BIO101: Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology - Saylor Academy

In this Punnett Square, one parent who is heterozygous for a trait breeds with a parent who is homozygous for the trait. Based on the results, what type of trait is expressed by A and a? (this is all i have from the test options) a. is a X-linked dominant; a is autosomal recessive.

Based on this information, the type of trait expressed by A and a is autosomal dominance. Autosomal traits are inherited through regular chromosomes (not sex chromosomes), and dominance occurs when the presence of a dominant allele results in the expression of a particular trait

Chlorophylls a and b are widely distributed in green plants. They are found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. What is their role in photosynthesis? (i didn't get a picture of the available options, sorry. i provide the best summary i could to answer)

Chlorophyll A absorbs light from the orange-red and violet-blue areas of the electromagnetic spectrum for photosynthesis and serves as an electron donor. It's the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis. It transfers energy to the reaction center and donates two excited electrons to the electron transport chain. Its central role is as an electron donor in the electron transport chain, and is essential part of Photosynthesis as all organisms that perform photosynthesis contain chlorophyll A. While chlorophyll B expands the absorption spectrum by capturing higher frequency blue light complementing the absorption capabilities of chlorophyll A and contributes to efficient energy capture during this vital process. It's an accessory pigment because it is not necessary for photosynthesis to occur. It simply helps organisms absorb more energy from the blue light part of the spectrum, contributing to overall photosynthetic efficiency.

Human blood type is determined by codominance alleles, A and B. What type of inheritance is blood type O?

O follows a recessive inheritance pattern.

The stomach gastric juices have a low pH because: a. A decrease in hydrogen ions break down food b. An increase of hydrogen ions break down food c. An increase of hydroxide ions break down d. A decrease in hydronium ions break down food

a. A decrease in hydrogen ions break down food

This type of cell has no cell wall but has a nucleus and membrane bound-organelles. What kind of cell is it? a. Animal b. Plant c. Protozoan d. Virus

a. Animal

Which of the following levels of organization of life is the largest? a. Biosphere b. Population c. Ecosystem d. Organism

a. Biosphere

Which type of photosynthesis would be best for a cactus that lives in a very hot and dry desert?

a. CAM pathway

What chemical substance which affects membrane fluidity is indicated by the ringlike yellow molecules in this image? a. Cholesterol b. Phospholipid c. Oligosaccharide d. Globular protein

a. Cholesterol

What do all living things need in order to perform biological processes and chemical reactions? a. Energy b. Mobility c. Sunlight d. Water

a. Energy

What does this pedigree show about this trait with sex-linked inheritance?

a. It is Y linked, since only males are affected

Why does the polar nature of water make it important for sustaining life? a. Its low specific heat capacity helps it regulate body temperature. b. Its low surface tension affects its fluidity and ability to support pressure c. It dissolves many biomolecules which is important for cellular activities d. Its low heat of vaporization helps remove heat from organisms' surfaces

a. Its high specific heat capacity helps it regulate body temperature.

What are the main products of the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis? a. Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH b. Water, oxygen, and NADPH c. Carbon dioxide, glucose, and ATP d. Carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen

a. Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

Photorespiration is called a wasteful cycle and occurs when the Calvin cycle enzyme RuBisCo acts on oxygen rather than carbon dioxide. Why is it a wasteful cycle?

a. The enzyme activity is highly inefficient and wastes substrate

Polydactyly (pp) is a genetic anomaly where humans have extra fingers or toes. Based on the information in this pedigree, what are the first generation parents genotypes? a. The father is pp; the mother is Pp b. The father is Pp; the mother is pp c. The father is Pp; the mother is Pp d. The father is PP; the mother is pp

a. The father is pp; the mother is Pp.

Is it possible for a mutation to occur without any observable effects on phenotypes?

a. Yes, when silent mutation occur

Snapdragon plants come in three colors: green, yellow, and white. If two yellow plants (Yy and Yy) and crossed, not all offspring survive. Which offspring survive, and why? a. 2 green, 2 white; the white gene is a recessive lethal gene b. 1 green, 2 yellow, 1 white; the white gene is a dominant lethal gene c. 1 green, 1 yellow, 2 white; the white gene is a dominant lethal gene d. 1 green, 2 yellow, 1 white; the white gene is a recessive lethal gene

b. 1 green, 2 yellow, 1 white; the white gene is a dominant lethal gene

What two molecules are made during the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis and are needed for the next phase?

b. ATP and NADPH

Which of the following terms describes the sum of the neutrons and protons in the atomic structure? a. Atomic charge b. Atomic mass c. Atomic number d. Atomic structure

b. Atomic mass

The Second Law of Thermodynamics implies that in order for a process to occur, it must somehow increase the entropy of the universe. How is it possible for living organisms, which are highly ordered, to decrease entropy locally but increase the entropy of the universe?

b. Enzymes catalyze reactions that increase entropy and release energy into the environment.

