BIOL 109- QUIZ 4

Four students carried out studies to determine whether a newly discovered animal was an ectotherm or endotherm. Each student made one observation and one conclusion. Which is the correct conclusion based on the observation? a) Observation: it was not a mammal Conclusion: the animal is an ectotherm. b) Observation: Its body temperature was 37 degree C. Conclusion: the animal is an ectotherm. c) Observation: Its temperature remained stable when the temperature of the cage decreased. Conclusion: the animal is an endotherm d) Observation: its temperature and metabolism increased when the cage temperate increased conclusion: the animal is an endotherm

C.

The metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature is called: a) SMR b) BMR c) STP d) ATP e) ECG

a) SMR

These autorhythmic cells located in the wall of the right atrium control the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract. a) Sinoatrial (SA) node b) Atroventrical (AV) node c) Semilunar (SL) node d) Purkinje fibers e) Bundle branches

a) Sinoatrial (SA) node

Allergies are the result of an exaggerated immune response. What triggers this response? a) allergens b) antidotes c) antibodies d) antihistamines e) helper T cells

a) allergens

If blood glucose levels were to fall below 90 mg/100 ml you would expect levels of the hormone ________________ to increase and that of ________________ to fall. a) glucagon, insulin b) testosterone, estradiol c) insulin, glucagon d) ADH, prolactin e) acetylcholine, norepinephrine

a) glucagon, insulin

The immune system releases molecules of _______ that cause the redness, heat, and swelling of the inflammatory response (as well as the itching, sneezing, and runny nose of an allergic reaction). a) histamine b) antibody c) adrenaline d) antigen e) allergen

a) histamine

Three groups of cyclists consumed three different types of diets: high-carbohydrate; a diet of mixed carbohydrates, fat, and protein; or a diet higher in protein and fat. The average time each group could spend cycling over a six-hour period is shown in the graph. What conclusion from the data should a trainer tell athletes to improve their performance? a) maintaining elevated blood sugar improves performance. b) an early 50 percent drop in blood glucose is associated with improved endurance. c) diet is not related to endurance. d) a mixed diet yields the most improvement in long-term endurance.

a) maintaining elevated blood sugar improves performance.

Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would most likely become: a) malnourished b) obese c) overnourished d) anemic e) undernourished

a) malnourished

Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would most likely become: a) malnourished b) obese c) overnourished d) anemic e) undernourished

a) malnourished

Calculate the heart rate of an individual with a cardiac output of 10 L/min and a stroke volume of 100 mL. a) 1000 mL/min b) 100 beats/min c) 200 beats/min d) 100 mL/beat e) 50 mL/beat/min

b) 100 beats/min

Your body has millions of different antibodies for detecting millions of different antigens because: a) you have millions of different antibody genes b) antibody genes undergo rearrangement c) antibody genes undergo antigen shifting d) all of the above e) none of the above

b) antibody genes undergo rearrangement

The term _______ disease refers to any disease where the immune system attacks the individual's own body (loss of self-tolerance). a) self-directed b) autoimmune c) malignant d) immunodeficiency e) immunorejection

b) autoimmune

What releases pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach? a) parietal cells b) chief cells c) the pancreas d) the liver e) the gallbladder

b) chief cells

During inhalation: a) diaphragm and rib muscles relax. b) diaphragm and rib muscles contract. c) the diaphragm contracts and the rib muscles relax d) the diaphragm relaxes and rib muscles contract e) the diaphragm and rib muscles remain stationary.

b) diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

This flap of cartilage prevents food from entering the trachea. a) pharynx b) epiglottis c) larynx d) glottis e) esophageal sphincter

b) epiglottis

Homeostatic mechanisms: a) keep variables exactly at the set point b) help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body c) act to keep values out of the normal rage d) usually operate by positive feedback e) produce most disease conditions.

b) help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body

A given volume of blood flowing through an area of large surface area (as at a capillary bed) will have ______ speed compared to areas of smaller surface area (as arteries and veins). a) higher b) lower

b) lower

B cells and T cells that do not immediately attack pathogens, but instead remain inactive until a future encounter with the pathogen, are referred to as: a) leukocyte reservoir cells b) memory B cells and memory T cells c) stem B cells and stem T cells d) residual lymphocytes e) MHC factors

b) memory B cells and memory T cells

When a B cell encounters an antigen to which it is targeted, it divides rapidly and produces: a) more antigen b) plasma cells c) T cells d) Killer cells e) Interferons

b) plasma cells

How is positive feedback different from negative feedback? a) Positive feedback benefits the organism, but negative feedback is harmful. b) positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus, whereas negative feedback's effector responses are in the opposite direction c) in positive feedback, the effector's response increases some parameters (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback the parameter decreases. d) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. e) positive feedback mechanisms are more frequently encountered in the control of homeostasis than negative feedback mechanisms.

b) positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus, whereas negative feedback's effector responses are in the opposite direction

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? a) solubility in water b) the partial pressure gradient c) the temperature d) the molecular weight and size of the gas molecule e) all of the above

b) the partial pressure gradient

Circulatory systems compensate for: a) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue b) the show rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances c) the need to cushion animals from trauma d) all of the above

b) the show rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

Which type of surface marker is normally present on every nucleated cell in your body? a) B receptor b) T receptor c) Class I MHC d) Class II MHC e) all of the above

c) Class I MHC

Which of the following statements concerning an open circulatory system is true? a) A heart is not required to pump the circulatory fluid. b) An open circulatory system has higher pressure and is less energy efficient than a closed system. c) The circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid. d) The circulatory fluid does not require respiratory pigments for O2 transport. e) The lower pressures provide for more effective delivery of O2 than is possible with a closed system.

c) The circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid.

