BIOL 100

So, you look at the graph in question 35

Answers:

Viruses are

not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

Answer: Know diagram this will be on test!!!

A requirement of CLADISTICS is that a grouping must include ________.

a common ancestor and all its descendants

Which numbered point on the tree represents the most recent common ancestor of crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

2 a branch point represents a species that is the ancestor of all species that fall on lines to the right. So point #2 is the only branch point that includes those 3 groups of organisms but not lizards and snakes.

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics? a. The bacteria mutated as a survival response to the presence of antibiotics, enabling the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotics. b. The antibiotics caused mutations in the DNA of the bacteria, making them resistant to the antibiotics. c. Researchers added antibiotic resistant bacteria to the culture, so that the bacteria would continue to grow across the area with antibiotics. d. A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present. (d)

Current Events: Trees That Survived California Drought May Hold Clue to Climate Resilience (NPR, 10/16/2019) Read this National Public Radio article and then answer the questions. Which of the following is most likely to survive a changing climate? A species with a large amount of genetic diversity. A species in which all members are genetic clones. A species with all genetically identical members. A species with low genetic diversity.

A species with a large amount of genetic diversity.

What is the most common STD that is caused by bacteria? a. Herpes b. Gonorrhea c. AIDS d. Chlamydia

Chlamydia (this is the answer from the book). Herpes and AIDs are both Viruses. No to answer choice of - Gonorrhea is an STD BUT THE QUESTION ASKS FOR THE MOST COMMON. This is why it is so important to read the question. Many people are going to choose wrong because they do not read the question CAREFULLY.

Start of Pre-Lecture Homework 7 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things? a. exhibiting complex organization b. having DNA as a genetic code c. responding to stimuli d. being capable of reproduction e. creating energy

Creating energy. All the other things in the list are characteristics of living things. Remember living things TRANSFER ENERGY, they DO NOT CREATE ENERGY. This is an important distinction.

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?

Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. Reason: Gene flow occurs when individuals move into or out of a population, changing the allele frequencies in the population. In this case, new brown beetles in the population cause the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

Habitat loss has driven the population of the Florida panther (Puma concolor cougar) to extremely low numbers. Which mechanism of microevolution is likely at play in this species?

Genetic drift: the bottleneck effect

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection?

Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food. Reason: Natural selection occurs when organisms with one inherited trait survive and reproduce more than organisms with other traits.

Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms?

Inflammatory response This was on pre-lecture 7

Based on these data, during which range of months does "flu season" occur in a typical year? January-February January-April April-July October-December

January-April (this is kinda a trick question. The graph gives no months of the year, you have to interpret the months based on the graph) Correct In a typical year, the tallest bars on the graph (representing peak flu deaths) can be found in the first third of the year. These correlate to a flu season that extends from January through April.

Can you identify the plant group to which each of these organisms belongs? Drag each organism to the appropriate bin.

Just review. Low yield in terms of being on Test

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

Know how the bacteriophage virus infects bacteria (Lecture 6)

A degenerative brain disorder transmitted by cannibalism is called ________.

Kuru

A virus enters your system and successfully invades and infects a cell. At this point it is vulnerable to recognition or attack by _____.

T-cells

In addition to behavioral isolation, other reproductive barriers that may prevent populations from breeding and producing fertile offspring include: To right are just notes

Temporal isolation (mating or fertilization occurs at different seasons or times of day) Habitat isolation (populations live in different habitats and do not meet) Mechanical isolation (structural differences prevent fertilization) Gametic isolation (female and male gametes fail to unite in fertilization)

Before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution? a. That species evolved by means of natural selection b. That species evolved through physical changes that led to success c. That species were modified over time but did not change into new species d. That species were permanent and unchanging

That species were permanent and unchanging.

What is radiometric dating? a.The process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes b. The process of determining the age of a fossil based on its location in layers of rocks c. The mineralization process by which living things are turned into fossils d. The process of determining the age of a fossil using radio waves

The process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes

Drag the labels to complete the concept map about macroevolution.

