bio test twoooo

An actively dividing cell has six chromosomes. How many sister chromatids are present within this cell at the end of G2 phase?

12

A duplicated chromosome consists of ________ sister chromatid(s).

2

How many different amino acids are used to build proteins?

20

Humans have ________ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

23

by assorting codons in groups of 3's there are ____ combinations of ATCG

64

transfer excited electrons from food molecules to a storage molecule

ATP

used to fuel life-sustaining chemical reactions

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate

the electron transport chain and the krebs cycle requires oxygen

Aerobic Resperiation

occurs when oxygen is unavailable

Anaerobic fermentation

Consider mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission. Which one of these three processes is the simplest for a cell to complete? Explain.

Binary fission is the most efficient process that the cells may carry out. Prokaryotic cells typically use this method of division. Since bacterial cells typically have only a single chromosome and they lack a nuclear envelope, binary fission is a less complex process.

A strand of DNA has the sequence GCAATTCG. The sequence of the complementary strand is ________.

CGTTAAGC

How do living organisms fuel their actions

Cellular repirations

where energy is transfered to ATP

Electron Transport Chain

Three phases of Transcription

Initiation of transcription(promoter site) RNA elongation Termination of Transcription(terminator site)

Which of the following differentiates meiosis from mitosis?

Mitosis is used for the repair of the cell whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction

The evolution of photosynthesis was an essential event for the evolution of life as we know it. Defend this statement by discussing the importance of the products of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis produces oxygen, which allows other organisms to conduct cellular respiration rather than fermentation. This allows these organisms to produce much more ATP. Photosynthesis also produces sugars, which are used as an energy source by other organisms.

when plants grow, where does the new tissue come from?

The air Carbon Dioxide

The products of the photosynthesis part

The consumption of ATP

A silent mutation is a mutation where a DNA nucleotide has changed, but the resulting protein is identical to the protein produced before the mutation. Explain why such a mutation is possible.

The genetic code is redundant. This means that there is more than one codon that codes for each amino acid. A silent mutation would result when the mRNA sequence before and after the mutation produced a different codon that both coded for the same amino acid.

what is the function of the calvin cycle

To convert Co2 to sugar

DNA ---> RNA

Transcription

RNA ----> protein

Translation

The bases present in an RNA molecule are

U A C G

What replaces Thymine in RNA

Uracil U

lettuce is

a primary producer and an autotroph

during transcription

a template strand of DNA directs the production of a mRNA molecule.

Each set of three bases in an mRNA molecule codes for one of 20 specific

amino acids

trees are

autotrophic and primary producers

produce macromolecules from simple inorganic molecule and it considered a primary producer

autotrophs

how do fuels provide energy?

breaking chemical bonds releases energy

fossil fuels formed in the

carboniferous period

use energy from inorganic chemical reactions

chemosynthesis

photosynthesis takes place in the

chloroplasts

RNA is read in triplets of nucleotides bases called what?

codons

rabbits are

consumers and heterotrophs

The photo part

converts light to chemical energy occurs inside the thylakoids

Along one side of a DNA molecule, the nucleotides are connected to each other by

covalent bonds between phosphate groups and sugar molecules

when energy is captured and converted, the amount of energy available to do work ___

deacreases

the capacity to do work

energy

The first law of thermodynamics states that

energy can not be created nor destroyed

heat energy and light energy

energy of motion

energy can never be created or destroyed it can only change from one form to anohter

first law of thermodynmaics

the genetic make-up of an organism

genotype

equation for cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy(ATP)

Which step of cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondria?

glycolysis

obtaining energy from glucose

glycolysis

Three processes in cellular respiration

glycolysis krebs cycle electron Transport Chain

consume other organisms as an organic carbon source consumers

heterotrophs

consist of a maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.

homologous chromosomes

Cells spend the bulk of their time in the ________ phase of the cell cycle.

interphase

energy of motion

kinetic

products of glycolysis are attached to oxygen

krebs cycle

Gametes are produced by meiosis rather than mitosis because

meiosis reduces the chromosome number so that zygotes produced will have one full genome.

The capture and use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Collectively these processes are known as

metabolism

Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the ________ portion of cell division.

metaphase

A T C G differ in what way

nitrogen bases

a plant provides what for humans

nourishment from food energy oxygen

DNA replication

occurs before mitosis in the cell cycle

during translation

on mRNA molecule works with several rRNA molecules and many tRNA molecules to produce a protein

During exercise, the increase in respiration rate and heartbeat speed are driven by the need to replenish the oxygen used to support

oxidative phosphorylation in muscle cell mitochondria.

the outward appearance of the genes

phenotype

carbon + water = oxygen + glucose

photosynthesis

two key processes of energy

photosynthesis cellular respiration

results from the location or position of an object

potential

energy of rest

potential energy

the synthesis part

produces sugars from carbons dioxide occurs within the stroma

In the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 à 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, the 6 CO2 molecules are some of the

products

In photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is

provided by carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is one product of a metabolic process, which occurs in both plants and animals. This process is called

respiration

every conversion of energy includes the transformation of energy into heat heat is almost completely useless to living organisms

second law of thermodynamics

Which of the following cell types is produced by meiosis?

sperm cells

pores on leaves used for gas exchange

stomata

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming

sugars

The Big Picture of Photo Synthesis

take in -light -water -co2 to produce -oxygen -sugar

study of transformation of energy from one type to another

thermodynamics

In the genetic code, a codon is

three bases long for all cell types

where does the light cycle of photosynthesis occur

thykaloids

What is the role of water in photosynthesis?

water provides the electrons to the chlorophyll

moving matter against an opposing force

work