Bio Quiz Questions Exam 2

You are studying a population of snails and you observe that there are two alleles for shell strength. Allele 1 codes for thin shells and is dominant over allele 2, which codes for thick shells. Allele 2 is at a frequency of 60% of the population, what should be the frequency of allele 1 homozygotes?

0.16

You are studying a population of milkweeds and you find the following allele frequencies: f(A1A1) = 0.36 f(A1A2) = 0.48 f(A2A2) = 0.16 If the fitness of the homozygote (w11) is 0.9 and the average fitness of the population is 0.916, what do we expect the new frequency of the A1A1 homozygote genotype to be in the next generation?

0.35

You are studying a population of pangolins and you observe that there are two alleles for scute shape. Allele 1 codes for round scutes and allele 2 codes for squarer scutes. Allele 2 is at a frequency of 60% of the population. What should be the frequency of allele 1?

0.40

You are studying a population of milkweeds and you find the following allele frequencies: f(A1A1) = 0.23 f(A1A2) = 0.50 f(A2A2) = 0.27 What is the frequency of the A1 allele in your population?

0.48

You are studying a population of sunflowers and you observe that there are two alleles for stem length. Allele 1 codes for fat stems and is dominant over allele 2, which codes for thin stems. Allele 2 is at a frequency of 30% of the population, what should be the frequency of allele 1 homozygotes?

0.49

You are studying a population of pangolins and you observe that there are two alleles for scute shape. Allele 1 codes for round scutes and allele 2 codes for squarer scutes. Allele 2 is at a frequency of 40% of the population. What should be the frequency of allele 1?

0.60

You are studying a population of sunflowers and you observe that there are two alleles for stem length. Allele 1 codes for fat stems and is dominant over allele 2, which codes for thin stems. Allele 2 is at a frequency of 20% of the population, what should be the frequency of allele 1 homozygotes?

0.64

You are studying a population of cuttlefish and you find the following allele frequencies: f(A1A1) = 0.42 f(A1A2) = 0.46 f(A2A2) = 0.12 What is the frequency of the A1 allele in your population?

0.65

You are studying a population of rattlesnakes and you find the following allele frequencies: f(A1A1) = 0.72 f(A1A2) = 0.26 f(A2A2) = 0.02 What is the frequency of the A1 allele in your population?

0.85

You are studying forget-me-nots and you discover that there are two flower colors (blue and white) that follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. Breeding data suggest that the blue allele is dominant to the white allele, and when you examine 200 flowers from your wild population you find 162 plants with white flowers. Based on this, what would you expect to be the frequency of the blue allele?

10%

You are studying a population of cactus and you discover that there are two spine lengths (short and long) that follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. Breeding data suggest that the long-spine allele (LS) is dominant to the short-spine allele (SS), and when you examine plants from your wild population you find 168 plants (out of 200) with the long-spine phenotype. Based on this, what would you expect to be the frequency of the SS allele?

40%

You are studying forget-me-nots and you discover that there are two flower colors (blue and white) that follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. Breeding data suggest that the blue allele is dominant to the white allele, and when you examine 200 flowers from your wild population you find 32 plants with white flowers. Based on this, what would you expect to be the frequency of the blue allele?

60%

You are studying a population of cactus and you discover that there are two spine lengths (short and long) that follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. Breeding data suggest that the long-spine allele (LS) is dominant to the short-spine allele (SS), and when you examine plants from your wild population you find 72 plants (out of 200) with the long-spine phenotype. Based on this, what would you expect to be the frequency of the SS allele?

