BIOL 1002--Pomarico (Ch. 19)

In bacteria, the small, circular pieces of DNA that are located outside the chromosome are called: A) plasmids. B) sex pili. C) flagella. D) endospores. E) bacteriophages.

A) plasmids.

Some bacteria use H2S instead of H2O in photosynthesis, and they release: A) sulfur. B) ethanol. C) acetic acid. D) carbon monoxide. E) oxygen.

A) sulfur.

Which of the following causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)? A) viruses B) bacteria C) prions D) viroids E) archaea

A) viruses

Bacterial endospores are used for: A) bacterial reproduction. B) keeping the bacteria alive under harsh conditions. C) forming biofilms. D) bioremediation. E) attracting viruses.

B) keeping the bacteria alive under harsh conditions.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, is caused by: A) bacteria. B) prions. C) viruses. D) viroids. E) fungi.

B) prions.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by: A) bacteria. B) prions. C) viruses. D) viroids. E) fungi.

B) prions.

Binary fission is the method by which bacteria: A) survive extreme conditions for long periods of time. B) reproduce. C) acquire genetic variation. D) move to new locations. E) metabolize without oxygen.

B) reproduce.

Which of the following plants contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules? A) corn B) soybeans C) tomatoes D) potatoes E) oranges

B) soybeans

What do the sticky layers of protective slime produced by some bacteria enable them to do? A) sexually reproduce B) stick together and form biofilms C) acquire resistance to antibiotics D) move from one location to another E) survive extreme conditions for long periods of time

B) stick together and form biofilms

How do the flagella of bacteria differ from the flagella of archaea? A) Bacterial flagella occur at only one end of the cell. B) The flagella of archaea are scattered over the cell surface. C) Archaeal flagella are thinner than bacterial flagella. D) Bacterial flagella cannot rotate. E) Bacterial flagella are used for reproduction.

C) Archaeal flagella are thinner than bacterial flagella.

The causative agents of bubonic plague, which killed 100 million people during the 14th century, were: A) rats. B) fleas. C) bacteria. D) viruses. E) fish.

C) bacteria.

Viruses that attack prokaryotes are called: A) viroids. B) prions. C) bacteriophages. D) host cells. E) human pathogens.

C) bacteriophages.

Oil spills are sprayed with bacterial cultures in order to: A) kill the bacteria. B) make the oil easier to wash away. C) break down the oil. D) prevent the oil from sticking to wildlife. E) detoxify the oil.

C) break down the oil.

Through which process are bacteria able to exchange genetic material? A) endospore formation B) photosynthesis C) conjugation D) sexual reproduction E) anaerobic respiration

C) conjugation

Which of the following causes infectious sores on the mucous membranes of the mouth that occur during times of stress? A) Bacillus anthracis B) Escherichia C) herpes virus D) Listeria E) prions

C) herpes virus

Antibiotics can be effective only against a: A) virus. B) prion. C) viroid. D) bacterium.

D) bacterium.

Sex pili are prokaryotic structures that are used: A) during binary fission. B) for movement. C) for adhering to surfaces. D) during conjugation. E) for gathering prey.

D) during conjugation.

For which of the following diseases or conditions should antibiotics be used? A) smallpox B) Lyme disease C) AIDS (to combat HIV) D) mad cow disease E) a common cold

Lyme Disease

Which structure enables a bacterium to survive and infect a host even after a long period of desiccation? A) protein coat B) pili C) capsule D) slime layer E) endospore

E) endospore

The classification of bacteria has historically been based on: A) nutrient requirements only. B) the appearance of colonies only. C) the means of locomotion only. D) pigments. E) microbial nutrition, physical appearance, and how they move.

E) microbial nutrition, physical appearance, and how they move.

All bacteria are harmful to humans. True or False?

False

Anaerobic bacteria require high levels of oxygen to survive. True or False?

False

Bacteria are able to increase their genetic variability by reproducing sexually. True or False?

False

Bacteria are multicellular microbes. True or False?

False

Bacterial endospores are easily damaged by heat and drying. True or False?

False

Because viruses have limited genetic material, their mutation rates are very low. True or False?

False

Biofilms are the immune system's way to keep pathogens from colonizing a host. True or False?

False

Bioremediation is the process in which bacteria digest plants and release oily toxins. True or False?

False

Kuru is caused by one of the archaea. True or False?

False

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria remove nitrogen from plants and return it to the soil. True or False?

False

Smallpox is caused by infected rats. True or False?

False

Viruses contain both DNA and RNA. True or False?

False

Are viruses alive or not? Explain your reasoning.

Viruses are simply genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They are able to make copies of themselves only with the help of a host cell. Viruses are not organized on a cellular level and have no metabolism, cytoplasm, or self-made membranes. They cannot synthesize organic molecules. Because they lack these and other characteristics of living organisms, they should not be considered alive.

