Bio Unit 2

Red blood cell

A cell that increases the carrying capacity for oxygen

How do chlorophyll pigments absorb energy from light?

A photon excites an electron in the chlorophyll to a higher energy state.

a product that can be used directly for energy

ATP

direct energy source for glycosis

ATP

Photosynthesis reactants

CO2, Water, light energy

Isotonic solution

Cell is normal

Central Vacuole Function

Cell storage

There are several methods by which genetic material can be exchanged between bacteria. Which of the following terms describes direct cell-to-cell DNA transfer between bacterial cells?

Conjugation

Nucleus Function

Control center of the cell

Which of the following eukaryotic cell parts is found in the cytoplasm, provides structure and support to the cell, and is composed of interconnected protein fibers?

Cytoskeleton

The law of conservation of energy

Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be either created or destroyed.

Humans have developed many different ways of using plants for human benefit. Select the ways that humans use plants or plant products.

Food source, lumber, fibers for making paper, and medicines

Renewable resources

Generated by natural sources continuously or repeatedly, solar energy, tidal energy, livestock

Non renewable Resources

Generated by natural sources in limited quantities, minerals, coal, nuclear energy

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are cellular processes that involve glucose. How do these two processes differently affect the metabolism of glucose?

Glucose is produced during photosynthesis to hold the energy gathered from light, whereas glucose is broken down during cellular respiration to release stored cellular energy.

What is the source of the electrons that replace the excited electrons lost from chlorophyll?

H2O

Use the photosynthesis lab to answer the following question. Suppose that you conduct an experiment to determine how photosynthetic output, measured in oxygen (O2) production, changes as you alter photosynthesis, and generate the following graph. Identify which manipulations to photosynthesis generated the observed changes in O2 production depicted on the graph.

HIgh CO2, then HIgh O2, green light, and Temperature

Which of the following blood components is responsible for carrying the majority of oxygen found in blood?

Hemoglobin

In the last few decades, the use of antibiotics and antibacterial cleaning products has increased. What consequences are being seen now as a result of the overuse or misuse of antibiotics?

Increase in the virulence of once-controlled bacteria and the appearance of bacteria that are immune to antibiotics

Which statement below best explains why fermentation occurs in mammals?

It allows glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions by replenishing NAD .

Glycolysis is a step in the breakdown of glucose. Which of the following statements describe glycolysis?

It produces a net gain of two ATP and two NADH. It is common to aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Why is cellular respiration referred to as an aerobic process?

It requires oxygen to occur

A few unidentified seeds were found in a sealed clay jar during an archaeological dig. Radiocarbon dating showed that the seeds were 725 years old. When the seeds were planted, plants grew from them. Based on cell theory, what statements can confidently be made regarding these unidentified plants and seeds?

Living cells inside the seeds divide to generate the new plant cells. Tissues in both the plants and the seeds are made of cells.

Passive Transport

Moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Does not require energy

Active Transport

Moves substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Requires energy

a product that donates electrons to the electron transport chain

NADH

Imagine a population of beetles. White beetles are easier for birds to see and eat. Black beetles blend into their surroundings, so they are less visible to birds than white beetles are. As a result, black beetles are more likely to survive and reproduce, enabling the gene for black coloration to be passed on to the next generation. This increases the frequency of genes for black coloration in the population. Which of the following evolutionary processes does this scenario describe?

Natural Selection

Facilitated diffusion is a protein-facilitated movement of solutes across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Passive transport

Why do plants appear green?

Pigments in plant cells absorb blue and red light, but much of the green light is reflected.

Cell wall

Protection for the cell

Cellular respiration consumes glucose during glycolysis. What product of glycolysis can be subsequently modified to enter the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions?

Pyruvate

Bacilli Bacteria

Rod shaped

Photosynthesis Products

Simple sugars and oxygen

Golgi Body Function

Synthesis of proteins and lipids

Use the Cellular View tab of the photosynthesis lab to answer the following question. Why does disrupting the Calvin cycle impact the light reactions of photosynthesis?

The Calvin cycle regenerates ADP and NADP+

How does training at high altitudes benefit athletes?

The body acclimatizes to the lower oxygen concentration found at high altitudes by producing more red blood cells, making oxygen uptake and transport more efficient upon return to lower altitude.

Use the photosynthesis lab to help you answer this question. What is the primary role of water in photosynthesis?

The breakdown of water provides electrons and H ions for the light reactions.