80%

Which of the following events would have the highest selection differential (S)? A population of monkeys where the parental generation has a mean hind foot length of 10.1 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean hind foot length of 11.8 cm A population of rabbits where the parental generation has a mean ear length of 54.3 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean ear length of 53.1 cm A population of squid where the parental generation has a mean tentacle length of 24.8 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean tentacle length of 23.2 cm Selection differential is the same for all three cases It's impossible to tell from the information given

A population of monkeys where the parental generation has a mean hind foot length of 10.1 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean hind foot length of 11.8 cm

Which of the following events would have the highest selection differential (S)? A population of sea monkeys where the parental generation has a mean tail length of 1.35 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean tail length of 1.01 cm A population of poison dart frogs where the parental generation has a mean toe length of 1.43 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean toe length of 1.45 cm A population of sea anemones where the parental generation has a mean tentacle length of 1.81 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean tentacle length of 1.22 cm Selection differential is the same for all three cases It's impossible to tell from the information given

A population of sea anemones where the parental generation has a mean tentacle length of 1.81 cm and the members who reproduce have a mean tentacle length of 1.22 cm

You are studying developmental biology in invertebrates and you find that hedgehog, Dpp, and Dll are expressed in a particular cell. Based upon this you can assume that these cells will be involve in patterning and growth along: The dorsal aspect The ventral aspect A proximal-distal aspect, as in limbs or mouth parts None of the above

A proximal-distal aspect, as in limbs or mouth parts

Crystallin Proteins: Are derived from serpentine proteins Are all related through a single ancestral crystalline protein Are found in vertebrate but not invertebrate eyes All of the above

Are all related through a single ancestral crystalline protein

Why are the wolf and the Tasmanian wolf (Fig. 10.27) considered examples of convergent evolution? Because even though they are from two different lineages of mammals, their genotypes converged on the same form and ecological function. Because even though they were found on different continents, they have identical phenotypes. Because they share a common ancestor. Because their phenotypes converged on similar forms and ecological functions even though they are from two different lineages of mammals. Because their adaptations arise from similar developmental underpinnings.

Because their phenotypes converged on similar forms and ecological functions even though they are from two different lineages of mammals.

You are studying populations of bighorn sheep and brown bears across the landscape. Based on their biology, which species would you expect to show the greatest genetic divergence among populations? Bighorn sheep should show higher Fst values than brown bears Bighorn sheep should show lower Fst values than brown bears Bighorn sheep should show equal Fst values to brown bears Bighorn sheep is no way to know how genetically distinct these populations will be

Bighorn sheep should show higher Fst values than brown bears

How does parallel evolution differ from deep homology? Deep homology occurs when similar traits independently evolve from a similar ancestral condition. Parallel evolution occurs when the growth and development to traits in different lineages arise from the same underlying evolutionary mechanism. Deep homology can help explain cases of parallel evolution. a and b all of the above are true

Deep homology can help explain cases of parallel evolution.

Which of the following does NOT describe phenotypic plasticity? Evolution occurs when organisms undergo plastic change in phenotype in response to the environment. Evolution occurs when reaction norms for plastic traits change in response to selection. Evolution occurs when variation in phenotypic plasticity is heritable. Evolution occurs when variation in plastic traits is heritable.

Evolution occurs when organisms undergo plastic change in phenotype in response to the environment.

Which of the following is a true statement? Only cells that make a specific gene produce, like a protein, carry that gene Given natural selection and time, evolution can produce seemingly complex adaptations through gene duplication and recruitment Scientists do not debate the evidence for evolution; they accept the theory of evolutionary biology on faith Evolutionary biologists believe that pure randomness can produce complex adaptations, like the eye

Given natural selection and time, evolution can produce seemingly complex adaptations through gene duplication and recruitment

Why is Hardy-Weinberg a null hypothesis for evolutionary studies? Hardy-Weinberg allows us to make predictions about allele frequencies when a population is evolving. Hardy-Weinberg is a mathematical formula that tells us what to expect if individuals are adapting. Hardy-Weinberg provides expected frequencies for alleles in the absence of evolutionary mechanisms Hardy-Weinberg allows us to calculate gene frequency changes for populations by assuming that natural selection is acting.