Which type of cells are depicted in this image? (image: sperm and egg)

b. Haploid gametes

How is a peptide hormone able to get its signal into a cell? a. It is an intracellular mediator and diffuses between cells b. It cannot cross the cell membrane but binds to surface receptors c. It uses synaptic signaling to send signals between adjacent cells d. It is released into the bloodstream and carried to the target cells

b. It cannot cross the cell membrane but binds to surface receptors

How does exocytosis move substances out of the cell? a. It expels the substance through a membrane cell b. It fuses the vesicle membrane to the cell membrane c. It moves substances from the cell randomly and constantly d. It transports proteins that carry the substances out of the cell

b. It fuses the vesicle membrane to the cell membrane

What does this family pedigree, in which only males are affected, demonstrate about the specific disorder? a. It is an X-linked dominant trait, since only 50% of the sons inherited it b. It is an X-linked recessive trait, since only 50% the sons inherited it c. It is a Y-linked dominant trait, which is passed from father to 50% of the sons d. It is a Y-linked recessive trait, which is passed from father to 50% of the sons

b. It is an X-linked recessive trait, since only 50% the sons inherited it

Which organelle in an animal cell is considered the "garbage disposal"? a. Ribosome b. Lysosome c. Mitochondria d. Endoplasmic reticulum

b. Lysosome

What is the main difference between matter and energy? a. Matter refers to area, and energy refers to a state. b. Matter refers to objects, and energy refers to a property c. Matter refers to power, and energy refers to a strength. d. Matter refers to phrases, and energy refers to a characteristic.

b. Matter refers to objects, and energy refers to a property

What type of cell, depicted in this image, would respond to turgor pressure? a. Animal b. Plant c. Protozoan d. Virus

b. Plant

What occurs when ionic bonds are formed? a. Atoms in the bond share electrons b. There is attraction between a positive and a negative ion c. Molecules that are close together exhibit fluctuating polarization d. A positively charged anion bonds with a negatively charged cation

b. There is attraction between a positive and a negative ion

Which of the following represents the RNA primer for the DNA template TGCAATCC? a. GCCTAGG b. GCCUAGG c. ACGTTAGG d. ACGUUAGG

c. ACGTTAGG

Which of the following lists contains the three common secondary structures in proteins? a. Alpha helices, beta sheets, and turns b. Beta helices, alpha sheets, and turns c. Alpha helices, beta sheets, and random coils d. Beta helices, alpha sheets, and random coils

c. Alpha helices, beta sheets, and random coils

What is one similarity between mitosis and meiosis? a. In both, two nuclear divisions occur b. Both produce two diploid (or identical) daughter cells c. Both are preceded with one round of DNA replication d. Both occur in all unicellular and multicellular organisms

c. Both are preceded with one round of DNA replication

Which of the following are somatic cells? a. Diploid sex cells b. Haploid sex cells c. Diploid body cells d. ___ (i didn't get a picture of this one)

c. Diploid body cells body cells are synonymous with somatic cells, so it is c. (as well as any other body cell answers given)

What is the difference between mitosis in animals and plants?

c. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms during cytokinesis; in plant cells, a cell plate forms.

What phase of mitosis is depicted in this image? (image: red and blue arms n leg X figures floating in middle with other things on side and sets above and bellow shining lines to them)

c. Metaphase

Which substance is considered to be a strong base when completely ionized in solution? a. HCI b.NaCI c. NaOH d. H2CO3

c. NaOH

Are the three-dimensional structures of DNA and RNA similar? a. Yes, they both adopt A-form helices b. Yes, they both adopt B-form helices c. No, RNA can only adopt the A-form helix d. No, RNA can only adopt the B-form helix

c. No, RNA can only adopt the A-form helix

Which biological macromolecule is responsible for information storage and transfer?

c. Nucleic acid

Carbon dioxide increases and decreases in the atmosphere based on certain activities. Which activities are correctly matched to an increase of decrease if atmospheric CO2?

c. Releasing fossil fuels through combustion increases CO2; planting pine trees decreases CO2.

