Biol 110 Exam 4
The light reactions require the cooperation of two photosystems to power linear electron flow from water to NADP+.Drag each item into the appropriate bin depending on whether the process is associated with Photosystem II (PS II) only, Photosystem I (PS I) only, or both PS II and PS I. - oxidation of water - light absorption -oxidation of electron transport chain between the two photosystems - reduction of electron transport chain between the two photosystems - reduction of primary electron acceptor - reduction of NADP+
-Photosystem II oxidation of water reduction of electron transport chain between the two photosystems - Photosystem I reduction of NADP+ oxidation of electron transport chain between the two photosystems - Both light absorption reduction of primary electron acceptor
In the Calvin cycle, if NADPH begins to run out, what would be the first compound to accumulate? 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate RuBP glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Electron Transport Chain energy input level for the four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast. Which steps have energy input? Electron Transport steps: 1. Water --> P680+ 2. P680 --> Pq (plastoquinone) 3. Pq --> 7000+ 4. 7000 --> Fd (ferredoxin) 5. Fd --> NADP+
1. Water --> P680+ no energy 2. P680 --> Pq (plastoquinone) energy 3. Pq --> 7000+ no energy 4. 7000 --> Fd (ferredoxin) energy 5. Fd --> NADP+ no energy
Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis? 100% 0% 38% 10% 2%
100%
A cycle consists of a carefully balanced set of molecules. In order for the cycle to continue, this balance must be maintained. How many "turns" of the Calvin cycle must occur before one molecule of G3P can leave? 1 12 3 6
3
The first stable molecule formed in carbon fixation has _______ carbons. 3 6 4 5
3
To produce 1 molecule of G3P (which contains 3 carbons), the Calvin cycle must take up ________ molecules of CO2
3 (1 carbon atom each).
The 3 CO2 molecules are added to ______________ molecules (which contain ____ total carbon atoms), next producing 6 molecules of 3-PGA (18 total carbon atoms).
3 RuBP ; 15 C atoms
In another question, you determined how many turns of the Calvin cycle are necessary to produce one molecule of G3P (which can subsequently leave the cycle). Let's take this one step further. How many cycles are needed to produce a net gain of six, 6-carbon sugars? 12 6 36 72
36
For each mole of glucose (C6H12O6C6H12O6) oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO2CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle (see the figure)? 6 12 2 3 4
4
How many molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis? 1 2 4 3
4
The ΔG for the oxidation of glucose is about -686 kcal/mole. Under optimal conditions, about 38 molecules of ATP can be produced during the complete oxidation of glucose by cellular respiration. However, a number of factors can actually cause this number to decrease. If only 28 molecules of ATP are produced, then how efficient is this process? (Assume that it takes about 10 kcal to synthesize one mole of ATP.) 10% 40% 100% 80%
40%
The remaining _______ G3P molecules (15 total carbon atoms) enter Phase 3, where they are converted to ________ molecules of R5P.
5 G3P molecules; converted into 3
At the end of Phase 2, 1 of the _______ G3P molecules is output from the cycle, removing ______ of the 18 carbons.
6 G3P molecules ; removing 3
What does Figure 2 suggest about the relative thermal tolerances of D. lanuginosum roots and AM fungal hyphae? D. lanuginosum roots show greater tolerance for high temperature than AM fungal hyphae do. AM fungal hyphae show greater tolerance for high temperature than D. lanuginosum roots do. AM fungal hyphae and D. lanuginosum roots show similar tolerances for high temperature.
AM fungal hyphae show greater tolerance for high temperature than D. lanuginosum roots do.
D. lanuginosum plants grow equally well at high temperatures when the soil is inoculated with thermal or nonthermal AM fungi. What does this suggest about the thermal tolerances of AM fungi from geothermal and grassland soils? During the experiment, AM fungi from grassland soils evolved, developing a thermal tolerance that was similar to that of AM fungi from geothermal soils. AM fungi from geothermal soils are more tolerant to high temperatures than AM fungi from grassland soils. AM fungi from geothermal and grassland soils have similar tolerances to high temperatures.