The process of macroevolution refers to major evolutionary changes over time, through which new types of organisms originate from previously existing, but different, ancestors. Learn the map

Based on the results, drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.You look at the diagram graph from question 32.

The questions are asked in the fill-in diagram here.

What does the left most point of this figure represent? a. The species that is a common ancestor to all life on Earth b. The first eukaryotic organism c. The species that is a common ancestor to just lizards and crocodiles d. The species that is a common ancestor to just birds and dinosaur e. The species that is a common ancestor to all species shown on the tree

The species that is a common ancestor to all species shown on the tree

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

This is very important learn this. He will definitely ask about these definitions. Know the difference between the two cycles.

What is represented along the X-axis of this phylogenetic tree

Time

Use the graph to choose the three true statements.

Use the above graph. The correct answers are checked off.

Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?

Vaccine. Know this one, it will be on test.

Can you identify the type of evidence for evolution illustrated by each example? Match each key term to the appropriate description. Terms may be used more than once.

You have to review this fill-in table. He is going to ask something from this!

When a B cell binds to a virus or other pathogen, it _____.

becomes activated, divides rapidly, and thereby mounts a specialized response against the pathogen.

By what means do prokaryotes typically divide?

binary fission

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics? ANSWER: a. encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development b. searching the rainforest for new chemicals that can be used as antibiotics c. conducting research to see whether our current antiviral medications could be used as antibiotics to combat bacteria d. spending federal tax money to set up government labs specifically for new drug research and development

encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

The evolution of populations due to chance is

genetic drift

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift

has more effect on the evolution of a small population. Reason: Genetic drift affects the evolution of small populations more than it affects the evolution of large populations.

Over time, the DNA sequences of organisms become more and more different from the DNA sequences of their ancestors. If you were to compare the DNA sequences among the 6 groups of organisms shown here, which group of organisms would you predict would have sequences most different from the other 5? a. crocodilians b. lizards and snakes c. Saurichian dinosaurs d. birds e. pterosaurs

lizards and snakes because lizards and snakes have the moist ancient common ancestor with the rest of the organism shown here, we would expect their DNA sequences to be most different.

What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"? Select all that apply.

see diagram for answer selections Reason: Natural selection can only work on variation existing in a population. Mutation creates variation randomly. Natural selection is not random; by determining which traits are passed to the next generation, it can shape populations.

Antibodies are _____.

specialized proteins that attach to pathogens and disable them or mark them for destruction by immune cells

An invasive species is a species that ________.

spreads rapidly outside its native range and causes damage

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles,

the frequency of the green allele will increase. Reason: If birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, then green beetles will survive and reproduce more than brown beetles. This causes the frequency of the green allele to increase.

When speaking of the anatomy of a virus, we can say that _____

the genome is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, which may or may not be surrounded by an envelope.

Binary fission produces __________.

two genetically identical bacterial cells Reason: Binary fission literally means splitting in half. Cells that undergo binary fission produce two genetically identical cells.

Mutations are always __________. a. neutral b. a change in an individual's DNA c. bad d. good

b. change in an individual's DNA Reason: Mutations are rare genetic changes that can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental depending on an individual's circumstances. A dark-color fur mutation is good for a rock pocket mouse living on black lava and bad for one living in the sandy desert.

Which of the following pathogens causes mad cow disease? ANSWER: a. A bacterium b. A virus c. A viroid d. A prion

A Prion Reason: Mad cow disease is caused by a specific type of prion (an incorrectly folded protein) that forms deposits in brain tissue. This will be on test!!

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance? a. using high doses of antibiotics in animal feed, so that we are not exposed to the bacteria (contributes MOST of antibiotic resistance). b. taking antibiotics for all infections, including viral infections (contributes MOST of antibiotic resistance) c. taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor d. stopping taking the antibiotics as soon as you feel better, thereby decreasing the exposure of the bacteria to the antibiotics (contributes MOST to antibiotic resistance).

