Bio True/ False, Bio Exam 3, Bio Exam 2 Chapter 4, 5, 15, 25, 6, 22

homozygote

An individual that carries two copies of the same allele is a _____________.

Nutrient cycling

Heterotrophic bacteria and archaeans that are decomposers are important in

fluid

Hormones are distributed through body _______, produced by specialized cells, and act on target cells.

equal effect

If two different alleles for the same trait have an _____________ on the phenotype, the alleles are codominant.

specific

In a/an _____ response, B cells and T cells only recognize one particular type of pathogen

sex

In humans, on the Y chromosome is the master gene that determines the ____________ of an individual with help from other genes it controls.

True

It is important for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists because the quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.

True

Land biomes are most commonly defined by their climate and physical characteristics that influence the dominant plant life and subsequently animal life in them.

deoxygenated

Large blood vessels that return __________ blood from the legs to the heart are veins.

recessive

Most inherited human genetic disorders are inherited as __________ alleles.

True

Neighboring water molecules are held together with hydrogen bonds because partially negatively charged oxygen atoms and partially positively charged hydrogen atoms on separate water molecules are attracted to one another.

Pili

Prokaryotes that are observed attaching onto nonliving surfaces most likely possess

True

Scientific literacy means that you understand the process of science and basic scientific facts and theories.

top; bottom

The _____ number in this reading is referred to as dystole and the _____ number is referred to as systole.

genetic makeup

The _____________ of an individual; more specifically, the two alleles of a given gene that affect a specific genetic trait in a given individual is the genotype.

heterozygote

The allele that controls the phenotype when paired with a different allele in a ____________individual is dominant

heterozygotes

The allele that controls the phenotype when paired with a different allele in a ____________individual is dominant.

inflammatory

The body innately responds to tissue damage by mounting an immediate and coordinated sequence of events called the ________ response

nuclear envelope

The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the

segregation

The chromosome theory explains the mechanism of the laws of ____________ and independent assortment.

circulatory

The heart works as the body's ____________ pump.

endocrine

The hormone-producing tissues of animals make up the ________ system

oxygen

The liquid portion of human blood cannot absorb enough _______ to meet the body's demands. However, hemoglobin in red blood cells greatly increase(s) the oxygen-carrying capacity of human blood.

phenotype

The specific version of a genetic trait that is displayed by a given individual is the ___________.

away

The structures that carry signals ______ from the cell body of a neuron are called axons.

central

The thalamus is part of the ________ nervous system.

gene

This process sorts the alleles of a ____________ into separate gametes, which is the basis for Mendel's law of segregation.

duplication

Two copies of the same gene on a single chromosome would indicate a ______________ had occurred

Describe viruses

Typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, noncellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria.

active; passive

_______ transport of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane requires the input of energy from the cell, whereas ______ transport of molecule across a selectively permeable membrane does not require the use of cellular energy

blood plasma

____________transports waste products, water, and solutes.

gene

a segment of DNA that codes for a distinct genetic characteristic is called a

simple diffusion

if a bottle of perfume was spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the students sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. Over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. What phenomenon has occurred to the perfume molecules that have entered the air?

memory cells

include B cells and T cells that remain in the body for long periods of time after the first exposure to a pathogen

binary fission

prokaryotes typically reproduce by splitting in two through a process called

Thermophiles

thrive in extremely hot temperatures here nothing else can live

Phagocytes

white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens in a nonspecific manner are called

true

•A component of our immune system's first line of defense is the acidic environment in the digestive system.

true

•A prokaryote that uses carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and sunlight for energy is called a photoautotroph.

•FALSE •mother

•All mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the father.

•FALSE •bilateral

•An animal that can be divided by just one vertical plane into two halves that mirror each other displays radial symmetry.

•FALSE •Catabolic

•Anabolic reactions release energy by breaking down complex molecules.

true

•Every gene in a human occupies a specific position or locus on a chromosome.

True

•Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.

True

•Genetic drift is a chance evolutionary change occurring in small populations.

false boys

•Girls inherit an X chromosome from mom and a Y chromosome from dad.

True

•Homologous chromosomes consist of a maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.

False 23

•Humans have 24 pairs of chromosomes.

•FALSE •artificial

•Humans simulate the process of natural selection when they use natural selection to develop new varieties of crop plants that better meet the needs of farmers.

•FALSE •Mitosis

•Meiosis is the process by which organisms grow and maintain their tissues.

true

•Memory cells include B cells and T cells that remain in the body for long periods of time after the first exposure to a pathogen.

true

•Pangaea is an ancient, giant continent.