AM fungi from geothermal and grassland soils have similar tolerances to high temperatures.
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? ATP and NADPH CO2 and glucose ADP, i, and NADP+ H2O and O2 electrons and H+
ATP and NADPH
Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?
ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP.
Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5 . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8 . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions? - The change in the solution's pH results in a gradient across the chloroplast membranes such that there is a lower concentration of protons inside the vesicles and a higher concentration outside. - ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution. - ATP will be produced because the proton gradient favors proton movement through the ATP synthase channels. - Protons will not diffuse toward the outside of the vesicles.
ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.
You are an entrepreneurial vintner and are interested in making a batch of wine. Which phylum of fungi includes a fungus that will enable you to turn your grape juice into wine via yeast fermentation? Zygomycota Ascomycota Chytridiomycota Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? -Basidia - Mycelium - Hyphae - Spores
Basidia these are specialized cells in the gills of a mushroom in which haploid nuclei fuse in preparation for meiosis.
How would anaerobic conditions (when no is present) affect the rate of electron transport and production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.) Electron transport would be unaffected but ATP synthesis would stop. Electron transport would stop but ATP synthesis would be unaffected. Neither electron transport nor ATP synthesis would be affected. Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.
Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop. Oxygen plays an essential role in cellular respiration because it is the final electron acceptor for the entire process. Without O2, mitochondria are unable to oxidize the NADH and FADH2 produced in the first three steps of cellular respiration, and thus cannot make any ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, without O2 the mitochondria cannot oxidize the NADH and FADH2 back to NAD+ and FAD, which are needed as inputs to the first three stages of cellular respiration
What do fungi and arthropods have in common? Both groups have cell walls. The haploid state is dominant in both groups. Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food. Both groups use chitin for support.
Both groups use chitin for support.
The first phase in the Calvin cycle binds one molecule of _________________ to one molecule of ___________________. NADPH / rubisco CO2 / ribulose bisphosphate CO2 / rubisco NADPH / ribulose bisphosphate
CO2 / ribulose bisphosphate
How do AM fungi affect D. lanuginosum plants grown at high temperatures? D. lanuginosum plants show similar shoot and root growth in pots with and without AM fungi. D. lanuginosum plants show decreased shoot and root growth in pots inoculated with AM fungi. D. lanuginosum plants show increased shoot and root growth in pots inoculated with AM fungi.
D. lanuginosum plants show increased shoot and root growth in pots inoculated with AM fungi.
Energized electrons from ____ are used to reduce NADP+
Energized electrons from photosystem I are used to reduce NADP+.
True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.
False ; The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the flow of electrons through an electron transport chain generates a proton gradient that leads to the synthesis of ATP.
True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.
False ; The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes ATP production protrudes out of, but does NOT span, the chloroplast membrane; the region that SPANS the membrane is an ion channel through which protons can pass.
NADH and FADH2 are both electron carriers that donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons ultimately reduce O2 to water in the final step of electron transport. However, the amount of ATP made by electrons from an NADH molecule is greater than the amount made by electrons from an FADH2 molecule. Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2? - It takes more energy to make ATP from ADP and Pi using FADH2 than using NADH - Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor. - FADH2 is made only in the citric acid cycle while NADH is made in glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle. - The H+ gradient made from electron transport using NADH is located in a different part of the mitochondrion than the H+ gradient made using FADH2] - There is more NADH than FADH2 made for every glucose that enters cellular respiration.
Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor. Electrons derived from the oxidation of FADH2 enter the electron transport chain at Complex II, farther down the chain than electrons from NADH (which enter at Complex I). This results in fewer H+ ions being pumped across the membrane for FADH2 compared to NADH, as this diagram shows. Thus, more ATP can be produced per NADH than FADH2.H2 made for every glucose that enters cellular respiration.
Which of the following statements does NOT apply to flowering seed plants? Flowering seed plants produce fruit. Flowering seed plants exhibit alternation of generations. Flowering seed plants are homosporous. Flowering seed plants have a gametophyte that is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.
Flowering seed plants are homosporous.
Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? Plants have diploid and haploid phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. Plants produce spores. Fungi have cell walls. Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction.
Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic.
