Bio Test 3

During transcription, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand, adding RNA nucleotides to the growing _____ end of the RNA molecule

3'

Shortly after transcription in eukaryotic cells, a string of 100-200 adenines is added to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule, producing what is known as a poly_____ tail, and a short sequence of nucleotides called the 5' _____ is added to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule.

A, cap

During transcription, RNA nucleotide bases bind with the exposed complementary bases on the template strand of

DNA

Hershey and Chase showed that the part of a virus that could enter bacterial cells and cause the production of more viruses was

DNA

The information that each cell needs to produce proteins is stored in a molecule called

DNA.

_____ portions of mRNA that get spliced together to form mature mRNA prior to translation.

Exons

In 1962, James Watson, ________ , and Maurice Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discovery of the DNA double helix. Rosalind Franklin had also contributed important work, but she had died by the time the prize was awarded.

Francis Crick

A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.

Gene

Select all of the following that are true about prokaryotic versus eukaryotic gene expression.

In eukaryotes, the nuclear membrane separates transcription from translation In eukaryotes, mRNA is altered before it leaves the nucleus

Select all of the following that are true with respect to genomes.

In eukaryotic cells, the genome is usually divided up into multiple chromosomes. In prokaryotic cells, the genome usually consists of just one circular DNA molecule.

What is one major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes with respect to translation?

In prokaryotes, translation can take place even before transcription is complete

Select all of the correct statements regarding the results of Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Live S strains caused pneumonia in mice. Heat-killed S strains mixed with live R strains caused pneumonia in mice.

Select all of the following that are function so of the 5' cap and 3' poly A tail added to mRNA after transcription in eukaryotes

Protect RNA from degradation Help ribosomes attach to the 5' end of mRNA

During transcription, what enzyme attaches to the promoter, unzips the DNA double helix, and adds complementary RNA nucleotides?

RNA polymerase

Arrange the events of transcription in the order that they occur, beginning with the first event at the top.

RNA polymerase binds to the gene's promoter. RNA polymerase moves down the DNA template strand, producing a complementary RNA molecule RNA polymerase separates from the DNA and the newly synthesized RNA is released.

initiation elongation termination

RNA polymerase binds to the gene's promotor RNA polymerase moves down the template strand, adding nucleotides and producing a complementary RNA molecule RNA polymerase separates from the DNA and the newly synthesized RNA is released

In transcription, a(n) _________ molecule is produced from the information that is encoded in a(n) _________ molecule

RNA, DNA

What role does DNA play in the cell?

Store genetic information

Select all of the following that are true about the genetic code.

There are three codons that act as "stop" codons. AUG encodes methionine and "start" The same genetic code is used by nearly all species

Select all the statements about nucleotides that are accurate.

They are composed of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing group, and one or more phosphorus-containing groups. DNA always contains the same sugar in its nucleotides.

Select all of the following that are true about codons.

They correspond to one amino acid They are composed of three mRNA bases

DNA contains the nitrogenous base _____, whereas RNA does not contain this base but instead uses ________

Thymine, Uracil

True or false: Unlike DNA, RNA can catalyze chemical reactions.

True

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin Erwin Chargaff James Watson and Francis Crick

Used X-ray diffraction to determine that DNA has a regular, repeating structure of building blocks Determined that DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine and of guanine and cytosine Used the known ratios of nucleotides along with the X-ray diffraction data to build a ball-and-stick model of the DNA double helix

What scientists worked out the double helical structure of DNA using a ball-and-stick model?

Watson and Crick

The ______ pattern generated by Wilkins and Franklin revealed that DNA was comprised of a regular repeating structure of building blocks.

X-ray diffraction

On one half of a DNA double helix, a single strand of nucleotides has

a 3' end on one side, and a 5' end at the opposite end.

In the base pairs of the DNA double helix,

a double-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base.

Bacterial genomes normally consist of ______ chromosome(s), whereas eukaryotic genomes are normally made up of ______ chromosome(s)

a single circular; multiple linear

The term genome refers to

all the genetic material in an organism's cell.

What represents Chargaff's discovery about the amounts of the nitrogenous bases A, G, C, and T in the DNA molecule?

amount of A = amount of T; amount of G = amount of C

What describes a ribosome?

an rRNA-protein structure that is the site of translation

In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is altered before it leaves the nucleus. A short sequence of modified nucleotides, known as a _____ is added to the 5' end and a string of adenines called a _____ is added to the 3' end

cap, poly-A tail

What is a discrete package of DNA and its associated proteins?

chromosome

In an RNA molecule, a(n) _____ is a genetic "code word" that corresponds to one amino acid.

codon

Messenger RNA contains _____, which are triplets of bases that act as "code-words" corresponding to the _____ acid monomers that make up a polypeptide

codons, amino

Select all of the following that are true about RNA

contains the bases A,U,G, and C Contains the sugar ribose Single-stranded, but can form loops can act as an enzyme

