BIOH112 FINAL - THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The area labeled as D on the illustration is the primary _______ area

visual

Brain Stem - Function

Act as relay centers for processing and controlling involuntary reflexes for vision and hearing, and govern reflexes vital to life

Spinal Cord - Functions

Assist in maintaining homeostasis Nerve impulse propagation • Ascending (sensory) or descending (motor) nerve impulse propagation Information integration •Spinal reflexes - fast, involuntary responses to stimuli processed in the gray matter of spinal cord

Cerebrum - White Matter Tracts

Association tracts •Conduct impulses between gyri of the same hemisphere Commissural tracts •Conduct impulses between gyri of different hemispheres - Corpus callosum - largest fiber bundle in brain - Anterior and posterior commissures Projection tracts •Conduct impulses between cerebrum and lower CNS regions

arachnoid matter

Avascular web of delicate collagen and elastic fibers • Separated from dura mater by subdural space

Limbic System includes what function?

Broad region including parts of cerebrum and diencephalon. Encircles upper brain stem and corpus callosum. Primary role in emotional aspects of behavior •Pain, pleasure, docility, rage, anger, affection Also role in memory and olfaction

The motor speech area usually located in the left frontal lobe, which plans and allows speech, is also known as A Option A: Broca's area B Option B: Wernicke's area C Option C: auditory association area D Option D: premotor area E Option E: None of the choices is correct.

Broca's area

Diencephalon - Function

Central core of brain tissue from brain stem to cerebrum, surrounding third ventricle. It is involved in variety of sensory and motor processing between higher and lower brain centers. includes Thalamus, hypothalmus and pineal gland

Major Divisions of CNS Brain

Cerebrum - left and right hemispheres • Diencephalon - includes thalamus and hypothalamus • Brain stem - includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata • Cerebellum - posterior segment

Cerebral Cortex Motor Areas Primary motor area (precentral gyrus)

Controls voluntary contractions of specific skeletal muscles or muscle groups on opposite side of body •More cortical area devoted to muscles involved in skilled, complex, or delicate movement

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Created by tightly connected endothelial cells of CNS capillaries and astrocyte processes that press up against the capillaries. Protects CNS from harmful substances and pathogens Controls what can and cannot cross from blood into interstitial fluid of CNS tissues • Glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, most anesthetics, alcohol, and some other substances can cross • Toxins, most antibiotics, and proteins cannot cross

Spinal Cord Tracts Ascending (sensory)x

Direct pathways - cerebral cortex voluntary movement of skeletal muscles Indirect pathways - brain stem automatic movements of skeletal muscles

Spaces Associated with Meninges

Dural sinuses - brain only • Blood from brain, delivers to internal jugular veins Subdural space - brain and spinal cord • Interstitial fluid Epidural space - spinal cord only • Fat and connective tissue • Interstitial fluid Subarachnoid space - brain and spinal cord • Cerebrospinal fluid • Along spinal cord only: denticulate ligaments extend laterally from pia mater to fuse with arachnoid mater to protect from sudden displacement of spinal cord

Spinal cord

Extends inferiorly from brain stem to level of first or second lumbar vertebrae

Cerebrum - Basal Nuclei Located deep in the cerebral white matter

Functions Help initiate and terminate movements Regulate muscle tone Control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles Influence some cognitive processes

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Functions • Mechanical protection - buoyancy and shock-absorption • Chemical protection - maintain optimal ionic concentrations of interstitial fluid • Circulation of nutrients - efficient exchange

_________matter on each side of the spinal cord is divided into regions called horns.

Grey

cerebellum - function

Highly folded surface that greatly increases surface area of outer gray matter cortex, allowing for greater number of neurons • Evaluates, smoothes, and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles; also maintains posture and balance

flip over for question and answer

Identify the indicated area of the spinal cord in this image. A Option A: anterior white column B Option B: lateral horn C Option C: anterior white commissure D Option D: anterior median fissure answer: anterior white column

Cerebrum - Function

Interprets sensory impulses • Controls muscular movements • Functions in intellectual processes

Fissures and sulci

Longitudinal fissure - between hemispheres • Central sulcus - between frontal and parietal lobes -Separates major gyri: precentral and postcentral gyrus • Lateral sulcus - between frontal and temporal lobes • Parieto-occipital sulcus - between parietal and occipital lobe

The three paired cerebellar peduncles are the superior, ________________ and inferior peduncles.