ANSWER: taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor Remember to read the question carefully, this is asking what contributes the LEAST to antibiotic resistance. If you take the whole course of treatment that is good and thus the LEAST problem of antibiotic resistance. But if he asks what leads the MOST problem of antibiotic resistance. Then all the other

Which of the following is evidence for evolution in action? a. Mosquitoes becoming resistant to pesticides b. The different domesticated breeds of dogs customized for our needs c. Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics over time d. All are evidence for evolution

All are evidence for evolution

What is the condition called when your body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign particle?

Allergy This will be on test.

Endosymbiosis is the internalization of one species by a host species. According to the endosymbiotic hypothesis, internalized prokaryotes eventually evolved into eukaryotic organelles. Drag the images to the targets of Group 1 in the order of the endosymbiotic hypothesis. Then match each description with the appropriate step.

Ancestral prokaryotic cells evolved into the first eukaryotic cells through an inward folding of the plasma membrane and the engulfment and incorporation of other free-living prokaryotic cells. Those engulfed cells functioned as organelles that metabolize oxygen and photosynthesize. Review diagram. I think this will be on test!

Which of the following do NOT get infected by viruses? a. Plants b. Bacteria c. Animals d. Animals, plants, and bacteria can all get infected by viruses

Animals, plants, and bacteria can all get infected by viruses

Can you place these events from the evolutionary history of life on a time line? Drag each event in the evolutionary history of life on Earth to its proper location on the time line.

Answer

Match each scenario with the mechanism of speciation it illustrates. Sort each item to the appropriate bin.

Answer Allopatric speciation results when a population is separated by a physical barrier, causing reproductive isolation. Sympatric speciation occurs without physical separation of members of the population.

Can you label the structures of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer Know this by heart, it will be on test!

Drag the terms to their correct locations in this concept map about clonal selection.

Answer Know this will be on test

Which mechanism? Drag the appropriate label under each image to identify the evolutionary mechanism at work. Labels may be used more than once.

Answer (know these examples) they will be on test!!!

Can you match each immune system term with its description? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

Answer about immune system. Must know these definitions.

Can you identify the mechanisms of evolution illustrated by each of these examples? Match each key term to the appropriate description. Terms may be used more than once.

Answer:

Can you match the terms to their definitions? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

Answer:

Hormones and homeostasis Drag each label to the appropriate location on the diagram of a homeostasis pathway.

Answer:

Match the following examples with the correct type of reproductive barrier.

Answer:

Learning through Art: HIV Structure Can you identify the functions of each part of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? Drag the labels to the appropriate locations on this diagram. Not all labels will be used.

Answer: Learn this model. HIV will be on the test!!!

Can you identify the reproductive barrier illustrated by each example? Match each key term to the appropriate description. Terms may be used more than once.

Answer: You will want to know these examples

Starting Post-Lecture Homework 7 Can you complete this concept map about the structures and functions of the circulatory system? Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on this concept map.

Answer: Know this chart, I think it will be on test!

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding human evolution? Select all that apply.

Answer: Know this will be on test! Reason: Since the 1950s, paleontologists have discovered an array of fossils of hominid ancestors that help us to understand the steps in the evolution of modern humans.

The diagram shows the steps in the homeostasis pathway that occur when blood glucose levels fall. Drag each label to the appropriate location on the diagram.

Answer: Know when blood glucose level is low! I bet on test!!

Which of the following results from Japanese markets would indicate that the Japanese fishing vessels off the coast of Japan (Location 1) have indeed reduced bycatch of humpback whales? (Refer back to the map in Part C to review which genetic types are found in the humpback whale population in Location 1.) Have to look at the Part C graph.

Answer: Picture number 3.

Which three statements may correctly explain why the population size increases after time point C?

Answer: See above Graph with A, B, C, D

Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives? Select all that apply.

Answer: This will be on test. Know the 3 things! Reason: All of these are important characteristics (see diagram) that are recorded in the fossil record and help to distinguish humans from other primates.

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"? a. Antibiotics are used every time a patient has disease symptoms, in order to prevent an infection from occurring. b. Antibiotics are used only until the patient feels better, therefore reducing the exposure to the antibiotics. c. Antibiotics are used to treat all infections, whether they are bacterial or viral, in order to bring about a full cure. d. Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person. (d)

Which time point on the graph shows when the antibiotic was first added?