Hardy-Weinberg provides expected frequencies for alleles in the absence of evolutionary mechanisms

In a population of infinite size, which statement accurately describes the eventual fate of a new beneficial allele? If it is dominant, it will reach fixation; if it is recessive it will rise to high frequency but not reach fixation If it is dominant it will rise to high frequency but will not reach fixation; if it is recessive it will reach fixation Since it is advantageous, it will reach fixation regardless of whether it is dominant or recessive Regardless of whether it is dominant or recessive, it will rise to high frequency but not reach fixation

If it is dominant it will rise to high frequency but will not reach fixation; if it is recessive it will reach fixation

Which is the most likely reason that lactose tolerance alleles selectively swept through certain human populations? Drinking lots of milk caused a greater mutation rate Lactose intolerance reduced reproduction Lactose tolerance had a large effect on survival It was random which populations experienced the selective sweep None of these reasons explains the selective sweep

Lactose tolerance had a large effect on survival

You are studying populations of lynx and brown bears across the landscape. Based on their biology, which species would you expect to show the greatest genetic divergence among populations? Lynx should show higher Fst values than brown bears Lynx should show lower Fst values than brown bears Lynx should show equal Fst values to brown bears There is no way to know how genetically distinct these populations will be

Lynx should show lower Fst values than brown bears

Which of the following are assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? (select all that apply) Populations are infinitely large and will not experience large changes in allele frequencies due to chance Genotypes at a locus will be either more or less likely to survive and reproduce No alleles will enter or leave a population through migration Mutation leading to new alleles will not occur

Populations are infinitely large and will not experience large changes in allele frequencies due to chance No alleles will enter or leave a population through migration Mutation leading to new alleles will not occur

Which of the following types of selection will result in members of a population being more phenotypically similar to each other than in the starting population? Stabilizing Selection Directional Selection Disruptive Selection Environmental Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Which of the following questions would be studied with quantitative genetics? The contributions of environment and genetics in body sizes of red foxes The genetics underlying shell curling in a population of snails with shells with morphs that either curl to the left or the right The genetics of coloration in birds, when dihybrid crosses reveal a ratio of 3:1 in offspring morphology All of the above could be studies with quantitative genetics Only b and c could be studied with quantitative genetics

The contributions of environment and genetics in body sizes of red foxes

You observe selection on two different (unlinked) traits. Trait 1 has a heritability (h2) of 0.01 and Trait 2 has a heritable (h2) of 0.7. Selection is acting equally strongly on both traits. Which of the following are likely to be true with when comparing phenotypes of individuals in the next generation with those in the current generation? The next generation will look more different in Trait 1 than in Trait 2. The next generation will look more different in Trait 2 than in Trait 1. The next generation will exhibit the same magnitude of differences in Trait 1 and Trait 2. There is no way of knowing without knowing the strength of selection.

The next generation will look more different in Trait 2 than in Trait 1.

How do scientists test the hypothesis that insect size is constrained by access to oxygen? They looked at insects of different sizes and compared how well they survived and reproduced. They controlled oxygen concentrations and determined how large insects could grow. They compared the sizes of insects in the fossil record when oxygen concentrations were higher to when oxygen concentrations were lower. They examined the fossil record of large insects and then looked for a factor that provided some explanation. They compared the sizes of the tubes insects use to get oxygen between large and small fossil insects.

They compared the sizes of insects in the fossil record when oxygen concentrations were higher to when oxygen concentrations were lower.

How quickly could a genetic toolkit be co-opted to produce a novel trait? Novel traits cannot arise by co-opting a genetic toolkit because only one individual would have that trait, and as the only one, that individual could not be reproductively successful. Not quickly - a mutation to a regulatory gene can alter gene expression leading to an exaggerated trait, for example, fairly quickly - even within one generation, but novel traits take time. Very quickly - gene duplication can occur within a single generation and coupled with gene recruitment, can lead to new developmental contexts and the development of novel traits. Fairly quickly - mutations to a genetic toolkit that an organism needs to survive and reproduce will be favored by natural selection and quickly spread through the population.

