biochemistry test - unit 2 module 6

Order the substrate-enzyme interaction steps, with the first step at the top of the list.

1. the substrates bind to the active site, 2. the active site changes shapes and forms the enzyme-substrate complex, 3. the substrates react to form products, 4. the enzyme releases the products.

A triple covalent bond involves the sharing of how many electrons?

6

Many solutes readily dissolve in water because water is a ______________ molecule.

polar

Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called ________________ ________________, meaning that they have oppositely charged regions.

polar molecules

Which describes molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges, meaning that they have oppositely charged regions?

polar molecules

Which are types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

The ______________ ______________ of the elements organizes elements based on their properties

Periodic Table

True or false: Once an enzyme has participated in a chemical reaction, it is used up and can never be used again.

False

True or false: The ability of carbon atoms to bond to each other results in just one type of organic compound.

False

A mixture in which the components remain distinct is called a _____________ mixture.

Heterogeneous

Which of the following describes a mixture in which the components remain distinct?

Heterogeneous

________________ are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers that are linked together by a series of covalent bonds.

Polymers

Why are atoms important?

They are the building blocks of all matter.

True or false: Inhibitors, pH, and temperature can all affect enzyme activity.

True

A nucleotide is composed of which of the following?

a nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate group

A(n) _____________ releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. A(n) ______________ releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.

acid, base

Substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water are called _______________.

acids

When dissolved in water, what substances release hydrogen ions?

acids

Which term describes the specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme?

activate site

Enzymes reduce the ______________ _____________ required to start a chemical reaction in a biological process. This allows the reaction to proceed more quickly.

activation energy

The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction is called the ___________ ___________.

activation energy

The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction is called the _____________ ______________.

activation energy

Which of the following is the minimum energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction?

activation energy

_____________ _____________ are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

amino acids

__________________ are important because they are the building blocks of all kinds of matter, including living organisms.

atoms

What are characteristics of ionic bonds?

attraction between ions and weak forces between molecules

Van der Waal's forces are...?

attractions between molecules

Which best describes van der Waals forces in water?

attractive forces between molecules, cause water to form droplets

What are substances that release hydroxide ions when they are dissolved in water called?

bases

What are examples of colloids?

blood, milk, ink

What is a mixture that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH in a particular range?

buffer

A ______________ is a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom.

carbohydrate

Which is a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom?

carbohydrate

Which types of biological macromolecules store energy?

carbohydrates and lipids

Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, which are compounds that contain ______________.

carbon

The element _____________ is a component of almost all biological molecules.

carbon

Which are practical applications of isotopes?

carbon dating and diagnosing disease

What is the name given to a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction?

catalyst

What occurs during a chemical change, but not during a physical change?

chemical bonds are broken and formed, different substances are formed

The process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances is called a _____________ ______________.

chemical reaction

Which is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances?

chemical reaction

In a _____________ change, different substances are formed. In a _____________ change, a substance's appearance but not its composition is changed.

chemical, physical

Identify properties of water that are due to hydrogen bonding.

cohesion, adhesion, and density

Which is a heterogeneous mixture in which the particles do not settle out?

colloid

A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine is called a(n) _____________.

compound

A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine is called a(n) _______________.

compound

Which is a pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine?

compound

The chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared is called a ______________ ____________ .

covalent bond

Which type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?

covalent bond

_____________ bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms, while _____________ bonds involve the movement of electrons from one atom to the other.

covalent, ionic

A ____________ covalent bond involves the sharing of four electrons.

double

A negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus is called a(n) __________________.

electron

The subatomic particles directly involved in forming chemical bonds are ______________.

electrons

A(n) _________________ is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.

element

In every chemical reaction, there is a change in _____________ caused by the making and breaking of chemical bonds as reactants form products.

energy

Temperature and pH are two factors that affect ______________ activity.

enzyme

Special proteins called _______________ are the biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in biological processes.

enzymes

Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), and Hydrogen (H) are located in the same column, or _______ of the periodic table.

group

What is a role of ions in living things?

help transmit signals related to the senses

Which are steroids?

hormones, cholesterol

Which is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom, and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom from a different molecule?