Which one of these statements is true of fungal reproduction? Fungi have only sexual reproduction. Fungi produce sperm and eggs. Fungi can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction. Fungi are diploid during most of their life cycle.
Fungi can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction.
Almost all of the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants. Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota
Glomeromycota
You have discovered a new species of fungus associated with plant roots. It invades the cells in the roots, forming arbuscular mycorhizzae. Based just upon this character, you confidently determine that this fungus is member of the: Ascomycota. Basidiomycota. Glomeromycota. Zygomycota.
Glomeromycota.
In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced? ATP is consumed, and oxygen is produced. Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced. Water is consumed, and ATP is produced.Oxygen is consumed, and glucose is produced. Carbon dioxide is consumed, and water is produced.
Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.
Choose the statement that is true. - Homosporous plants have only one type of gamete. - Heterosporous plants have two types of sporophytes. - The heterosporous megaspore produces the male gametophyte. - Homosporous plants have one gametophyte that produces both types of gametes.
Homosporous plants have one gametophyte that produces both types of gametes.
Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? - Hyphae are produced by mitosis. - A heterokaryotic mycelium forms. - The mycelium forms. - Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus.
Hyphae are produced by mitosis. The spore undergoes mitosis to produce hyphae, which then form a filamentous network called a mycelium.
The evolution of vascular tissue led to an explosion in the land plants. Which of the following is an advantage that vascular tissue confers to plants? It can make some plants less susceptible to herbivory. It allows gas exchange throughout the plant. It allows some plants to grow taller than others. It allows the plants to produce more gametes.
It allows some plants to grow taller than others.
What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP? It is acquired by a reactant in a spontaneous reaction. It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction. It is used to convert an ATP into an AQP. It is broken down into one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. It is acquired by a reactant in an exergonic reaction.
It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.
Which statement about double fertilization is true? It refers to two bees depositing pollen on the same stigma. It results in two fertilization events within the ovule. It refers to two pollen tubes reaching the ovule at the same time and both fertilizing the egg. It results in more than one seed being produced from a given flower.
It results in two fertilization events within the ovule.
Which of the events listed below occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis? ATP is phosphorylated to yield ADP. NADP is produced. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA. NADPH is reduced to NADP+. Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
Melanin is a pigment protein that causes cells to become dark in color. In fungi, melanin is sometimes referred to as "fungal armor" because it protects fungal cells from a wide range of stressors. Researchers in Israel's Evolution Canyon system studied the adaptive melanin response of the soil fungus Aspergillus niger to UV radiation. UV radiation causes mutations in DNA. Based on your knowledge of the Evolution Canyon system, which of the following is a likely difference between populations of A. niger found on the African slope (AS) and the European slope (ES)? Mean melanin concentration is significantly higher on the shady ES than on the sunny AS. There is no reason to expect a difference in melanin concentration between the ES and AS populations. Mean melanin concentration is significantly higher on the sunny AS than on the shady ES.
Mean melanin concentration is significantly higher on the sunny AS than on the shady ES.
Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? Asci Basidium Motile spores Mycelium
Mycelium
Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? Spore Gills Mycelium Basidia
Mycelium The mycelium is a mass of filaments with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which allows for efficient nutrient absorption
The oxidizing agent during glycolysis is _______________________. NAD+ pyruvate NADH oxygen
NAD+
____________ is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis
NAD+
The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is __________
NADH
In the Krebs cycle, the oxidized electrons from acetyl CoA leave the cycle via __________________. carbon dioxide only NADH and FADH2 ATP only NADH only
NADH and FADH2
During glucose catabolism, 686 kcal of energy are made available to do work. A minimum of 686 kcal are required for the anabolism of the same molecule. In practice, more energy is required. Why is this the case? Energetically, the two are not opposites. Not every energy transduction event is 100% efficient. Catabolism is efficient, whereas anabolism is not. The biochemical pathway for glucose synthesis is different than its breakdown.
Not every energy transduction event is 100% efficient.
If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 containing heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all of the following molecules produced by the algae contain 18 O except: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). 3-phosphoglycerate. glucose. ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). O2.