Very quickly - gene duplication can occur within a single generation and coupled with gene recruitment, can lead to new developmental contexts and the development of novel traits.

A mutation introduces a new allele into a population. If this allele is under positive selection, in which case would it move the fastest to reach 100% frequency in the population? When the allele is additive When the allele is dominant When the allele is recessive Selection alone will not be able fix this allele. Only genetic drift fixes alleles.

When the allele is additive

A mutation introduces a new allele into a population. If this allele is under positive selection, in which case would it be unable reach 100% frequency in the population? When the allele is additive When the allele is dominant When the allele is recessive It will never be able to reach 100% frequency in the population

When the allele is dominant

Do scientists have evidence to support their hypotheses about the early evolution of eyes? No. Scientists have only a hypothesis based on the structure of proteins. No. The evidence for the evolution of eyes is inconsistent among lineages, such as bilaterians and cnidarians. Yes. Scientists know exactly how the eye evolved based on a series of steps involving mutations of different proteins. Yes. Scientists have evidence from phylogenies based on shared derived morphological structures as well as gene sequences and entire genomes.

Yes. Scientists have evidence from phylogenies based on shared derived morphological structures as well as gene sequences and entire genomes.

genetic drift: reduces genetic variation within a population can lead to divergence between populations will always lead to higher fitness of individuals in a population a and b all of the above are correct

a and b

Which of the following can be concluded from the Grant's long-term study of the medium ground finch on Daphne Major: The strength of selection varies over time The direction of selection varies over time Beak size should continue to get larger over time a and b are correct a and c are correct

a and b are correct

How do broad and narrow sense heritability differ? Broad sense heritability is a measure of the proportion of variation that is due to any genetic component Narrow sense heritability is not broken down into different genetic components Narrow sense heritability is the component of variance that causes organisms to look like their parents a and c b and c all of the above are true

a and c

How does parallel evolution differ from deep homology? Deep homology occurs when the growth and development to traits in different lineages arise from the same underlying evolutionary mechanism. Parallel evolution occurs when the growth and development to traits in different lineages arise from the same underlying evolutionary mechanism. Deep homology can help explain cases of parallel evolution. a and c None of the above is true

a and c

Which of these scenarios will not maintain genetic diversity in populations? a high average excess of fitness for an allele negative frequency dependent selection balancing selection all of the above maintain genetic diversity all of the above reduce genetic diversity by eliminating alleles

a high average excess of fitness for an allele

You are studying beak development in Darwin's finches and you find that Bmp4 expression in the bird you are looking at has increased but calmodulin has decreased. Based on this you can conclude that the bird will have: a narrow, deep, and short beak a narrow, shallow (not deep), and long beak a wide, shallow (not deep), and long beak a wide, deep, and short beak none of the above are correct

a wide, deep, and short beak

The red queen hypothesis proposes that sex to is beneficial because: a) genetic variation in offspring generated through sex is advantageous in a changing environment b) sex allows populations to weed out deleterious mutations c) sex maintains advantageous mutations in populations d) sexual females are able to produce more offspring than asexuals e) b and c

a) genetic variation in offspring generated through sex is advantageous in a changing environment

What is phenotypic plasticity? a. The capacity for a genotype to express more than one phenotype, depending on the environment. b.The capacity for a population to evolve in response to the environment. c. Phenotypic variation that is caused by the environment. d. A trait for which multiple discrete phenotypes can arise from a single phenotype, depending on the environment.

a. The capacity for a genotype to express more than one phenotype, depending on the environment.