MIDDLE

Which of the following is associated with the limbic system? Select all that apply. A Option A : primary role in fear, aggression and rage B Option B : experience of a range of emotions such as intense pain or extreme pleasure C Option C : sense of olfaction D Option D : sense of taste

Option A : primary role in fear, aggression and rage Option B : experience of a range of emotions such as intense pain or extreme pleasure Option C : sense of olfaction

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? A Option A: carries nutrients from blood to adjacent neural tissue B Option B: transports hypothalamic hormones to the pituitary gland C Option C: allows brain to float in cranium D Option D: resists ionic changes that could disrupt neural tissue impulses

Option B: transports hypothalamic hormones to

All of the following are functions of the cerebellum EXCEPT A Option A: coordinating complex motor activities B Option B: regulating posture and balance C Option C: smoothing out muscle movements D Option D: control of pituitary secretions

Option D: control of pituitary secretions

Thalamus

Relays and processes sensory impulses to the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex • Transmits input from the cerebellum to the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex • Together with other brain areas, it functions in movement control, maintenance of consciousness, pain perception, memory, learning, and cognition

Cortex (gray matter with gyri/sulci) can be divided into specialized functional areas

Sensory areas •Allow perception (conscious awareness) of sensory information Motor areas •Control the execution of voluntary movements Association areas •Concerned with more complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, emotions, and intelligence

Protection of CNS skeletal

Skull - cranial bones form cavity • Vertebral column - vertebral foramina for canal

Cerebral Cortex Association Areas

Somatosensory association area • Permits you to evaluate an object by touch and to sense the relationship of one body part to another; also stores memories of past somatic sensory experiences

question and answer on the next slide

Which of the following would primarily be found in the area indicated on the spinal cord image? A Option A: unmyelinated axons B Option B: interneuorn cell bodies C Option C: myelinated axons D Option D: cerebrospinal fluid Answer: C

Internal (medulla) •

White matter - tracts of myelinated axons • Propagate impulses for communication within CNS

Cerebral cortex sensory areas are found primarily A Option A: in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum B Option B: in front of the central sulcus C Option C: behind the central sulcus D Option D: in the basal nuclei

behind the central sulcus

Associated with the limbic system, the _______ produces fear and rage. When removed from an animal, the animal lacks fear. A Option A: amygdala This is correct answer B Option B: hypothalamus You got it wrong' C Option C: hippocampus D Option D: caudate nucleus

amygdala

Each cerebellar hemisphere consists of three lobes, the ___________ , posterior, and flocculonodular lobes.

anterior

Which of the following parts of the spinal cord contain somatic motor nuclei that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles? A Option A: posterior gray horns B Option B: anterior white horns C Option C: anterior gray horns D Option D: anterior gray column E Option E: lateral gray horns

anterior gray horns

Three main membranes, called meninges, surround the brain and spinal cord. The middle of these three layers is the A Option A: dura mater B Option B: falx C Option C: arachnoid mater D Option D: pia mater E Option E: subdural mater

arachnoid mater

Which type of cerebral white matter conducts nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere? A Option A: association tracts B Option B: commissural tracts C Option C: peduncles D Option D: projection tracts

association tracts

Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of two structures:

brain spinal cord

Which part of the brain consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain? A Option A: brain stem B Option B: cerebrum C Option C: cerebellum D Option D: diencephalon E Option E: dura mater

brain stem

The medulla oblongata contains which nuclei? Select all that apply. A Option A : cardiovascular center B Option B : medullary respiratory center C Option C : pontine respiratory center D Option D : inferior colliculi

cardiovascular center, medullary respiratory center

Which of the basal nuclei has a head, body, and tail? A Option A: caudate nucleus B Option B: putamen C Option C: thalamus D Option D: globus pallidus

caudate nucleus

Which CNS structure contains the flocculonodular lobe? A Option A: cerebellum B Option B: cerebrum C Option C: midbrain D Option D: pons

cerebellum

Which of the following is NOT a site of cerebrospinal fluid production? A Option A: cerebral aqueduct B Option B: third ventricles C Option C: fourth ventricle D Option D: lateral ventricles

cerebral aqueduct

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are all located in the A Option A: brain stem B Option B: cerebrum C Option C: cerebellum D Option D: spinal cord

cerebrum

Which structure assists with moving cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the CNS? A Option A: cilia B Option B: flagella C Option C: pseudopods D Option D: microvilli

cilia

The part of the brain labeled in this illustration of the brain in the sagittal section functions to A Option A: relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex B Option B: control the autonomic nervous system C Option C: coordinate movements and regulate balance D Option D: monitor body temperature

coordinate movements and regulate balance (cerebellum)