What molecule is depicted in this image, and why is it important in photosynthesis? a. Dextrin; it absorbs water b. Cellulose; it absorbs water c. Starch; it is how plants store unused energy d. Glycogen; it is how plants store unused energy

c. Starch; it is how plants store unused energy

What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

c. The cell grows in size and produces proteins and organelles.

Meiosis generates genetic diversity. Why is this important to organisms? a. Selective mating increases the chances for new genotypes to be produced. b. It makes organisms that reproduce by sexual reproduction more attractive. c. The resulting diverse population can better survive environmental pressures. d. The zygote contains the same genetic makeup of the parents, preserving their genetic makeup

c. The resulting diverse population can better survive environmental pressures.

Between Prophase I and Metaphase I, what happens to chromosomes, as shown in this image? a. They undergo chromosome mutation, which allows for random variations over time. b. They undergo chromosome hybridization, which creates hybrids during sexual reproduction. c. They undergo chromosome crossover, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. d. They undergo chromosome exchange, where non-homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.

c. They undergo chromosome crossover, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.

What type of enzyme regulation is depicted here? image: (p<--s/s/(enzyme)-->//<-x-s/i(enzyme)) a. Allosteric inhibition b. Feedback inhibition c. competitive inhibition d. non-competitive inhibition

c. competitive inhibition

When cellular respiration is complete, how many ATP molecules are created in each cell? a. 12 b. 18 c. 24 d. 36

d. 36

Which biological molecule is shown in this image? a. Lipid b. Protein c. Nucleic acid d. Carbohydrate

d. Carbohydrate

What waste product is given off during cellular respiration? a. ATP b. NADH c. Oxygen d. Carbon dioxide

d. Carbon dioxide

In photosynthesis, energy obtained from sunlight is stored in ATP molecules. What kind of energy is this? a. Elastic potential energy b. Radiant potential energy c. Thermal potential energy d. Chemical potential energy

d. Chemical potential energy

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

d. Chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell

Which of the following is a simple sugar (monosaccharide)? a. Starch b. Lactose c. Sucrose d. Fructose

d. Fructose

How does photosynthesis help maintain balance in the planet's ecosystem? a. It helps plants emit oxygen during nighttime b. It helps plants provide protection from the sun c. It helps plants absorb water from the environment d. It helps plants regulate the amount of CO2 in the air

d. It helps plants regulate the amount of CO2 in the air

In the preparatory reaction, pyruvate is broken down to a 2-carbon acetyl group carried by coenzyme A. What is produced in this reaction? a. ATP and O2 b. TP and CO2 c. NADH and O2 d. NADH and CO2

d. NADH and CO2

The photosynthetic machinery in plants can be damaged in a way that compromises photosynthesis, growth, and productivity. How do plants recover from photo-inhibition? a. They use lincomycin to block activity of Photosystem II b. They screen out photo radiation using screening pigments. c. They use scavenging systems (ROS-reactive oxygen species). d. Photosystem II is repaired by degradation and reformation of D1.

d. Photosystem II is repaired by degradation and reformation of D1.

A lawnmower filled with gasoline and a car sitting on a steep hill both have a large amount of what kind of energy? a. Active b. Kinetic c. Torque d. Potential

d. Potential

In the scientific method, the hypothesis must be which of the following? a. Correct b. Flexible c. Open-ended d. Testable

d. Testable

Sickle cell anemia was the first described monogenic disease attributed to a single mutation in a single gene. That gene was found to be pleiotropic because it controls more than one trait. Which of the following statements describes the effect of the sickle cell mutation on phenotypic expression? a. The gene mutation does not lead to observable phenotypic differences in the population b. Only one phenotype is expressed, and manifests with the same effects across the population. c. There will be different phenotypes in the population that are progressively replaced by the other. d. There will be different phenotypes maintained in the population, since the gene has multiple effects on the body.

d. There will be different phenotypes maintained in the population, since the gene has multiple effects on the body.

Which organelle is responsible for lipid production and metabolism? a. Mitochondria b. Cell membrane c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)