Intestinal bacteria are necessary for plant-eating animals to digest: A) lipids. B) cellulose. C) nitrogen. D) carbon dioxide. E) proteins.

B) cellulose.

Through which process do bacteria recycle nutrients in the environment? A) photosynthesis B) binary fission C) endospore formation D) conjugation E) decomposition

E) decomposition

The use of bacteria to break down pollutants is referred to as: A) biosynthesis. B) bioremediation. C) nitrogen-fixation. D) binary fission. E) biofixation.

B) bioremediation.

Which of the following is within the size range of a typical prokaryote? A) a cell 2 micrometers in diameter B) a cell 25 micrometers in diameter C) a cell 100 micrometers in diameter D) a cell 700 micrometers long E) a cell the size of the period at the end of this sentence

A) a cell 2 micrometers in diameter

Which of the following has no organelles, ribosomes, or cytoplasm? A) a virus B) a bacterium C) a cyanobacterium D) an alga E) a plant

A) a virus

Viroids: A) are infectious pieces of RNA. B) are infectious pieces of DNA enclosed in a protein coat. C) have a plasma membrane. D) are infectious chains of amino acids. E) attack bacteria.

A) are infectious pieces of RNA.

Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of: A) bacteria. B) plants. C) fungi. D) viruses. E) archaea.

A) bacteria.

To limit your risk from food-borne bacteria, you should: A) cook foods thoroughly. B) avoid refrigerating foods. C) thaw frozen foods at room temperature. D) keep foods at or above room temperature. E) eat only uncooked eggs.

A) cook foods thoroughly.

Prions are: A) improperly folded proteins. B) viral protein coats. C) bacterial proteins. D) also known as viroids. E) sexually transmitted bacteria.

A) improperly folded proteins.

Lyme disease is caused by: A) Clostridium botulinum. B) Borellia burgdorferi. C) contaminated water. D) nitrogen-fixing bacteria. E) rats.

B) Borellia burgdorferi.

A virus basically consists of: A) RNA or DNA and a membrane. B) RNA or DNA and a protein coat. C) proteins and a cell membrane. D) RNA or DNA and enzymes. E) enzymes and a protein coat.

B) RNA or DNA and a protein coat.

Which of the following is the dreaded "flesh-eating" bacterium? A) Clostridium B) Streptococcus C) Borrelia burgdorferi D) Yersinia E) Escherichia coli

B) Streptococcus

Dental plaque is an example of: A) an endospore. B) a biofilm. C) a cell membrane. D) bacterial flagella. E) beneficial bacteria.

B) a biofilm.

Strep throat is caused by Streptococcus, a type of: A) virus. B) bacteria. C) prion. D) viroid. E) archaea.

B) bacteria.

Which of the follow is not alive? A) bacterium B) virus C) cyanobacterium D) protist E) plant

B) virus

How do bacteria transfer genetic material without reproducing?

Bacteria can pass information on a plasmid via conjugation.

In what ways are bacteria beneficial to humans?

Bacteria make food and some vitamins for us, recycle nutrients in the environment, and can be used for bioremediation.

How do members of Archaea differ from the Bacteria?

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan; archaeal walls lack peptidoglycan. Other differences include different ribosomes, different cell membranes, and different mechanisms for protein synthesis.

Why are bacteria able to evolve so quickly?

Binary fission is a rapid process. Some bacteria have the ability to divide via binary fission every 20 minutes. This rapid rate of division allows for mutations to occur much more quickly than would happen with eukaryotic cells.

While examining a hot spring, you find something you haven't seen before. It has a cell membrane, but the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan. It contains both DNA and RNA. The DNA is circular. It would be classified as a(n): A) prion. B) bacterium. C) archaea. D) virus. E) fungus.

C) archaea.

Legumes obtain a useful form of ________ from bacteria that live in root nodules. A) carbon B) oxygen C) nitrogen D) sulfur E) hydrogen

C) nitrogen

1) Bacterial cell walls contain: A) cellulose. B) chitin. C) peptidoglycan. D) pectin. E) starch.

C) peptidoglycan.

Which of the following consist of a protein coat surrounding a molecule of genetic material? A) bacteria B) prions C) viruses D) protists E) archaea

C) viruses

AIDS is caused by: A) bacteria. B) prions. C) viruses. D) viroids. E) fungi.

C) viruses.

Herpes is caused by: A) bacteria. B) prions. C) viruses. D) viroids. E) fungi.

C) viruses.

Rabies is caused by: A) bacteria. B) prions. C) viruses. D) viroids. E) fungi.

C) viruses.

The common cold is caused by: A) bacteria. B) prions. C) viruses. D) viroids. E) fungi.

C) viruses.