Which tenet of cell theory is described by the following paragraph about the historical observations of cells? The first cell was discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke, who observed non-living cells of cork using a crude microscope and noted that they looked like tiny \"rooms in which a monk might live.\" Almost one decade later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed the first living cells, which he dubbed \"animalcules,\" meaning \"little animals.\" Scientists continued to use these early microscopes to observe cells for over a century, and repeatedly found the cell to be the discrete unit of life. These observations culminated in 1824 with Rene Dutrochet declaring the cell to be \"the fundamental element of organization.\"

The cell is the basic unit for every organism

Potential Energy

The energy that an object has based on the arrangement of its parts.

Diffusion

The movement of a substance down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Diffusion

The movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated down its concentration gradient.

The circulatory system of mammals is arranged in two separate circuits, the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. In this double circulation system, blood is pumped through the heart twice. Identify the route of blood transport in the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

The pulmonary circuit transports blood to and from the lungs, and the systemic circuit transports blood to and from the body.

What do the two numbers in a blood pressure reading represent?

The systolic pressure during a heartbeat is the larger number, whereas the diastolic pressure while the heart rests between beats is the smaller number.

Which of the following describes how co-factors and co-enzymes effect the function of enzymes?

They increase the catalytic function

Select all the choices that correctly describe the Golgi apparatus of the cell.

This organelle is made up of flattened sacs of membrane. Proteins are modified by this organelle and repackaged into transport vesicles.

Although the path of one glucose molecule through glycolysis generates a total of four ATP molecules, there is a net gain of only two ATP for each glucose molecule that enters the pathway. Why does the passage of one glucose molecule through glycolysis have a payoff of only two ATP molecules?

Two ATP molecules are used in the initial phase of glycolysis, reducing the net gain to two ATP.

Examples of potential energy

Water held behind a dam, gasoline sitting in a gas can, a stretched rubber band

Hypertonic Solution

Water moves out of cell and cell shrivels up

Platelet

a cell fragment that reduces blood loss by facilitating coagulation

white blood cell

a cell that identifies and helps destroy foreign bodies

Omnivore

an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin.

Identify the best description for the cause of altitude sickness.

an organism\'s inability to absorb and transport enough oxygen throughout the body at higher altitudes

The consumption of trans fats may increase the risk of developing what disease?

atherosclerosis

Mitochondria

cellular respiration

any plant that uses photosynthesis also uses

cellular respiration

Lysosomes

cellular secretion

Know the components of a chloroplast

double membrane, Granum, Stroma, thylakoid

In eukaryotic cells, each stage of cellular metabolism generates a different net amount of ATP. Which stage directly generates the greatest number of ATP molecules per metabolized glucose molecule?

electron transport chain and ATP synthase

what plants uses cellular respiration but not Photosynthesis

fungi

a carbohydrate that enters glycosis directly

glucose

Biological membranes are present in all cells, and they make up the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. They have many functions, including acting as barriers that selectively allow the transport of small molecules and ions into and out of the cell or organelle. A biological membrane is a bilayer that contains lipids with

hydrophilic head groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol) and hydrophobic tail groups pointing inward.

How are biological membranes held together?

hydrophobic interactions

receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs

left atrium

pumps oxygen-rich blood to body

left ventricle

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, transforming the energy into chemical energy. What provides the energy that excites the electrons in the chlorophyll molecules?

light

Which of the following are components of biological membranes? Select all that apply.

lipids and proteins

Select the phrases that describe the Calvin cycle.

occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast, converts carbon dioxide to simple sugars, is a light-independent metabolic pathway

A calorie is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of

one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

Which of the following are produced during photosynthesis in plants?

oxygen and carbohydrates

In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood and is loaded onto hemoglobin for transport. In the tissues, oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin and diffuses from the blood into nearby cells. What drives the diffusion of oxygen?

partial pressure of oxygen

Chloroplast

photosynthesis

Why are biofuels carbon neutral?

plants used to produce biofuels fix atmospheric carbon dioxide

an end product that is modified to enter the citric acid cycle

pyruvic acid

receives oxygen-poor blood from body

right atrium

pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs

right ventricle

Cocci bacteria

sphere shaped

Spiral-shaped bacteria

spiral shaped

Which of the following are true of endosymbiotic theory?

states that an ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic protobacteria. explains the origin of some eukaryotic organelles, such as mitochondria. explains why chloroplasts contain their own genetic information

What is the function of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)?

stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

Kinetic Energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

water

the solvent in which all other blood components are suspended

heat

the transfer of thermal energy from one body to another

Select the component of choloroplast that is the site of light-dependent reactions.

thylakoids

order of blood flow

vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

Examples of Kinetic Energy

water falling down a waterfall, a rubber band shooting through the air, wind blowing through a windmill

Hypotonic solution

water moves into cell and cell bursts