B Reason: The addition of an antibiotic would kill most of the bacteria in a population, causing the population size to decline rapidly. This is the case at time point B.

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection? THIS WAS FROM AN ARTICLE READ, a. Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced. b. Antibiotics caused bacteria to reproduce more quickly than normal. c. Antibiotics caused mutations in the bacteria that were exposed to the largest doses of antibiotics. d. Some bacteria began to tolerate the antibiotics, and passed this ability to their offspring.

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced. THIS IS KIND OF A TRICK QUESTION. REMEMBER it is not the antibiotics that caused the mutation in the bacteria to become resistant. It is the BACTERIA THAT MUTATE DUE TO EVOLUTION/NATURAL SELECTION and then RAPIDLY REPRODUCE.

Experimental results: Uncovering illegal whaling As part of their study, Baker and his team examined minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) meat in Japanese markets. They sequenced each sample's DNA and then identified the genetic type of each minke sample—in this case, type A, B, C, or D.

Because the genetic types of minke whales vary by location, the researchers could determine if the meat came from minke populations in the Sea of Japan or from minke populations in the Pacific Ocean. Their results, shown below, were compared to records of legal whale catches to determine if such catches had been underreported.

Female fireflies choose mates based on the specific flash pattern displayed by males flying nearby. This is an example of ________.

Behavioral isolation

According this phylogenetic tree, which type of organism is more closely related to Saurischian dinosaurs? a. lizards and snakes b. crocodilians c. Ornithischian dinosaurs d. pterosaurs e. birds

Birds because they are in the same branching so they share the most common ancestors.

Which of the following best defines microevolution?

Changes in genes within a population over time

Drag the terms to their correct locations in this concept map about evolution.

Can you organize these terms that describe key ideas about evolution? MUST LEARN. EVOLUTION WILL BE ON TEST!

Which period of infection represents the immune system and/or pharmaceutical intervention working at its peak performance?

D

Which of the following examples uses the biological species concept to describe different species? a. Female horses and male donkeys are able to mate, but their offspring (mules) are infertile. b. Two populations of birds mate and produce offspring that subsequently mate with one another and produce offspring. c. Researchers use fossil evidence to define different dinosaur species. d. Researchers use DNA sequence data to conclude that two populations of bacteria are different species.

Female horses and male donkeys are able to mate, but their offspring (mules) are infertile. This will be on test! Reason: While horses and donkeys can breed to produce offspring (mules), the mules are infertile. Since mules are infertile, horses and donkeys are different species as defined by the biological species concept.

Patients with advanced AIDS often die from infections that do little harm to healthy people. Why? a. HIV infects and destroys the helper T cells of the immune system. b. HIV infects so many different types of cells in the patient that they are too weak to deal with any pathogen. c. Long-term use of anti-viral drugs weakens patients so that they cannot fight off opportunistic infections. d. The reverse transcriptase of HIV prevents the production of antibodies by the immune system.

HIV infects and destroys the helper T cells of the immune system. This will be on test!

The WebMD article is a secondary source. How do you know? Select all that apply.

He may ask about primary or secondary sources. Web MD is a secondary source: see diagram why. Review this information could be on test! Reason Web MD is secondary source: Examples of secondary sources are news stories, magazine articles, opinion pieces, and documentaries. A secondary source is written for the general public, and it is typically less detailed than a primary source. A secondary source does not usually contain terms, statistics, and vocabulary the general public may not understand. Furthermore, a secondary source is not based on the author's own research, but instead the author makes inferences based on multiple sources, which may include primary sources. In contrast, a primary scientific source is written by scientists based on their own work. Their audience is often other scientists, which allows them to include details, statistics, and vocabulary that only other scientists would understand. Primary scientific sources are often published in peer-reviewed journals.