If VGXE > 0: there is genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity phenotypic plasticity is at least partially heritable genotypes would need to be grown in different environments to achieve a true estimate of narrow sense heritability all of the above none of the above

all of the above

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that menopause is adaptive. Which statement(s) below help form the logical basis of their argument: risks of child bearing increase with age older mothers are unlikely to survive until offspring reach independence remaining fertile detracts from investment in current offspring all of the above

all of the above

The average excess fitness of an allele (select all that are true) can be used to predict how the frequency of the allele will change from one generation to the next is the difference between the average fitness of the individuals with the allele and the average fitness of the population as a whole can be below zero, leading to negative selection when large, can lead to a faster increase (or decrease) of that allele all of the above

all of the above

The heritability of a trait can tell you: the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic differences among individuals how likely a trait is to respond to selection how likely offspring are to resemble their parents all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a critical assumption of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: offspring condition depends on the mother's condition paternity in the population is skewed heavily to males in best condition most females in the population mate all of the above none of the above

all of the above

Which statement(s) help explain why opossums on Sapelo Island produce smaller litters: they invest more in cell repair they are more likely to live to old age they produce more litters over their lifetime all of the above none of the above

all of the above

In scarlet kingsnakes alleles that lead to a coloration pattern similar to coral snakes: are advantageous where kingsnakes and coral snakes co-occur are deleterious where kingsnakes and coral snakes co-occur are advantageous throughout the range of kingsnakes none of the above is true.

are advantageous where kingsnakes and coral snakes co-occur

Promiscuous proteins and gene recruitment differ because: Gene recruitment occurs when proteins capable of more than one function begin catalyze reactions on different substrates Gene recruitment occurs when a gene or network becomes co-opted for a different function as a result of a mutation. Promiscuous proteins are capable of more than one function begin catalyze reactions on different substrates b and c Promiscuous proteins and gene recruitment are different terms for the same thing

b and c

Which of these statements is/are not true about genetic drift? genetic drift can cause the loss of an allele in a species genetic drift happens faster in large populations than in small ones genetic drift does not occur in large populations a and b b and c

b and c

What is a cis-acting regulatory element? a) Stretches of DNA that are located far away from the focal gene (e.g., on another chromosome) that influence the expression of that gene b) Stretches of DNA located near a focal gene that influence the expression of b) Stretches of DNA located near a focal gene that influence the expression of that gene c) A noncoding region of the genome that can be found either immediately upstream (adjacent to the promoter region), downstream, or inside an intron d) a and b only e) None of the above

b) Stretches of DNA located near a focal gene that influence the expression of that gene

Which of the following questions would be studied with quantitative genetics? a) The genetics underlying red versus white eyes in a population of fruit flies b) The genetics of beak length in population of Darwin's finches c) The genetics of spine length in cactuses, when crosses between a pure-breeding short-spine line and a pure-breeding long-spine line reveal a ratio of 3:1 in offspring morphology d) All of the above could be studies with quantitative genetics e) Only a and c could be studied with quantitative genetics

b) The genetics of beak length in population of Darwin's finches

Which of the following was necessary for the evolution of beak size on Daphne Major: beak size had to be at least partially determined by the additive effects of alleles characteristics of the average seed had to change from year to year individuals with smaller beaks had to grow larger beaks during drought years a and b are correct a, b, and c are correct

beak size had to be at least partially determined by the additive effects of alleles

Promiscuous proteins and gene recruitment differ because: a) Gene recruitment occurs when proteins capable of more than one function begin catalyze reactions on different substrates b) Promiscuous proteins are part of a gene or network that becomes co-opted for a different function as a result of a mutation. c) Promiscuous proteins are capable of more than one function begin catalyze reactions on different substrates d) a and b e) Promiscuous proteins and gene recruitment are different terms for the same thing

c) Promiscuous proteins are capable of more than one function begin catalyze reactions on different substrates

