BIOL 10 PRACTICE 4

Place the following events, of the flow of information in all organism, in order, with the exception of retroviruses.

1. DNA provides the "blueprint" for a protein 2. RNA is synthesized to provide codons 3. Amino acids are linked together to make a protein

Which of these bests describes a virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

Which of the following disorders are in response to the immune system's inability to differentiate self from non-self

Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis

The immune system's role is to

actively seek and destroy pathogens

The contents of genes in viruses are ____ that of living organisms

less than

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA.

The following statements relate to either the innate or adaptive system. Select those that only apply to the adaptive immune system.

1. Antibody production 2. Cell mediated immunity 3. Antibody mediated immunity

Which of the following characteristics of life are present in viruses?

Ability to evolve over time

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

During an influenza infection, most of the symptoms felt are caused by the virus destroying the host cells

False

The closer two organisms are related, the more time there has been for mutations to occur in the genetic information

False

Which of the following statements about the component of the flu vaccine and its intended function is true?

Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from the virus or bacteria that may have been present during production

As influenza A progresses through the respiratory tract, the _____ of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface

H spikes

Which of the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine?

Influenza evolves rapidly It takes six months to develop the vaccine There are many strains of influenza All of the answer choices are challenges in creating an annual influenza vaccine (CORRECT)

Which structure on the influenza virus provides attachment to the surface of the targeted host cell?

The H spikes

Which of the following best distinguishes viral genetic material from the genetic material of a living organism?

The viral genome is either DNA or RNA and encodes for fewer proteins.

The influenza virus targets epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract. What is the normal function of epithelial cells?

They form boundaries between the body tissue and internal environments

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

a killed version of the virus or antigen specific to the virus

One method of constructing an influenza vaccine is to use an influenza strain that has been modified by removing proteins that contribute to its virulence. The process is called _____

attenuation

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

Biologists, who study _____, are interested in understanding evolution as process of life.

genetic material ecosystems systematics ALL OF THE ABOVE (CORRECT)

The most common flu vaccine is called trivalent vaccine because

it contains three different strains of inactivated viruses

The chickenpox virus can remain latent in host cells be integrating its DNA into the host cell genome. The virus uses the _____ cycle as its main life cycle pathway.

lysogenic

The adaptive immune response can remember past exposures to pathogens by holding _____ in reserve

memory B cells

The cytochrome c protein is sometimes used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species. This is because

the closer the DNA sequences are between species, the closer they are related on an evolutionary scale

Studying the Hox gene has shown geneticists that

the more similar the Hox gene is between organisms, the more similar the embryonic development is between those organisms.

Physician Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox, a harmless pathogen related to the dangerous smallpox virus, as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. Today a similar method is used with the influenza vaccine. This is an example of _____

Active immunity

Select three of the components that were proposed by Darwin for natural selection to occur.

1. Populations experience differential reproductive success 2. Variation within a population is heritable 3. Populations experience competition for resources

Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation

True

The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a _____ over time.

population

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle.

lytic

Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its ability to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger

both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity

The influenza proteins that target host cells have a complex, _____ shape.

three-dimensional

What is the first reaction of the body due to the influenza virus disrupting the normal function of the epithelial cells in the respiratory system?

Fluid accumulation in the lungs

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, the vaccine was less than 30% effective. This is an example of

antigenic drift

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called _____

antigenic shift

Antigenic shift

can result in an influenza strain that the human immune system has not been exposed to was responsible for the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic causes rapid change in the influenza virus All of the answer choices are correct (CORRECT)

One of the four categories of the innate immune system is the inflammatory system, its role is to

increase blood flow in the infected area allow fluid, containing cells from the immune system, to reach the infected area isolate the infection to a limited area ALL OF THE ABOVE (CORRECT)

Match the cytokine with its role in the immune response

increased permeability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area: histamine alert neighboring cells of an infecting virus: interferon regulate the general immune response: interleukin

Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

produce a higher amount of antibodies have an overall more efficient immune response have a quicker recovery time from an infection ALL OF THE ABOVE (CORRECT)

B cell activation, through anti-body mediated immunity, results in the

production of plasma cells secretion of antibodies production of memory B cells All of the answer choices are correct (CORRECT)

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection?

A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell All of the answer choices describe the relationship between mutations and evolution (CORRECT)

From the list provided, select all characteristics of the influenza envelope

1. It contains parts of the host cell's plasma membrane 2. It contains N and H spikes

From the list provided, select all viruses that have DNA as the genetic material.

1. Smallpox 2. Chickenpox 3. Herpes

From the list provided, select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur

1. There must be a variation for a trait within a population 2. An advantageous trait must be passed on to the next generation

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

Consider the following scenario: A fish that was normally found in freshwater has evolved and can now survive in brackish (containing a mixture of fresh and salt) water. How would this affect other levels of biology?

The evolution of the fish would affect all other levels of biology, including other populations, communities, and ecosystems.

The core proteins of the influenza virus are more effective antigens to be used in a vaccine

True

Which of the following events would result in the formation of an influenza virus that would threaten humans?

Viral genetic material exchange between different populations

Which of the following statements is true about the production of the influenza vaccine?

Viruses are injected into mammalian cells, then viral particles are extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines Viruses are injected into fertilized eggs, incubated, then viral particles are extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines A protein responsible for the H spikes of the flu virus is added to a harmless virus that infects insect cells, causing them to produce massive amounts of H spike protein. The extracted H spike protein is then purified and used to make vaccines All three methods describe different approaches used to make flu vaccines (CORRECT)