O2
Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll? Dephosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- .
Photosystem II splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- .
Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? Spore Heterokaryotic Karyogamy Plasmogamy
Plasmogamy
How do thermal and nonthermal AM fungi affect D. lanuginosum plants grown at high temperatures? Inoculation of the soil with thermal AM fungi increased root and shoot growth, but inoculation with nonthermal AM fungi did not. Root and shoot growth were similar whether the soil was inoculated with thermal or nonthermal AM fungi. Inoculation of the soil with thermal AM fungi decreased root and shoot growth, but inoculation with nonthermal AM fungi did not.
Root and shoot growth were similar whether the soil was inoculated with thermal or nonthermal AM fungi.
Finally, the R5P is converted to _________ without the addition or loss of carbon atoms.
RuBP
How does the greater thermal tolerance of AM fungal hyphae explain the differences in growth of D. lanuginosum plants grown in soils with and without AM fungi? Since AM fungi are more tolerant of high temperature than plant roots, fungal hyphae can grow into soils at temperatures that kill plant roots. AM fungal hyphae have evolved as mutualists specific to D. lanuginosum and other plants that grow only in thermal soils. The hyphae of AM fungi bring water and inorganic nutrients into the plant roots in exchange for sugars. Since AM fungi are more tolerant of high temperature than plant roots, fungal hyphae can grow into soils at temperatures that prevent root growth, increasing plants' access to water and nutrients in those soils.
Since AM fungi are more tolerant of high temperature than plant roots, fungal hyphae can grow into soils at temperatures that prevent root growth, increasing plants' access to water and nutrients in those soils.
Why might the term "mushroom" be confusing when we refer to basidiomycetes? Only ascomycetes produce mushrooms. No members of the phylum form mushrooms. Some basidiomycetes produce microscopic basidiocarps that don't resemble gilled mushrooms. All members of the basidiomycetes are mushrooms.
Some basidiomycetes produce microscopic basidiocarps that don't resemble gilled mushrooms.
Which statement regarding the alternation of generations in nonvascular plants is correct? - The prominent form of nonvascular plants is diploid. - Spores, produced by the sporophyte, are haploid and develop into the gametophyte, which is the prominent form. - The sporophyte is the prominent generation, but it is still completely dependent on the gametophyte. - Gametes are produced by the sporophyte, and the sporophyte is the prominent form
Spores, produced by the sporophyte, are haploid and develop into the gametophyte, which is the prominent form.
_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.
The energy released as electrons are passed along the electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I is used to pump protons into the thylakoid compartment.
Why does an ascus contain eight ascospores following meiosis (which usually results in the production of four genetically distinct daughter cells)? The four haploid ascospores undergo an additional round of mitosis after meiosis is complete. Meiosis in ascomycetes starts with karyogamy of four haploid nuclei. The diploid nucleus undergoes mitosis. Only mitosis occurs in the ascus.
The four haploid ascospores undergo an additional round of mitosis after meiosis is complete.
Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption. This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs. The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane. This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption.
The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane.
In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction? sugar a s spontaneous reactions, endergonic reactions do not need an addition of energy glucose ADP ATP
The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for an endergonic reaction.
What is the key function in photosystem I and photosystem II?
The key function of each of the two photosystems is to absorb light and convert the energy of the absorbed light into redox energy, which drives electron transport. - PS II (the first photosystem in the sequence), P680 is oxidized (which in turn oxidizes water), - PS II primary electron acceptor is reduced (which in turn reduces the electron transport chain between the photosystems). -PS I, the PS I primary electron acceptor is reduced (which in turn reduces other compounds that ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH), and P700 is oxidized (which in turn oxidizes the electron transport chain between the photosystems).
Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? - The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP. - The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the cycle provides water and electrons to the light reactions. - There is no relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. - The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions. - The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygen for electron flow, and the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions with water to split.
The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions.