hydrogen bond

A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its individual characteristics and properties is called a ___________.

mixture

A ___________ is a compound in which the atoms are help together by covalent bonds.

molecule

Which subatomic particle exists within the area of the nucleus and has no electrical charge?

neutron

DNA and RNA are examples of ____________ acids.

nucleic

Which are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information in cells?

nucleic acids

A(n) _____________ is composed of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

nucleotide

Nucleic acids are made up of smaller repeating subunits composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms, called _____________.

nucleotides

What term describes the smaller repeating subunits that make up nucleic acids?

nucleotides

What is the center of the atom where neutrons and protons are located called?

nucleus

The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called ______________.

pH

Which type of energy level is least stable?

partially filled energy level

In the periodic table, horizontal rows are called ____________, while vertical columns are called ____________.

periods, groups

______________ are a type of lipid, and include substances such as cholesterol and hormones.

steroids

A reactant that binds to the enzyme is called a _______________.

substrate

What is the term used for reactants that bind to an enzyme?

subtrate

Over time, the particles in a ____________ settle to the bottom.

suspension

A weak force of attraction between molecules that is important in biological molecules is know as _________ __________ __________ __________.

van der Waal's force

Regions of opposite charge cause weak electrostatic attractions between molecules called _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________.

van der Waal's forces

Which term describes weak electrostatic attractions between molecules related to regions of opposite charge?

van der Waals forces

Lipids are hydrophobic, which means they do not dissolve in ____________.

water

What is the primary function of lipids?

Energy storage

What type of macromolecule is responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids

How do suspensions differ from solutions?

In suspensions, particles settle to the bottom. In solutions, the particles do not settle, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

Which explain ways that the periodic table of elements is useful?

It organizes information about known elements, it allows the properties of undiscovered elements to predicted.

What are the major categories of biological macromolecules?

Lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins

What is a characteristic of a balanced equation?

The number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side.

An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons becomes a(n) _________ and carries an electric charge.

ion

Which term describes an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and carries an electric charge?

ion

A(n) ____________ ____________ is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms.

ionic bond

What describes an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms?

ionic bond

In living things, ____________ help maintain homeostasis and help transmit signals related to the senses.

ions

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called _______________.

isotopes

Carbon dating is an example of a practical application of ________________.

isotopes

The basic structure of a _____ includes a fatty acid tail made up of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms by single or double bonds.

lipid

_______________ are molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up the fats, oils, and waxes.

lipids

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together are called _____________.

macromolecules

The law of conservation of ______________ states that in chemical reactions, matter cannot be created or destroyed.

mass

Anything that has mass and takes up space is, by definition, _____________.

matter

The ____________, the substances formed during the reaction, are shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation.

products

Which term describes the substances formed during the reaction, which are shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation?

products

Which is a compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids?

protein

Your muscles, skin, and hair are made of _____________.

proteins

The particles located in the nucleus that have a positive charge are called ________________.

protons

Which are subatomic particles found in atoms?

protons, neutrons, electrons

A chemical equation shows the ____________, the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.

reactants

Which term describes the starting substances, which are shown on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation?

reactants

Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called ____________ ____________ because no more hydrogens can bond to the tail.

saturated fats

Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called ______________ _____________ because no more hydrogens can bond to the tail.

saturated fats

What are characteristics of covalent bonds?

single, double, and triple bonds and sharing of electrons

A _____________ is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.

solute

Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a _______________.

solution

What is the term used for a homogeneous mixture?

solution

Which is a substance in which another substance is dissolved?

solvent

Why are some isotopes radioactive?

some nuclei are unstable and emit radiation during decay

Protons, neutrons and electrons are ___________ __________________ _______________ _________ ___________ ___________.

the component parts of an atom.

What characteristic is used to distinguish monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

the number of units in the chain

What are the functions of proteins?

transporting substances, controlling cell growth, communicating signals, speeding up chemical reactions

True or false: Because of hydrogen bonding, ice floats on liquid water.

true

True or false: Water forms droplets due to van der Waals forces.

true

True or false: Water's solvent properties result from polarity.

true