Based on your results, drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

Here is the graph to review to answer the questions in 36

The earliest hominin to use fire was __________. Neanderthal man Australopithecus Homo erectus Homo habilis

Homo erectus (this is kind of a trick quesiton) he is asking first Hominin to use FIRE. The first every human was LUCY ( a female) she is Australopithecus

There are many organs and glands of the endocrine system, but which one is the master controller?

Hypothalamus

Review the Activity 5 assignment about the COVID-19 cases in the Chinese Wuhan Market. You know where they think Covid first started. Many initial patients were associated with being at or near this market.

I copied the assignment to the right for you to review.

How might global warming result in most grizzly bears having fur that is less dense in the future?

In any population of bears, some individuals have thick fur, some have thin fur, and some are in between. As temperatures increase with the passage of time, the survival of bears with thin fur will increase, and the number of bears in the population with thick fur will decrease. Reason: The number of bears with less dense fur changes over time due to natural selection/evolution.

Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms? See Section 11.12

Inflammatory response

The birds-of-paradise are a group of brightly colored birds living mostly in New Guinea that have elaborate and elongated feathers. Behavioral isolation prevents different birds-of-paradise species from mating and reproducing. Which of the following describes a behavioral isolation reproductive barrier? a. Males of one species perform orchestrated dances and sing songs that only attract females of the same species. b. Males and females of one species live on one side of the island and never venture to the other side where other species live. c. Males and females of one species are only active at night, while other species are only active during the day. d. Males of one species have shorter legs that only allow them to physically mate with females of the same species.

Males of one species perform orchestrated dances and sing songs that only attract females of the same species. Reason: Male birds-of-paradise attract females of the same species through highly elaborate dances and songs. Such behavioral tactics usually only attract mates of the same species.

How do vaccines convey long-term immunity to some pathogens? Memory cells Vaccines stimulate the formation of complement. Vaccines stimulate the formation of antigens. Vaccines stimulate lymphocytes to secrete mucus.

Memory cells. Reason: As part of the adaptive immune system, clonal selection produces large numbers of B and T lymphocytes that are all specific for the same antigen molecules. Some of the newly produced cells are memory cells that help convey long-term immunity to any invading cell that has the same antigen molecules. Know this will be on test. Do not get confused by all the other options.

What is the original source of variation that natural selection can act upon? a. Gene flow b. Genetic drift c. Mutation d. All of the above

Mutation

Due to natural selection, populations undergo unequal survival and reproductive success. Drag each description of bacterial drug resistance to the correct picture in the figure.

Natural selection is the process by which individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than other organisms. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of how natural selection occurs through evolution. See the diagram attached, must be able to follow.

In the Grand Canyon, fossils in rock layers at the bottom of the canyon are __________ than those in layers closer to the top.

OLDER ; Correct The oldest fossils are found in the deepest rock layers.

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic? a. Over time, the antibiotic will cause mutations in the bacteria. b. Every time the antibiotic is given, it will kill 99% of the bacterial population. c. Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria. d. Eventually, all of the bacterial population will be wiped out.

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

In the RNA virus (such as the one illustrated in the tutorial), what is the role of REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE?

Reverse transcriptase copies RNA to make DNA

Part C Graph

Review this Part C graph

Which of these sub-cellular structures is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? See Section 3.1

Ribosomes This will be on test.

Which of these sub-cellular structures is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Ribosomes (this was asked in pre-lecture)

Start of Lecture 6 Which of the following conditions are required for evolution to occur?

Select all that apply. See diagram

According to this phylogenetic tree, which bear is most closely related to the American black bear?

The Asiatic black bear because they share the most common ancestors as you can see by their branching they are grouped together.

In the example given in the tutorial, how did new viral particles exit the cell?

The RNA and proteins are assembled inside the host cell. These new viruses then bud off.

Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack? a. Having genetic material b. The ability to reproduce on their own c. Having highly ordered structure d. The ability to move

The ability to reproduce on their own (virus needs a host to reproduce).