The rate of O2 production by the light reactions varies with the intensity of light because light is required as the energy source for O2 formation. Thus, lower light levels generally mean a lower rate of O2 production. In addition, lower light levels also affect the rate of CO2 uptake by the Calvin cycle. This is because the Calvin cycle needs the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions. In this way, the Calvin cycle depends on the light reactions. But is the inverse true as well? Do the light reactions depend on the Calvin cycle? Suppose that the concentration of CO2 available for the Calvin cycle decreased by 50% (because the stomata closed to conserve water). Which statement correctly describes how O2 production would be affected? (Assume that the light intensity does not change.) - The rate of O2 production would decrease because the rate of ADP and NADP+ production by the Calvin cycle would decrease. - The rate of O2 production would decrease because the rate of G3P production by the Calvin cycle would decrease. - The rate of O2 production would remain the same because the light reactions are independent of the Calvin cycle. - The rate of O2 production would remain the same because the light intensity did not change.
The rate of O2 production would decrease because the rate of ADP and NADP+ production by the Calvin cycle would decrease. A reaction or process is dependent on another if the output of the second is an input to the first. For example, the light reactions are dependent on the Calvin cycle because the NADP+ and ADP produced by the Calvin cycle are inputs to the light reactions. Thus, if the Calvin cycle slows (because of a decrease in the amount of available CO2), the light reactions will also slow because the supply of NADP+ and ADP from the Calvin cycle would be reduced.
In the fungal life cycle, if the number of chromosomes in a diploid nucleus is 10, which one of the following statements will be true? The spores will also be diploid and have five chromosomes per cell. Plasmogamy will produce a dikaryon with five chromosomes. The spores will be tetraploid and have 20 chromosomes per cell. The spores will be haploid and have five chromosomes per cell.
The spores will be haploid and have five chromosomes per cell.
In fungi, haploid hyphae fuse to produce dikaryotic and then diploid nuclei, only to restore the haploid condition by meiosis before the growth of new hyphae. What is the significance of a transient diploid state in fungi? These sexual processes generate genetic variation. The diploid state is more advanced than the haploid state. All organisms must reproduce sexually at some point in their life cycle.
These sexual processes generate genetic variation
What major adaptation to life on land is lacking in mosses, distinguishing them as the most primitive group of plants? They have a limited distribution and are comprised of relatively few species. They do not have vascular tissue. They do not produce seeds. The haploid gametophyte is dependent on the diploid sporophyte.
They do not have vascular tissue
Early investigators thought the oxygen produced by photosynthetic plants came from carbon dioxide. In fact, it comes from _____. air water electrons from NADPH glucose
Water
The process of cellular respiration, which converts simple sugars such as glucose into CO2 and water, is an example of _____. a catabolic pathway an endergonic pathway a pathway that occurs in animal cells but not plant cells a pathway in which the entropy of the system decreases a pathway that converts organic matter into energy
a catabolic pathway
The voltage between the inner mitochondrial membrane and the mitochondrial matrix is variable. Which of the following conditions would lead to a decrease in this voltage? an increase in NADH concentration a decrease in oxygen availability to the mitochondria an increase in oxygen availability to the mitochondria a decrease in the synthesis of ATP
a decrease in oxygen availability to the mitochondria
Although fungi generally lack extensive cellular specialization, what feature of hyphal growth makes them so well suited as decomposers, mutualistic symbionts, and pathogens? a large surface area septation hyphae that are flagellated hyphae that grow from the tip
a large surface area
The electron transport chain creates ____________________________. reduced electron carriers oxidized electron carriers oxygen a voltage across the inner mitochondrial membrane
a voltage across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. photosynthesis chemosynthesis endocytosis absorption ingestion
absorbtion Fungi are heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorbing small molecules from the surrounding medium.
