Bio med chapter test

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (blood sugar). High blood glucose happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body can't use insulin properly.

Type 1 diabetes

Insulin deficient diabetes. Genetic, insulin shots are necessary

Type 2 diabetes

Insulin resistant diabetes. Caused by life style. Can develop into type one if left untreated.

Osmis

Diffusion of water from a concentration to one of higher solute concentration

Blood glucose level- Insulin keeps it in homeostasis

-Uses insulin, glycogen & glucagon -Pancreas regulates blood glucose levels Alpha and Beta cells -High regulated blood glucose levels - high insulin hormone secretion from pancreas -triggers cells to use more glucose -triggers liver to store glucose as glycogen -regulates blood glucose level decrease -Low regulates blood glucose levels -pancreas stops production of insulin -produces glucagon hormone -frees glucose from glycogen in liver -regulates blood glucose level increase

Pancreas

A healthy pancreas is able to produce the right chemicals at the right times in the right quantities in order to properly digest the food we eat. After food enters the duodenum, the exocrine tissues secrete a clear, watery, alkaline juice that contains several enzymes that break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed by the intestines. The endocrine portion of the pancreas, or islets of Langerhans, is composed of several cells that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is a hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells in response to a rise in blood sugar. The hormone also moves glucose from the blood into muscles and other tissues so they can use it for energy. In addition, insulin helps the liver absorb glucose, storing it as glycogen in case the body needs energy during stress or exercise.

Negative feed back loops

A negative feedback loop is a little like a thermostat. When the temperature in your office building falls, the thermostat kicks on the heater. When the temperature rises, by contrast, it kicks on the air conditioning. Either way, when the temperature changes, the thermostat counteracts the change. Negative feedback loops in your body behave in a similar way. A change in a variable like temperature or blood glucose concentration triggers a process that counteracts the original change. -move above and below -target set point -towards stabilization

Proteins

Building blocks

Lipids

Fats and oils, cho

Insulin test

Go from 100 to 400 insulin level for 60-90 minutes and then decline

Calorie

Heat=energy as food burns energy is released

Brown paper bag

Lipids

Electrons

Negative charge

Neutrons

Neutral charge

Protons

Positive charge

Biuret test

Proteins

Dehydration synthesis

Used to build polymer chains from simple monomers

Insulin is required for your cells to take up glucose

glucose transport proteins

Glucagon

Glucagon is a hormone that is produced by alpha cells in a part of the pancreas.Glucagon plays an active role in allowing the body to regulate the utilisation of glucose and fats. Glucagon is released in response to low blood glucose levels and to events whereby the body needs additional glucose, such as in response to vigorous exercise.Glucagon serves to keep blood glucose levels high enough for the body to function well. When blood glucose levels are low, glucagon is released and signals the liver to release glucose into the blood.Glucagon is a hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells when there is a decrease in blood sugar. Its primary job is to cause glycogen to be broken down into glucose in the liver. This glucose then enters the bloodstream in order to restore the level to normal.

Liver

It cleans your blood. It produces an important digestive liquid called bile. It stores energy in the form of a sugar called glycogen.The liver also helps the body use carbohydrates (carbs), another important component in food. Carbohydrates are found in lots of foods, such as bread, fruit, and milk. The body breaks down most carbs into a type of sugar called glucose, which is the main source of fuel for our cells. Glucose stored in the liver is called glycogen. Glycogen is like your backup fuel. When the body needs a quick energy boost or when a person's blood glucose level drops the liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the bloodstream.

Diffusion

Particles spread to out evenly in an open space moving from high to low concentration. Passive transport- substances diffuse through membranes without work by the cell

Positive feedback loops

Positive feedback loops are just the opposite. When a change occurs in the system, a positive feedback loop acts to exacerbate and amplify it. If your thermostat worked on a positive feedback loop, for example, as the temperature increased, the thermostat would respond by turning on the heater, boosting the temperature even more and causing the thermostat to respond by turning the heater higher still. Positive feedback loops tend to destabilize a system by causing it to go to an extreme. -move away from -target set point -amplify

Glucose tolerance test

Same way

Cells that are exposed to sugar

Shrink

Benedicts test

Simple sugars, Glucose

Iodine test

Starches, complex sugars

Carbs

Sugars and starches, energy sources

Glucose

The body breaks down most carbohydrates from the foods we eat and converts them to a type of sugar called glucose. Glucose is the main source of fuel for our cells.

Glycogen

When the body doesn't need to use the glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles. This stored form of glucose is made up of many connected glucose molecules and is called glycogen. When the body needs a quick boost of energy or when the body isn't getting glucose from food, glycogen is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream to be used as fuel for the cells.

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose (blood sugar) levels, usually less than 70 mg/dl. However, it is important to talk to your health care provider about your individual blood glucose targets, and what level is too low for you. Hypoglycemia may also be referred to as an insulin reaction, or insulin shock. Hypoglycemic symptoms are important clues that you have low blood glucose. Each person's reaction to hypoglycemia is different, so it's important that you learn your own signs and symptoms when your blood glucose is low. The only sure way to know whether you are experiencing hypoglycemia is to check your blood glucose, if possible. If you are experiencing symptoms and you are unable to check your blood glucose for any reason, treat the hypoglycemia. Severe hypoglycemia has the potential to cause accidents, injuries, coma, and death.