FALSE rapidly

•Prokaryotes reproduce more slowly than single-celled eukaryotes because prokaryotes have much less DNA than eukaryotes.

true

•The development of upright posture in hominins is likely an adaptation for living on the ground instead of in the trees.

true

•The structures that carry signals away from the cell body of a neuron are called axons.

true

•When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group, energy is released and can power cellular activities.

Pedigree

A ________ is a chart that shows genetic relationships within a family over several generations.

Punnett Square

A ______________ is used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of a genetic cross.

blood pressure

A nurse reports that a patient's ___________ is 118/78.

carbon dioxide

A prokaryote that uses _______________ for photosynthesis and sunlight for energy is called a photoautotroph.

DNA; proteins

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the nucleotide building blocks for ______; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the __________ needed to accomplish everything the cell does.

active

After receiving a vaccine a person begins to produce antibodies. This demonstrates a (n) ________ immune response

lungs, carbon dioxide

Air that is entering the _______ has a higher concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of ______________ than air in an alveolus.

Carrier

An X-linked ________ is a female individual with a heterozygous genotype, on her X chromosomes, who does not express the recessive trait but can pass it along to offspring.

does not effect

An allele that _______________ the phenotype when paired with a dominant allele in a heterozygote is recessive.

not expressed

An allele that is _____________ in heterozygous carriers is called a recessive allele.

alleles

An individual that carries one copy of each of two different __________ is a heterozygote.

extreme

Archaeans are often referred to as "extremophiles" because they are capable of living in __________ environments where other organisms cannot function.

Platelets

At the site of a wound or cut, __________ combine with proteins in our blood to form blood clots.

prokaryotes

Bacteria and archaea are both classified as_______________. _____________ that are observed "swimming" through a liquid environment most likely possess a flagellum.

arteries

Blood vessels that are designed to carry blood under high pressure are called __________.

porous walls

Blood vessels that have thin, __________ are called capillaries.

True

Carbohydrates and fats are both used as energy sources.

gametes

Cells undergo meiosis to become ____________.

autosomes

Chromosomes that are NOT involved in determining gender are known as ____________.

public

Citizen science projects contribute to scientific research by the __________ participating in the collection of data.

FALSE descriptive

Collecting data based on observation in nature is an example of an analytical study.

quorum sensing

Disease- causing bacteria in a human begin to multiply rapidly when they sense that their numbers are high enough to overpower an immune response. This is possible because of

Osmosis

During the process of ______ water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves along the water concentration gradient)

specific position

Every gene in a human occupies a ______________ or locus on a chromosome.

•FALSE •Kreb's Cycle

Glycolysis functions to transfer chemical energy from pyruvate to energy carriers

homologous

Humans have 23 pairs of ____________ chromosomes.

bloodstream; target

Once a hormone enters the____________, it is broken down after it has performed its function on the _________ cells

True

Pancreatic cancer is an especially dangerous disease in humans because the pancreas is an organ that manufactures many different kinds of digestive enzymes.

FALSE Bacteria

Plants make up the oldest fossil found on Earth.

less

Prokaryotes reproduce more rapidly than single-celled eukaryotes because prokaryotes have much _____ DNA than eukaryotes.

FALSE negative

Subatomic particles that possess a singe positive charge and surround the nucleus are electrons.

FALSE increased

The Cambrian explosion decreased the diversity of animal life on Earth.

cell theory

The ____ states every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells

circulatory

The ____________ system is the mechanism most hormones travel through the organism.

heart

The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-poor blood from the _______ to the lungs

Phagocytosis

When a white blood cell engulfs an entire bacterial cell by surrounding it with plasma membrane and bringing it in to the cell in a vesicle, the white blood cell is accomplishing

single- celled, single loop of DNA, no membrane- enclosed organelles, asexual reproduction

Which of the following groups of characteristics defines prokaryotes?

male; female

XY genotypes represents a human ______ whereas XX represents a human ________.

DNA

____ contains information used to construct proteins

Antigens

_____ are any various nonself marker fond on pathogens that mark them for destruction by antibodies

active; passive

_____ immunity occurs when an individual's immune system responds to a pathogen and produces antibodies in response. ________ immunity occurs when an individual receives antibodies made by someone else

gene

an allele is a version of a __________

nitrogen fixation

prokaryotes can convert nitrogen gas in the air into a form that plants can use through a process called.

cell

the smallest and most basic unit of life is called the