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? glucose NADH + H^+ G3P acetyl CoA pyruvate
acetyl CoA
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? ATP acetyl CoA NADH + H+ CO2 FADH2
acetyl CoA
Pyruvate is converted to __________________ before entering the Krebs cycle. ethyl alcohol lactic acid reduced electron carriers acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized
You are a mycologist and have been asked to identify a fungus causing an epidemic on an important agronomic crop. The plant sample you've been given displays the fungus in its sexual state. Based on symptoms, you suspect that it is an ascomycete, but there isn't a conspicuous ascocarp and you'll have to use a microscope. What structure should you look for to verify that it is indeed an ascomycete? an ascus with ascospores a zygosporangium dikaryotic hyphae flagellated cells
an ascus with ascospores
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition the increased probability of contact between different mating types
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
The phylum Basidiomycota is distinguished from the phylum Ascomycota because ________________. basidiomycetes do not have a dikaryotic phase basidiomycetes contain yeast species ascomycetes produce their sexual spores in sacks of 8 basidiomycetes have septate mycelia
ascomycetes produce their sexual spores in sacks of 8
The oxygen used during aerobic respiration _________________________________. phosphorylates ATP attracts electrons forms CO2 moves protons
attracts electrons
Which of the following is NOT an ecological role of basidiomycetes? decomposer autotroph mycorrhizal symbiont parasite
autotroph
A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment? green, blue, and yellow blue, green, and red green and yellow red and yellow blue and violet
blue and violet
Compare the Krebs cycle and the Calvin cycle. Which molecules are common to both cycles? only carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and ATP carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADH carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH
carbon dioxide and ATP
Products of the Krebs cycle include _________________________________. acetyl coenzyme A carbon dioxide and reduced electron carriers oxygen and water pyruvate and oxygen
carbon dioxide and reduced electron carriers
Chytrids are thought to be the ancestral group of fungi, even though they have flagella. Which of the following groups of features warrant their placement in the fungal kingdom? cell walls made of chitin, ultrastructural similarities, cells with flagella cell walls made of chitin, ultrastructural similarities, photosynthesis cell walls made of chitin, ultrastructural similarities, absorptive nutrition cell walls made of cellulose, ultrastructural similarities, absorptive nutrition
cell walls made of chitin, ultrastructural similarities, absorptive nutrition
The photosynthetic membranes are found in the _____ in plant cells. nucleus Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum chloroplasts mitochondria
chloroplasts An elaborate system of interconnected thylakoid membranes segregates the stroma from the thylakoid space in the chloroplast.
The Calvin cycle occurs in ____________________________. chloroplasts because it is interdependent on the light reactions mitochondria because it is an energy transformation chloroplasts because it requires the thylakoid mitochondria because it produces glucose for cellular respiration
chloroplasts because it is interdependent on the light reactions
What features of chlorophytes (green algae), in contrast to phaeophytes (brown algae) and rhodophytes (red algae), are similar to plants? an embryonic stage protected from the environment an anatomy that includes a thallus (a structure similar to the stems/leaves/roots of plants) chloroplasts containing chlorophyll b multicellularity
chloroplasts containing chlorophyll b
Photosynthesis __________________. is the exact reverse reaction of cellular respiration takes place in mitochondria, since it involves an electron transport chain occurs only in plants converts light energy to chemical energy
converts light energy to chemical energy
In the eukaryotic cell, glycolysis occurs in the _______________. cytosol mitochondrion nucleus cell membrane
cytosol
Most fungi are _____. photoautotrophs decomposers herbivores carnivores chemoautotrophs
decomposers
As an electron moves closer to oxygen in the electron transport system, the electron's free energy ________________. increases stays the same equilibrates decreases
decreases
Fungi have unique life cycles. A fungus that has two parental nuclei in one cell is referred to as a ___________. diploid tetraploid haploid dikaryon
dikaryon
Seeds consist of an embryo and endosperm that are _____ /______ tissues (respectively), and a seed coat that is ___________ tissue. diploid / diploid / triploid triploid / diploid / triploid diploid / triploid / diploid triploid / diploid / diploid
diploid / triploid / diploid
ATP performs work by ____________. direct transfer of a phosphate group breaking down completely into all of its component parts releasing a sugar molecule to its surroundings hydrolyzing the molecule it is acting on
direct transfer of a phosphate group
A plant with carpellate flowers would only produce ________________. eggs and sperm pollen and petals pollen and fruit eggs and fruit
eggs and fruit
The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction. chemical endergonic hydrolysis spontaneous exergonic
endergonic
Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings? hydrolysis catabolic exergonic ATP --> ADP + P endergonic
endergonic
Select the INCORRECT association. enzyme ... protein kinetic energy ... motion potential energy ... positional energy exergonic ... uphill exergonic ... spontaneous
energy exergonic ... uphill exergonic releases energy
The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction. synthesis exergonic anabolic ADP + P --> ATP glucose + glucose --> maltose
exergonic
The following reactionA --> B + C + heatis a(n) _____ reaction. dehydration synthesis exergonic exchange anabolic endergonic
exergonic
The hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP to ADP is a(n) _________ reaction. unfavorable exergonic endergonic non-spontaneous
exergonic
A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously. anabolic kinetic exergonic endergonic chemical
exergonic In exergonic reactions the products have less potential energy than the reactants.