Which of the following is the outermost of the cranial meninges? A Option A: arachnoid mater B Option B: dura mater C Option C: denticulate ligaments D Option D: pia mater

dura mater

The limbic system provides which of the following functions? Select all that apply. A Option A : memory B Option B : vision C Option C : fear D Option D : smell

fear, memory, smell

Which ventricle is located between the brainstem and cerebellum? A Option A: first B Option B: second C Option C: third D Option D: fourth

fourth

Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the area that controls voluntary contractions of different skeletal muscles? A Option A: occipital lobe B Option B: temporal lobe C Option C: frontal lobe D Option D: parietal lobe

frontal lobe

The ____________ is a horizontal strip of gray matter containing the central canal.

gray commissure

In the ________ matter of the spinal cord, incoming and outgoing information is integrated.

grey

The ___________, part of the diencephalon, contains the thirst center.

hypothalamus

Which part of your brain controls body temperature, hunger, thirst and emotions such as rage? A Option A: hypothalamus B Option B: medulla oblongata C Option C: thalamus D Option D: cerebellum E Option E: fourth ventricle

hypothalamus

The _______ is responsible for controlling and regulating many homeostatic variables. A Option A: hypothalamus B Option B: pituitary gland C Option C: medulla oblongata D Option D: frontal lobe

hypothalmus

The gray matter of the two halves of the thalamus is divided by a vertical sheet of white matter called the A Option A: intermediate mass B Option B: internal capsule C Option C: internal peduncle D Option D: internal medullary lamina

internal medullary lamina

Which structure connects a lateral ventricle to the third ventricle? A Option A: lateral aperture B Option B: interventricular foramen C Option C: cerebral aqueduct D Option D: median aperture

interventricular foramen

Which ventricle is located in the cerebral hemispheres?

lateral

During intense pain or extreme pleasure, experiments have shown that a person's ___________ system is stimulated.

limbic

The ring of structures that act as the "emotional brain" is called the ________ system.

limbic

Which of the following is often referred to as our "emotional brain"? A Option A: the reticular activating system B Option B: the medulla oblongata C Option C: the limbic system D Option D: the pons

limbic system

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space through the single __________ aperture and paired lateral apertures.

median

The area labeled as E on the illustration is the primary ______________ area.

motor

Bundles of white matter in the spinal cord, which carry messages down the spinal cord are contained in A Option A: motor tracts B Option B: ascending tracts C Option C: sensory tracts D Option D: afferent tracts E Option E: All of the choices are correct.

motor tracts

The choroid plexuses are A Option A: networks of blood capillaries in the subarachnoid space B Option B: thin membranes that separate the ventricles C Option C: clusters of ependymal cells D Option D: networks of blood capillaries in the walls of ventricles

networks of blood capillaries in the walls of ventricles

Which of the following are spinal meninges? Select all that apply. A Option A : pia mater B Option B : dura mater C Option C : arachnoid mater Option D : falx cerebri

pia mater dura mater arachnoid mater

external anatomy spinal cord

pic

spinal cord internal anatomy

pic

The majority of cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the choroid _____________

plexuses

The area of the spinal cord that contains only sensory axons is the A Option A: posterior root B Option B: anterior root C Option C: anterior gray horn D Option D: posterior gray horn

posterior root

Which best describes the location of the cerebellum? A Option A: posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons B Option B: superior to the occipital lobe C Option C: anterior to the hypothalamus D Option D: inferior to the thalamus

posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons

Sensory information ascends to the brain via tracts found in which columns? Select all that apply. Option A: posterior white column Option B : lateral white column Option C : anterior white column Option D : gray commissure

posterior white column lateral white column anterior white column

Which of the following areas is indicated in the figure? A Option A: primary motor area B Option B: primary somatosensory area C Option C: Broca's area D Option D: primary gustatory area

primary motor area

Spinal ____________ occur when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter

reflexes

Under normal conditions, the rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation and reabsorption means that the volume and pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) A Option A: varies with daily activities B Option B: increases with exercise C Option C: remains constant D Option D: decreases when sleeping

remains constant

The thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles is the A Option A: cerebral aqueduct B Option B: third ventricle C Option C: septum pellucidum D Option D: thalamus

septum pellucidum

Which of the following are sensory tracts that occur in the white matter of the spinal cord? A Option A: medial reticulospinal tracts B Option B: lateral reticulospinal tracts C Option C: anterior corticospinal tracts D Option D: spinothalamic tracts

spinothalamic tracts

Which lobe of the cerebrum is indicated?