Which of the following questions would be studied with quantitative genetics? a) The genetics underlying single-gene diseases in humans b) The genetics of wrinkled versus round peas c) The genetics of bristle number in population of fruit flies d) All of the above could be studies with quantitative genetics e) Only a and b could be studied with quantitative genetics

c) The genetics of bristle number in population of fruit flies

If the heritability of a trait in a population is low: a) there are no genes that code for the trait b) few individuals have the trait c) most of the phenotypic variation for the trait is due to environmental differences experienced by individuals d) most of the phenotypic variation for the trait is due to genetic differences among individuals e) a and c are correct

c) most of the phenotypic variation for the trait is due to environmental differences experienced by individuals

If extrinsic mortality is high: a) selection will act more strongly against mutations that negatively affect organisms late in life than early in life b) selection will act would act equally strongly on mutations that negatively affect organisms early in life and late in life c) organisms should age more rapidly than if extrinsic mortality was low d) a and c are correct e) b and c are correct

c) organisms should age more rapidly than if extrinsic mortality was low

A mutation that has risen to high frequency through a selective sweep shows a characteristic pattern of linkage with surrounding loci. Which of the following contribute(s) to this pattern: a) the allele drifted to high frequency, which took a long time b) the mutation experienced a large amount of recombination c) the mutation experienced a small amount of recombination d) a and b are correct e) a and c are correct

c) the mutation experienced a small amount of recombination

Mutations to which genes in the limb patterning network led to the loss of legs in snakes? a) None. Snakes don't have legs, so they don't have genes for legs b) Hedgehog (Hh) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) c) Bmp2 and Dpp d) Hox genes and sonic hedgehog (Shh) e) Hedgehog (Hh) and Hox genes

d) Hox genes and sonic hedgehog (Shh)

Analyses suggest that by 4400 years ago, maize had lost much of its genetic diversity (i.e., many different alleles). How do we explain this loss of diversity? a) genetic bottleneck b) strong artificial selection c) genetic drift d) a and b are correct e) a, b, and c are correct

d) a and b are correct

How does parallel evolution differ from deep homology? a) Deep homology occurs when the growth and development to traits in different lineages arise from the same underlying evolutionary mechanism. b) Parallel evolution occurs when the growth and development to traits in different lineages arise from the same underlying evolutionary mechanism. c) Deep homology can help explain cases of parallel evolution. d) a and c e) None of the above is true

d) a and c

You are studying aging in two species of fish. You bring them into a common laboratory environment free from factors causing extrinsic mortality and find that species A lives twice as long as species B. Based on the evolutionary theory of aging, you would predict that: a) species B has lower extrinsic mortality in its natural habit than species A b) species B reproduces later in life than species A c) the average age of individuals in wild populations of species B is higher than species A d) species B has higher extrinsic mortality in its natural habitat than species A e) a and c are correct

d) species B has higher extrinsic mortality in its natural habitat than species A

The opportunity for selection on a trait is greater when: a) individuals have similar reproductive success b) individual variation in fitness is large c) the operational sex ratio is biased d) a and c are correct e) b and c are correct

e) b and c are correct

Which of the following accurately describes the signal cascade in a typical gene regulatory network: environmental signal triggers transcription factor; transcription factor binds cis¬-regulatory element; protein coding gene activated environmental signal binds cis-regulatory element; cis¬-regulatory element triggers transcription factor; protein coding gene activated environmental signal triggers expression of protein coding gene; transcription factor binds cis¬-regulatory element; cis-regulatory element activated none of the above

environmental signal triggers transcription factor; transcription factor binds cis¬-regulatory element; protein coding gene activated