A reaction with a ΔG of -1.6 is ________________________________________ . endergonic, and work needs to be done in order for the reaction to proceed exergonic, and work can be done with energy released from the reaction endergonic, and work can be done with energy released from the reaction exergonic, and work needs to be done for the reaction to proceed
exergonic, and work can be done with energy released from the reaction
Describe some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. T or F: The phosphate group added to ADP to make ATP is comes from free inorganic phosphate ions
false
T or F: Because nonvascular plants do not have true vascular cells and do not produce seeds, they are more ancient than other plants growing today
false
True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together
false - In most fungi, fertilization is a two-step process consisting of the fusion of cells and then the fusion of nuclei in the fused cells.
Describe some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. T or F: The enzymes involved in ATP synthesis must be attached to a membrane to produce ATP
false In substrate-level phosphorylation, an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from one molecule (an intermediate in the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate) to ADP to form ATP. This is very different from the mechanism of ATP synthesis that takes place in oxidative phosphorylation.
Molecular data indicate that animals and fungi have a common ancestor (although it is very ancient). What morphological character provides us with a clue to the morphology of this common ancestor to fungi and animals? - haustoria - septation - the zygospore - flagella
flagella
A difference between nonflowering seed plants and flowering seed plants is that _______________________. flowering seed plants tend to have needles nonflowering seed plants lack vasculature nonflowering seed plants lack ovules flowering seed plants lack flagellated sperm
flowering seed plants lack flagellated sperm
The diploid phase of the life cycle is shortest in which of the following? moss angiosperm fungus gymnosperm fern
fungus - most are haploid except during sexual reproduction
In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is _________________
glucose
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen () is present or absent? chemiosmosis glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation the citric acid cycle electron transport
glycolysis
A fern spore is ____________. haploid a mature gametophyte diploid a sporophyte
haploid
The Calvin cycle and the Krebs cycle are similar in that both ________________________________. produce carbon dioxide have intermediates that can be recycled back to one another via a series of linked reactions produce ATP absorb carbon dioxide
have intermediates that can be recycled back to one another via a series of linked reactions
In this reaction... AB +CD --> AC + BD disorder has decreased the chemical energy of the products is greater than that of the reactants the kinetic energy of the reactants is less than that of the products entropy has decreased heat has been released to the environment
heat has been released to the environment
Use the following information to answer the question.In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter. They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to New England, Canada, and even the state of Washington. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2006, it is estimated that over six million bats have perished from WNS.The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of ________. haustoria yeasts hyphae basidia
hyphae
In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is located in the _____________________. outer membrane of the mitochondrion inner mitochondrial membrane cytosol of the cell mitochondrial matrix
inner mitochondrial membrane
Oxygen is important in the oxidation of glucose because it ____________________________. can be oxidized to form carbon dioxide gives off energy for various activities donates electrons to make water is highly electronegative
is highly electronegative
During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ___________, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from _____________. water, NADH/FADH2 NADH/FADH2, light light, NADH/FADH2 oxygen, NADH/FADH2
light, NADH/FADH2
Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____. decomposition mitosis meiosis hyphae binary fission
meiosis
Protons moving across the thylakoid membrane participate in ATP production by _______________________________________. moving through ATP synthase and providing free energy increasing the pH of the thylakoid space attaching to ADP participating in a series of redox reactions
moving through ATP synthase and providing free energy
Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? predatory parasitic mutualistic commensal
mutualistic
A mycorrhizae can best be described as a(n) _____________. - fungus that infects plants - mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and a plant root - type of fungus - association between an chytrid and a plant root
mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and a plant root
In reducing 3-PGA to G3P (Phase 2), there is ______________ of carbon atoms.