Start of Post-Lecture 6 Which eukaryotic structures are thought to have been the result of extensive inward folding of the plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryotic cell? a. The endoplasmic reticulum b. Chloroplasts c. Mitochondria d. Ribosomes

The endoplasmic reticulum (answer choice could also include the nuclear envelope, and the Golgi apparatus)

Why is combination drug therapy for HIV/AIDS less likely to lead to resistance than single drug therapy?

The likelihood of one virus spontaneously mutating to be resistant to several different drugs at the same time is extremely small.

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps? a. The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria. b. Doctors are concerned that people will stop using antibiotics, and start using more antibacterial and antimicrobial products instead. c. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to humans than are antibiotics. d. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to bacteria than are antibiotics.

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

Which statement about the genome of the VIRUS is FALSE?

The viral genome includes neither DNA nor RNA

Of the events listed below, which one occurs last? a. The virus replicates b. The host cell and the virus fuse d. The capsid is removed e. The genome enters the host cell

The virus replicates

Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE?

The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of viruses. No this is false. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of BACTERIA.

- Scientific method: Testing a prediction The researchers bought samples of whale meat—all labeled simply as kujira, the generic Japanese term for whale meat—from markets in Japan and sequenced DNA from these samples. They compared their data with sequences from known whale species. Because subspecies of whales from different populations differ genetically, the researchers were able to analyze the genetic variation in their samples and learn the location from which the whales were likely captured. These results would indicate if illegal whale meat was being sold. Drag each statement under the step in the scientific method that it demonstrates.

These are steps for the scientific method with regard to this specific research question that researchers could analyze the genetic variation of whale meat. These results indicate if illegal meat was being sold.

Suppose you were in charge of sending an unmanned space probe to a new planet in search of life. The probe would be able to collect and test samples and make observations, but the planet is too far away for the probe to be able to bring samples back to Earth. The probe is small and would only be able to run a few tests, so you want to pick a test for evidence of life that is broad enough to incorporate all forms of life as we know it. Which one of the following tests would be the best to use in this situation?

a test for the presence of cells that contain DNA

Homeostasis is a living organism's

ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change.

The urinary tract represents a portal of entry for E. coli, a normal inhabitant of the GI tract. Introduction of this opportunistic pathogen and its subsequent colonization is known as

an infection

In the immune response, the end goal is to disable or kill pathogens that invade the body. But first, antibody proteins or proteins in immune cell membranes must recognize and bind to invaders. This is a challenge, given the vast diversity of pathogens that can infect us. To meet this challenge, immune proteins _____.

are diverse: each immune protein can bind to only one or a few pathogens, but immune proteins are tremendously diverse, so the system is likely to possess a "match" to nearly any pathogen

Which of the following can be found in bacteria, but not viruses? a. proteins b. a cell membrane c. nucleic acids d. genetic material

cell membrane, all the other things are in both bacteria and a virus. Remember Virus is not a living thing, so it does not have a cell membrane. Virus needs a host to survive and replicate.

Some viral diseases are dangerous only when a person is infected for the first time; subsequent infections produce only mild symptoms or go entirely unnoticed. This pattern can be explained by the action of _____. a. memory cells that trigger a secondary immune response b. specific antibodies that remain concentrated in the bloodstream for life after the first infection event c. T cells that trigger a primary immune response d. memory cells that trigger a primary immune response

memory cells that trigger a secondary immune response. Note: know this will be on test this is how vaccines work. Through memory cells that trigger a SECONDARY RESPONSE (NOT a primary response)

Due to differences in mating times, two sub-populations of frogs form into separate species, even though they occupy the same pond. This overall process is known as ________. a. allopatric speciation b. nonbranching evolution c. punctuated equilibrium d. sympatric speciation

sympatric speciation

A patient enters your office, feeling achy and tired. Subsequent evaluation reveals a temperature of 103.8 F. The achy and tired feeling represents a ____ of infection, and a temperature of 103.8 F represents a ____ of infection.

symptom; sign (in that order)

Some researchers have proposed that the human population was reduced to fewer than 10,000 individuals as a result of a catastrophic event that occurred about 50,000 years ago, and that all modern humans are descendants of this small population. If this proposal is true, it would be an example of __________. See Section 7.7

the bottleneck effect