How do broad and narrow sense heritability differ? a) Narrow sense heritability is a measure of the proportion of variation that is due to any genetic component b) Narrow sense heritability is a measure of the proportion of variation that is due to additive genetic effects c) Broad sense heritability is not broken down into different genetic components e) a and c f) b and c g) all of the above are true

f) b and c

Which mating system is most likely to produce sexual conflict: males and females partner for life and share parenting duties females mate once but males mate multiple times females and males both mate multiple times males mate once but females can mate multiple times all of the above are likely to produce equal amounts of sexual conflict

females and males both mate multiple times

Based on the outcome of previous experiments, if you moved guppies from predator free streams to predator rich streams for many generations, which of the following changes would you expect: male fish would mature at larger body size females would produce more offspring embryos would be larger all of the above

females would produce more offspring

You are studying developmental biology in vertebrates and you identify that a particular set of tissues has HoxB5, HoxC8, and HoxC6 expressed. Based upon this information, you conclude that this region will form into: cervical vertebrae thoracic vertebrae lumbar vertebrate forelimbs none of the above are correct

forelimbs

Florida panthers were once common but during the 20th century their numbers fell to as few as 6 individuals. Which of the following processes has likely affected them as a result of this history: a higher mutation rate stronger natural selection a genetic bottleneck Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium all of the above

genetic bottleneck

Right whales, so named because they were the 'right' whales to go after when whaling, were once found in the thousands throughout the Atlantic, but industrialized whaling has reduced their population down to only a few hundred. Which of the following processes has likely affected them as a result: stronger natural selection a higher mutation rate a founder effect a genetic bottleneck all of the above

genetic bottleneck

Which of the scenarios below will produce the largest response to selection within a population? h2 = 0.9; S = 0.6 h2 = 0.5; S = 0.9 h2 = 0.2; S = 0.1 h2 = 0.5; S = 0.5

h2 = 0.9; S = 0.6

Inbreeding results in a higher frequency of ________ in a population. Inbreeding depression occurs because _______. deleterious alleles; individuals with deleterious alleles have high mortality heterozygosity; heterozygotes have lower fitness homozygosity; deleterious recessive alleles are expressed more often heterozygosity; deleterious dominant alleles are expressed more often

homozygosity; deleterious recessive alleles are expressed more often

You learn from a friend that birth weight in humans is the product of stabilizing selection. Based upon this information you can conclude: human babies are evolving to become larger human babies are evolving to become smaller human populations are becoming dimorphic with respect to baby size human populations are not evolving with respect to baby size

human populations are not evolving with respect to baby size

Inbreeding: increases heterozygosity in populations creates deleterious recessive alleles increases homozygosity in populations all are correct b and c are correct

increases homozygosity in populations

When population geneticists refer to a fixed allele, what do they mean? that the allele is constrained by natural selection and won't be changed by mutation it is the only allele remaining in a population after all of the alternatives have disappeared that the genomic structure around the allele is constrained all of the above

it is the only allele remaining in a population after all of the alternatives have disappeared

Which statement(s) helps explain why male pipefish produce very few sperm: male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can fertilize male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can care for male fitness is limited mostly by the limited number of females available for mating none of the above

male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can care for

Which statement(s) helps explain why male little brown bats produce a lot of sperm: male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can fertilize male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can care for male fitness is limited mostly by the limited number of females available for mating none of the above

male fitness is limited mostly by the number of eggs they can fertilize

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding opsin evolution? the common ancestor of jellyfish and humans had only one type of opsin in deuterostomes, r-opsins evolved into the primary photoreceptors the earliest bilaterans had three types of opsins none of the above

none of the above

Studies of mice inhabiting Gulf and Atlantic coastal areas showed: both have darker coats than mainland mice coat color differences in coastal mice were caused by mutations to the same gene darker mice were less likely to be preyed upon than lighter mice in coastal habitats none of the above are correct

none of the above are correct

You are studying a population of elk and you find 2% of the population carries a phenotype that is coded for by a dominant allele. If you were to consider this information in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the 2% you have been given represents: p 2pq p2 p2 +2pq Genotype frequency

p2 +2pq

You are studying a population of Drosophila and you find 68% of the population is homozygous for a dominant allele. If you were to consider this information in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg theorm, the 68% you have been given represents: p q 2pq p^2 allele frequency

p^2

Orthologs differ from paralogs because: orthologs are homologous genes that arise by gene duplication. Together they form a gene family. paralogs are homologous genes that arise by gene duplication. Together they form a gene family. paralogs are homologous genes separated by a speciation event (as opposed to homologous genes, produced by gene duplication, that are both possessed by the same species). a and c None of the above

paralogs are homologous genes that arise by gene duplication. Together they form a gene family.