Within the DNA double helix, the so-called backbone is composed of ______ sugars alternating with phosphate groups.

deoxyribose

The terms 3' and 5' refer to numbered carbon atoms within the ______ of DNA, and at one end of the DNA double helix, there is a free ______ on one backbone and a free ______ on the other backbone.

deoxyribose sugar; 3' carbon; 5' carbon

Select all of the following that describe the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

double-ring structure purines

DNA has a ______ helical structure consisting of two intertwining strands of ______.

double; nucleotides

What are coding regions of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated?

exons

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, radioactively-labeled sulfur was found in the ______ within one test tube, while radioactively-labeled phosphorus was found in the ______ within the other test tube, indicating that ______ was the genetic material.

fluid; bacterial cells; DNA

All of the genetic material that is within a cell is called its

genome.

A(n) _____ is a portion of RNA that averaged about 1,000 nucleotides long and that is removed before translation.

intron

In eukaryotes, a part of an mRNA molecule that is removed before translation is called a(n)

intron

When Griffith mixed together live strain R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria and injected them into mice, the mice died, and ______ bacteria were isolated from the mice, indicating that something could pass between cells and transform them.

live S strain

Select three types of RNA

mRNA tRNA rRNA

In transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a(n) _____ molecule, and in translation, the "message" in an mRNA molecule is translated into a(n) _____ sequence.

mRNA, amino acid

If the DNA double helix resembles a ladder, the interior "rungs" of the DNA ladder consist of

nitrogenous bases joined by hydrogen bonds.

Subunits called ______ are the building blocks of nucleic acids, as determined by scientists by about 1930.

nucleotides

In the synthesis of RNA from DNA, the enzyme RNA polymerase adds _____ to the _____ end of the growing RNA molecule.

nucleotides; 3 prime

A major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes is that in eukaryotes, multiple, linear chromosomes are housed within an organelle called the __________ and each chromosome consists of DNA associated with proteins.

nucleus

Where would you find a transcriptional terminator sequence?

on a DNA sequence

What RNA modification in eukaryotes decreases the chances that the mRNA will be degraded before translation?

poly A tail

RNA _____ is the enzyme that builds the RNA chain during transcription

polymerase

Messenger RNA carries information that specifies the amino acid sequence of a

protein

During translation, a(n) _______ is produced from the information that is encoded in a(n) ________.

protein, RNA

In the "central dogma," information flows from DNA to RNA to

proteins.

A ribosome is composed of

rRNA and protein

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, ______ was found inside the infected bacteria, indicating that the labeled viral ______ had entered the bacterial cells to direct new virus production

radioactive phosphorus; DNA

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, ______ was found inside the infected bacteria, indicating that the labeled viral ______ had entered the bacterial cells to direct new virus production.

radioactive phosphorus; DNA

RNA differs from DNA chemically because RNA nucleotides contain the sugar _____, and in RNA, the nitrogenous base _____ is substituted for thymine.

ribose, uracil

The sugar in RNA nucleotides is called ______, whereas the sugar in DNA nucleotides is called ______.

ribose; deoxyribose

Select all of the following that are genes.

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific RNA molecule sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein

In his experiments with S. pneumoniae bacteria and mice, Frederich Griffith found that

something in heat-killed S bacteria could transform type R bacteria.

Select all of the following that are components of nucleotides.

sugar phosphorus-containing groups nitrogen-containing base

In the DNA double helix, the two backbones are composed of alternating

sugar and phosphate groups.

The DNA strand that is "read" during transcription is called the _____ strand.

template

The prometer is a sequence on the _____ that signals the start of a gene.

template strand of DNA

A specific sequence on the DNA called a(n) _____ sequence signals the end of a gene during transcription

terminator

Which of the following best describes translation?

the "reading" of an mRNA to produce a protein

At the beginning of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to

the promotor

Wilkins and Franklin performed X-ray diffraction that revealed details about

the three-dimensional shape of the DNA molecule.

In the 1950s, the biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA, the amount of the nucleotide base adenine always equals the amount of the nucleotide base ____ and the amount of the nucleotide base cytosine always equals the amount of the nucleotide base _______

thymine, guanine

In what process does the cell make a complementary RNA molecule from a DNA sequence

transcription

In the "central dogma" describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein, DNA is copied to RNA in a process called __________ , and the information in RNA is used to direct the synthesis of a protein in a process called _________

transcription, translation

In what process does the cell use the information in an RNA molecule to assemble a protein?

translation

Select all of the following that are actions of the enzyme RNA polymerase

unzip the DNA to expose the template strand attach to the promotor on DNA build an mRNA chain

Which of the following best describes transcription?

using a DNA template to synthesize RNA