because carbon can build up in marine organisms there are large deposits of on the ocean floor.

limestone

Phosphorous is a nutrient in aquatic systems: When more phosphorous is added, the growth of plants and algae increases

limiting

Phosphorous is a nutrient in aquatic systems: When more phosphorous is added, the growth of plants and algae increases.

limiting

When considering cycles for nitrogen and phosphorous there are two main types,

local and global cycles

Which of the following locations is a site where carbon can build up to high levels? Choose all that apply.

marine shells fossil fuels terrestrial rocks

In the process of NH3 can be converted to NO3-.

nitrification

Because is found in proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll it is essential to life.

nitrogen

Both excess phosphorous and in aquatic systems can lead to eutrophication.

nitrogen

Primary succession is succession that occurs:

on a newly exposed site that has not supported a community of organisms before

Which of the following demonstrate the importance of phosphorous? Choose all that apply.

phosphorous is incorporated into the skeletons of animals phosphorous is incorporated into the nucleic acids of all creatures

Which statement accurately describes the carbon cycle?

phototrophs acquire CO2 from the atmosphere

Which of the following statements accurately describes the carbon cycle? Choose all that apply.

phototrophs include plants, algae, and cyanobacteria carbon moves from the atmosphere, into organisms, and back again

__ __ refers to a series of changes in a biotic community that occurs on a newly exposed site that has no biological legacy in terms of plants, animals, or microbes.

primary succesion

The establishment of a biological community on the Earth's surface that remains after a glacier in Alaska retreats is an example of

primary succession

A series of changes in an ecological community after a forest fire has destroyed the vegetation is an example of

secondary succesion

Which of the following involves a series of changes that occur in a community after a disturbance has dramatically altered the community, while some organic material and soil remain intact?

secondary succesion

is the series of changes as a community develops over time after some event disrupts or alters the existing community.

secondary succesion

Recolonization of plants on abandoned farmland that remains after farming has ended is an example of

secondary succession

Some phosphate that makes its way in to the aquatic system is not used. This phosphate eventually becomes rock.

sedimentary

Which of the following statements accurately describes Stiling and Drake's herbivory data following the artificial elevation of CO2 levels? Choose all that apply

soil nitrogen content was reduced insect herbivory was reduced

The gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure following a disturbance is called

succesion

Which of the following describes a series of changes in the composition and structure of an ecological community following a disturbance?

succesion

Facilitation assists in the establishment of a climax community because ____.

t results in species that are best suited to their community as early species prepare the land for later species