Why are measles vaccinations effective? a) They cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of antibodies that engulf the measles virus if it enters the body. b) They cause an immune response resulting in the production of cytotoxic T cells that remain in the blood attacking all viruses that enter the body. c) They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the measles virus. d) They cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of memory T cells that provide a limited response if infected by the measles virus.

c) They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the measles virus.

If some problem made your helper T cells ineffective, what might be affected? a) the cell-mediated immune response (cytotoxic T cells, etc.) b) the humoral immune response (B cells, etc.) c) both might be affected d) neither would be affected

c) both might be affected

The exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the blood occurs in: a) arteries b) arterioles c) capillaries d) veins e) venules

c) capillaries

Most types of communication between cells rely on: a) the exchange of cytosol between the cells b) the movement of the cells c) chemical or electrical signals d) the exchange of DNA between the cells e) shortening of muscle cells

c) chemical or electrical signals

Which type of T cell lyses cells that have been infected with viruses? a) inducer T cells b) helper T cells c) cytotoxic T cells d) suppressor T cells

c) cytotoxic T cells

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with: a) smooth muscle tissue b) neural tissue c) epithelial tissue d) connective tissue e)striated muscle tissue

c) epithelial tissue

How do the digestion and absorption of fat differ from the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates? a) processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes; processing of carbohydrates does b) fat absorption occurs in the stomach; carbohydrates are absorbed by the small intestine c) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood d) carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested; fats do not. e) fat must be worked on by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed; carbohydrates do not.

c) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood

Which of the following statements concerning an open circulatory is true? a) a heart is not required to pump the circulatory fluid b) an open circulatory system has a higher blood pressure and is less energy efficient than a closed system c) the circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid d) the circulatory fluid does not require respiratory pigments for O2 transport. e) the lower pressures provide for more effective delivery of O2 than is possible with a closed system

c) the circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid

Why are measles vaccinations effective? a) they cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of antibodies that engulf the measles virus if it enters the body. b) they cause an immune response resulting in the production of cytotoxic T cells that remain in the blood attacking all viruses that enter the body. c) they cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the measles virus. d) they cause the inflammation responses resulting in the production of memory T cells that provide a limited response if infected by the measles virus.

c) they cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the measles virus.

The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the _____. a) warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed, when the legs are too cold to function well. b) warmer venous blood transfers heat to the cooler arterial blood. c) warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood. d) the cooler venous blood is insulated from the warmer arterial blood. e) arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose.

c) warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood.

Which of the following is not a part of the innate immune system of vertebrates? a) fever b) the skin c) inflammation d) B cells e) interferon

d) B cells

A(n) ________ is an animal that has a relatively variable body temperature, whereas a(n) ________ is an animal that maintains a relatively stable body temperature a) Endotherm; ectotherm b) Ectotherm; endotherm c) Homeotherm; poikilotherm d) Poikilotherm; homeotherm e) Ectotherm; poikilotherm

d) Poikilotherm; homeotherm

Which of the following is true about veins? a) Veins have thicker walls than arteries. b) Veins carry blood away from the heart. c) All veins carry deoxygenated blood. d) Veins have valves that serve to maintain a unidirectional flow of blood.

d) Veins have valves that serve to maintain a unidirectional flow of blood.

In an open circulatory system, blood is: a) always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems. d) not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems. c) always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems. d) not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems.

d) not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems.

Memory cells: a) produce allergens. b) are responsible for passive immunity. c) prevent an animal from encountering certain antigens. d) provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen. e) all of the above.

d) provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen.

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because: a) of an increase in immunodeficiency disease b) the flu can generate anaphylactic shock c) surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to non-responsiveness the second year d) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins e) memory cells are not formed upon exposure to the flu virus.

d) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? a) feathers or fur b) vasoconstriction near the skin c) blubber or a fat layer under the skin d) wind blowing across the body surface e) all of the above

d) wind blowing across the body surface

If the atrioventricular node (AV node) were surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers, what would happen? a) No apparent effect on heart activity would be observed. b) Only the ventricles would contract. c) The heart rate would decrease. d) Only the atria would contract. e) Atria and ventricles would contract at approximately the same time.

e) Atria and ventricles would contract at approximately the same time

Compare an animal with a gastrovascular cavity to an animal with a tube-type digestive system. What is/are the major advantage(s) of having a tube? a) it allows the animal to consume a second meal while the first is being digested. b) it permits development of specialized enzymes and concentration of digestive juices in different regions c) it permits more time for enzymatic action d) additional physical cutting and grinding of the food bolus is made possible e) all of the above are advantages

e) all of the above are advantages

If the atrioventricular node (AV node) were surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to age Purkinje fibers, what would happen? a) no apparent effect on heart activity would be observed b) only the ventricles would contract c) the heart rate would decrease d) only the atria would contract e) atria and ventricles would contract at approximately the same time

e) atria and ventricles would contract at approximately the same time

The inflammatory response includes all of the following except: a) release of histamine by mast cells b) temperature increase c) increased blood flow d) phagocytosis e) blood vessel constriction

e) blood vessel constriction

The inflammatory response includes all of the following except: a) release of histamine by mast cells b) temperature increase c) increased blood flow d) phagocytosis e) blood vessel constriction

e) blood vessel constriction

Fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriolar end because: a) the blood pressure is less than that of the interstitial fluid. b) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. c) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the blood pressure. d) the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid. e) the blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

e) the blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because: a) only those animals use the nutrients. b) those nutrients are subunits of important polymers c) those nutrients are necessary coenzymes d) only some foods contain those nutrients e) those nutrients cannot be synthesized by the animal

e) those nutrients cannot be synthesized by the animal

During exhalation in humans, air moves from the bronchus into the: a) bronchioles b) alveoli c) nostrils d) pharynx e) trachea

e) trachea