Which virus attacks white blood cells? A) rabies B) influenza C) herpes D) HIV E) smallpox

D) HIV

Currently, the most common cause of food-borne illness is: A) Clostridium tetani. B) Streptococcus pneumoniae. C) Borrelia burgdorferi. D) Campylobacter. E) Escherichia coli.

D) Campylobacter.

Disease-causing bacteria are called: A) archaea. B) protozoa. C) viroids. D) pathogens. E) cyanobacteria.

D) pathogens.

Which is the correct sequence of viral replication? A) genetic material replication → penetration → transcription → assembly → protein synthesis B) penetration → transcription → assembly → genetic material replication → protein synthesis C) penetration → genetic material replication → transcription → assembly → protein synthesis D) penetration → genetic material replication → transcription → protein synthesis → assembly E) transcription → penetration → genetic material replication → assembly → protein synthesis

D) penetration → genetic material replication → transcription → protein synthesis → assembly

Mutations that improve the survival and reproduction of organisms, and thus contribute to the evolution of species, arise rapidly in prokaryotes due to their: A) sexual reproduction. B) absence of a nucleus. C) cell wall composition. D) rapid rate of cell division. E) anaerobic metabolism.

D) rapid rate of cell division.

Cyanobacteria obtain energy from: A) digesting plants. B) digesting cyanide. C) digesting benzene. D) sunlight. E) parasitizing viruses.

D) sunlight.

Assume a genetic analysis of a sick animal's DNA indicates that part of one chromosome does not belong to the animal. It is foreign DNA and is not similar to any of the animal's normal genes. It most likely comes from a(n): A) prion infection. B) bacterial infection. C) archaeal infection. D) viral infection. E) fungal infection.

D) viral infection.

Avocado sunblotch is caused by: A) bacteria. B) prions. C) viruses. D) viroids. E) fungi.

D) viroids.

Short, circular strands of RNA that can cause plant diseases are called: A) viruses. B) bacteria. C) prions. D) viroids. E) archaea.

D) viroids.

You discover a new "thing." It has only RNA as a nucleic acid and lacks both a membrane and cytoplasm. This "thing" is a(n): A) prion. B) bacteria. C) archaea. D) virus. E) fungus.

D) virus.

________ is the process by which bacteria return nutrients to the soil.

Decomposition

The oldest endospores to be revived and cultured to produce live bacteria are: A) 250 years old. B) 2,500 years old. C) 25,000 years old. D) 250,000 years old. E) 250 million years old.

E) 250 million years old.

Which of the following is a normal inhabitant of a cow's digestive tract that can cause harm to people when it contaminates ground beef? A) Clostridium tetani B) Streptococcus pneumoniae C) Borrelia burgdorferi D) Yersinia pestis E) Escherichia coli

E) Escherichia coli

What differentiates gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria? A) nutrient requirements B) the appearance of colonies C) the means of locomotion D) staining properties E) the use of oxygen

Staining Properties

Briefly explain how the classification of prokaryotes has changed in recent years due to new technological advances.

Until recently, prokaryotes were classified based on their appearance, staining properties, nutrient requirements, and means of locomotion. With new genetic techniques, modern microbiologists rely heavily on comparisons of DNA and RNA nucleotide sequences when classifying prokaryotic species.

In their relationships with humans, are most species of bacteria beneficial, harmful, or serve no noticeable purpose?

The vast majority of prokaryotic species are beneficial to humans. Only a tiny minority are pathogenic, but those species tend to get a lot of our attention!

The largest prokaryote is ________.

Thiomargarita

Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles. True or False?

True

Humans can eat live cultures of some bacteria without getting sick. True or False?

True

Organisms that produce disease are pathogens. True or False?

True

Prions contain only protein. True or False?

True

Some archaea can live in boiling water. True or False?

True

Many prokaryotes thrive in ________ environments, which lack oxygen.

anaerobic

Tetanus is caused by ________ bacteria that grow in deep puncture wounds.

anaerobic

Lyme disease is caused by ________ that are transmitted to humans by deer ticks

bacteria

In which of these environments would you normally find prokaryotes? A) an animal's intestinal tract B) a single drop of seawater C) human skin D) a spoonful of soil E) everywhere

everywhere

Mobile prokaryotes can move around with the help of: A) peptidoglycan. B) sex pili. C) flagella. D) plasmids. E) endospores.

flagella

Unlike aerobic prokaryotes, anaerobic prokaryotes can obtain energy when ________ is not available.

oxygen

A bacterium capable of causing disease in a host is a(n) ________.

pathogen

The bacterial cell wall contains ________.

peptidoglycan

Cyanobacteria are obtain energy through ________.

photosynthesis

Cyanobacteria are ________ prokaryotes.

photosynthetic

The classifications gram-positive and gram-negative are based on ________.

staining of the bacterial cell wall

A particle that lacks all organelles and must always reproduce as an intracellular parasite is a(n) ________.

virus