You are studying a population of elk and you find 12% of the population carries a phenotype that is coded for by a dominant allele. If you were to consider this information in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg theorm, the 12% you have been given represents: p q p^2 2pq phenotypic frequency

phenotypic frequency

You are studying a population of wolves and you find 5% of the alleles at a specific coat color locus in your population are recessive. If you were to consider this information in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the 5% you have been given represents: q 2pq q2 p2 + 2pq Allele frequency

q

You are studying a population of armadillos and you find 34% of the population is homozygous for a recessive allele. If you were to consider this information in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the 34% you have been given represents: p q 2pq q^2 allele frequency

q^2

Muller's ratchet suggests that: (choose all that apply) deleterious mutations accumulate faster in asexual populations deleterious mutations accumulate faster in sexual populations sex is beneficial because recombination can break up deleterious mutations sex is beneficial because more offspring would be produced and thus some are more likely to survive beneficial mutations; it would increase genetic diversity

sex is beneficial because recombination can break up deleterious mutations deleterious mutations accumulate faster in asexual populations

The arbitrary choice hypothesis requires: that the male trait is an honest indicator of the male's overall genetic quality that the male trait that the female prefers is heritable that all offspring of a male with the preferred trait have higher average fitness than the offspring of males without the trait all answers are correct

that the male trait that the female prefers is heritable

Which of the following scenarios would provide evidence that an allele has experienced a selective sweep in the recent past? the allele is at high frequency and linkage disequilibrium with surrounding loci is low the allele is at high frequency and linkage disequilibrium with surrounding loci is high the allele is at low frequency and linkage disequilibrium with surrounding loci is high the allele is at low frequency and linkage disequilibrium with surrounding loci is low

the allele is at high frequency and linkage disequilibrium with surrounding loci is high

Which of the following statements about venom evolution is accurate? The earliest venoms evolved after fangs and other parts of the venom delivery system the earliest venoms evolved before fangs and other parts of the venom delivery system all reptiles produce venom even if they do not have fangs or other components of the venom delivery system b and c are correct

the earliest venoms evolved before fangs and other parts of the venom delivery system

You are reading Science News and learn about a new gene that has been discovered in the placenta which is responsible for diverting more nutrients to the developing fetus in the individuals who carry it. Based on what you've learned on genomic imprinting, you predict: the father's copy is turned on; the mother's copy is turned off the mother's copy is turned on; the father's copy is turned off both the mother and the father's copy are turned on both the mother and the father's copy are turned off

the father's copy is turned on; the mother's copy is turned off

The greater the narrow sense heritability: the more likely an allele is to be dominant the more likely an allele is to have epistatic effects the more an offspring should resemble it's parents the more likely an allele is to be recessive

the more an offspring should resemble it's parents

A mutation that has risen to high frequency through a selective sweep shows a characteristic pattern of linkage with surrounding loci. Which of the following contribute(s) to this pattern: the allele drifted to high frequency, which took a long time the mutation experienced a large amount of recombination the mutation experienced a small amount of recombination a and b are correct a and c are correct

the mutation experienced a small amount of recombination

Which of the following is true of QTL association studies: they pinpoint the specific gene(s) responsible for phenotypic variation F1 offspring are examined to look for genetic markers linked to phenotypic variation they rely on recombination to create a wide range of phenotypic variation all of the above none of the above are correct

they rely on recombination to create a wide range of phenotypic variation

When would we consider an allele to be selectively neutral? when it has no effect on the reproduction of its bearer when it has no effect on the survival of its bearer when it has no effect on the fitness of its bearer when it only influences the phenotype of its bearer

when it has no effect on the fitness of its bearer