temporal

The bridge of gray matter that crosses the third ventricle to join the right and left halves of the _____________ is the interthalamic adhesion or intermediate mass.

thalamus

The diencephalon includes which of the following structures? Select all that apply. A Option A : thalamus B Option B : hypothalamus C Option C : pineal gland D Option D : pons

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

The cauda equina is A Option A: tapered conical portion of the spinal cord B Option B: an extension of the filum terminale C Option C: the enlargement inferior to the lumbar spinal enlargement D Option D: the roots of the lower spinal nerves that angle inferiorly alongside the filum terminale

the roots of the lower spinal nerves that angle inferiorly alongside the filum terminale

Which ventricle is located in the middle of the thalamus? A Option A: second B Option B: first C Option C: fourth D Option D: third

third

The spinothalamic tract in the spinal cord conveys which of the following sensory information up to the thalamus? Select all that apply. A Option A : vibrations B Option B : tickling C Option C : crude touch D Option D : deep pressure

tickling, crude touch, deep pressure

The interventricular foramina connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle. This is correct answer A Option A: True B Option B:False

true

he cerebral aqueduct connects the third and fourth ventricles. A Option A: True B Option B:False

true

In the spinal cord, the _______ provides nerve impulse propagation. A Option A: white matter You got it right B Option B: gray matter C Option C: central canal D Option D: pia mater

white matter

Auditory association area

• Allows you to recognize a particular sound Wernicke's area • Interprets the meaning of speech by translating words into thoughts

Prefrontal cortex

• Concerned with personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, judgment, reasoning, conscience, intuition, and development of abstract ideas

Premotor area

• Controls sequential muscle contractions, and serves as a memory bank for complex movements

Frontal eye field area

• Controls voluntary scanning movements of the eye

Protection of CNS Cerebrospinal fluid

• Fluid in space between meninges and inside cavities of brain and spinal cord • Buoyant, and shock-absorbing cushion

Basal nuclei

• Functional clusters of gray matter (neuronal cell bodies) deep within white matter Lobes named for superficial cranial bone •Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital •Insula: deeper, within lateral fissure

brain stem - Midbrain

• Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses •Process visual and auditory data •Maintenance of consciousness

Common integrative area

• Integrates sensory interpretations from the association areas, allowing thoughts based on sensory input

Cerebrum - Sectional Anatomy Cortex

• Outer rim of gray matter - Gyri - folds of cortex - Sulci - shallow grooves between gyri - Fissures - deepest grooves, between major sections •

Pineal gland

• Secretes the hormone melatonin • Promotes sleepiness •Appears to contribute to setting the body's biological clock

Dura mater

• Strongest, dense, irregular connective tissue • Adheres to periosteum of cranial bones • Three extensions separate portions of brain • Double layer forms dural sinuses • Separated from spinal cord by epidural space

Protection of CNS Meninges

• Three protective, connective tissue layers • Cranial and spinal meninges continuous with each other

Pia mater

• Transparent, adheres tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord • Separated from arachnoid by subarachnoid space

Visual association area

• Utilizes past visual experiences for recognizing and evaluating what is seen

brain stem - Medulla Oblongata

•Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive activities •Relay sensory information to thalamus

Broca's area

•Controls muscles of larynx, pharynx, and mouth for production of speech •Coordinates control of muscles for breathing to regulate proper flow of air

hypothalmus

•One of the major regulators of homeostasis • Control of autonomic nervous system (ANS) • Production of hormones, especially related to pituitary gland • Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns • Regulation of eating and drinking • Control of body temperature • Regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness

brain stem - Pons

•Relay sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus. •Relays signals for voluntary movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum •Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

Spinal Cord Tracts Ascending (sensory)

•Spinothalamic tract - pain, warmth, coolness, itching, tickling, deep pressure, crude touch •Posterior column - discriminative touch, light pressure, vibration, conscious proprioception