BIO work #17

Using the following table (which is shown larger in the text), select all of the following mRNA sequences that would code for the polypeptide Met-Ser-His-Arg-Gln.

- AUGUCCCAUCGUCAA - AUGUCUCACCGUCAA - AUGUCUCAUCGUCAG - AUGUCUCAUCGUCAA

Using the following table (which is shown larger in the text), select all of the following mRNA sequences that would code for the polypeptide Met-Ser-His-Arg-Gln.

- AUGUCCCAUCGUCAA - AUGUCUCAUCGUCAG - AUGUCUCAUCGUCAA - AUGUCUCACCGUCAA

Select all of the following that are true with respect to genomes.

- In prokaryotic cells, the genome usually consists of just one circular DNA molecule. - In eukaryotic cells, the genome is usually divided up into multiple chromosomes.

Select all of the following that are true regarding mutations.

- Mutations are alterations in DNA sequences. - Mutations can occur in a promoter region.

Select all of the following that are true with respect to mutations.

- Mutations provide the raw material for evolution. - Some mutations can increase an organism's reproductive success. - Mutations can cause drug resistance in bacteria. - Some mutations produce detrimental alleles.

Select all of the following that are true about the termination stage of translation.

- The large and small ribosomal subunits separate. - A release factor protein prompts the release of the last tRNA from the ribosome. - The polypeptide is released.

Select all of the following that are true about the genetic code.

- Three codons are "stop" codons. - AUG encodes methionine and "start."

Select all of the following that are true about chromosomes.

- can be tightly coiled - contain DNA and proteins - contain DNA with no known function

Select all of the following that can be a direct product of transcription.

- mRNA - rRNA - tRNA

Select all of the following that describe RNA.

- nucleotides contain the sugar ribose - the nitrogenous base uracil is used instead of thymine - can be single-stranded - can catalyze chemical reactions

Select all of the following agents or processes that can cause mutations.

- some forms of radiation - errors in DNA replication - chemical mutagens

The mRNA sequence ______ codes for the amino acid sequence Met-Trp-Arg.

AUGUGGAGG

During transcription, the template strand of ______ contains the nucleotide sequence that is transcribed into RNA.

DNA

Complementary base pairing rules state that in DNA, A pairs with G and T pairs with C.

False

Where would you find a transcriptional terminator sequence?

On a DNA sequence

Ribosomes consist of

a small and large subunit.

Select all of the following that can be components of RNA nucleotides.

adenine guanine ribose uracil

Two strands of DNA within the double helix are said to be complementary to each other because on one strand always pairs with thymine on the opposite strand, and cytosine on one strand always pairs with on the opposite strand.

adenine; guanine

One loop of a tRNA molecule includes the ______, which is complementary to an mRNA codon, and the other end of the tRNA molecule carries an ______ corresponding to that mRNA codon.

anticodon; amino acid

After transcription in eukaryotes, a modified nucleotide called the ______ is added to one end of the mRNA molecule, and a string of 100 to 200 adenines called the ______ is added to the opposite end of the mRNA molecule.

cap; poly A tail

Select all of the bases that can be present in DNA nucleotides.

cytosine thymine guanine adenine

What are coding regions of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated?

exons

_____ are portions of mRNA that get spliced together to form mature mRNA before translation occurs in eukaryotes.

exons

After translation is complete, the newly synthesized protein must ______, as determined by some regions of the amino acid chain.

fold into its functional shape

A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.

gene

is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.

gene

A tRNA molecule with the anticodon GUG would carry the amino acid ______, which is encoded by the mRNA codon ______.

histidine; CAC

What process describes the removal of portions of mRNA after transcription to produce mRNA consisting of regions to be translated?

intron removal and splicing together of exons

In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is altered before it leaves the nucleus. After transcription, the ______ are removed from mRNA, and ______ are spliced together to form the mature mRNA.

introns; exons

Select all of the following that are used during translation.

mRNA tRNA ribosome

A codon consists of three ______ that correspond to one ______.

mRNA bases; amino acid

A change in a gene sequence or a regulatory DNA sequence is called a(n) ______.

mutation

The deletion, inversion, or duplication of a part of a chromosome is an example of a(n) ______ that affects large portions of the DNA.

mutation

The DNA double helix is made up of two strands of ______ monomers oriented in opposite directions.

nucleotide

What describes a substitution mutation?

one DNA base is replaced with another

What is produced during translation?

protein

Enzymes and chaperone proteins assist in ______ that takes place after translation is complete.

protein folding

What type of RNA combines with proteins to form a ribosome?

rRNA

What structures are the sites of translation and are found free in the cytosol of the cell or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

ribosomes

In eukaryotes, the cap and poly A tail on the mature mRNA protect the mRNA and ensure that ______.

ribosomes attach to the correct end of the mRNA for translation

A substitution mutation is said to be ______ if the mutated gene encodes the same protein as the original gene version.

silent

In the first step of translation initiation, the "cap" end of the mRNA binds to the

small ribosomal subunit.

Sometimes a substitution mutation changes a base triplet into a ______ codon, such as UAA or UGA, which shortens the protein product.

stop

When the ribosome reaches a UGA, UAG, or UAA codon on the mRNA, it halts because none of these codons has a corresponding tRNA. These three sequences are called _____ codons.

stop

What role does DNA play in the cell?

store instructions for making proteins

Sickle cell disease results from a(n) ______ mutation in which a single codon is changed and specifies a different amino acid.

substitution

What molecule binds to both an amino acid and an mRNA codon, bringing the amino acid to the correct spot on the mRNA?

tRNA

In a process called ______, an RNA molecule is used to produce a protein.

translation