no addition or removal
The Calvin cycle can best be described as the ______________________ reactions of photosynthesis. light (because they are powered directly by light) energy-capturing dark (because they only occur when light is not present) nonlight-dependent (because they do not directly require light)
nonlight-dependent (because they do not directly require light)
Plants photosynthesize _____. only in the light but respire in light and dark only in the light but respire only in the dark only in the dark but respire only in the light and respire only in the light
only in the light but respire in light and dark
The catabolism of glucose in cellular respiration involves the _______ of glucose and the ________ of NAD+. oxidation / oxidation reduction / oxidation oxidation / reduction reduction / reduction
oxidation / reduction
A molecule that has lost electrons has been ______________________. reduced oxidized energized phosphorylated
oxidized
When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes _________ such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor.
oxidized
During cellular respiration, __________ serves as an electron acceptor and __________ is produced. During photosynthesis, ___________ serves as an electron donor and ____________ is produced. oxygen, water, water, oxygen water, water, oxygen, oxygen oxygen, water, water, water oxygen, oxygen, water, water
oxygen, water, water, oxygen
Plants undergo ______________________________________. photosynthesis and respiration in leaves photosynthesis and respiration in leaves and roots only photosynthesis only photosynthesis in leaves and respiration in roots
photosynthesis and respiration in leaves
Fungi perform many important roles in the biosphere. Which of the following is NOT an environmental function of the kingdom Fungi? agents of plant and human disease photosynthetic carbon fixation decomposition mutualistic symbiosis
photosynthetic carbon fixation
You are wading through a shallow area and come across a multicellular photosynthetic organism with a cellulosic cell wall, a waxy cuticle and stomata, but no vasculature. This organism should be classified as a(n) _______________. plant algae bacteria none of the above
plant
What is the correct order of nuclear/cytoplasmic events during the sexual reproductive life cycle of a zygomycete? plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis plasmogamy, meiosis, karyogamy karyogamy, plasmogamy, meiosis karyogamy, meiosis, plasmogamy
plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
In seed plants, the microgametophyte is the _______________. sperm ovule pollen grain egg
pollen grain
ATP synthesis in chloroplasts is very similar to that in mitochondria: Electron transport is coupled to the formation of a proton (H+) gradient across a membrane. The energy in this proton gradient is then used to power ATP synthesis. Two types of processes that contribute to the formation of the proton gradient are: processes that release H+ from ________________ processes that transport H+ across _________________
processes that release H+ from compounds that contain hydrogen, and processes that transport H+ across the thylakoid membrane.
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis? Proton gradient Osmotic gradient Electrons Temperature gradient
proton gradient
Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel? ADP ATP Inorganic phosphate Protons
protons
Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called _______________
pyruvate
Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions? CO2 only O2 only NADH only ATP only pyruvate, ATP, and NADH ATP and NADH only pyruvate and ATP only
pyruvate, ATP, and NADH ATP is the main product of cellular respiration that contains energy that can be used by other cellular processes. Some ATP is made in glycolysis. In addition, the NADH and pyruvate produced in glycolysis are used in subsequent steps of cellular respiration to make even more ATP.
Entropy is a measure of ____________________. randomness spontaneity heat favorability
randomness
The NADPH required for the Calvin cycle comes from reactions initiated in photosystem II. glycolysis. reactions initiated in photosystem I. oxidative phosphorylation. the citric acid cycle.
reactions initiated in photosystem I.
When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes __________. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor
reduced
In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a six-carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. After phosphorylation and reduction produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle? regeneration of NADP+ inactivation of RuBP carboxylase enzyme addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH regeneration of ATP from ADP regeneration of RuBP
regeneration of RuBP
The effect of gramicidin on oxidative phosphorylation: remains the same: decreases (or goes to zero): increases: - size of proton gradient - rate of oxygen uptake - electron transport rate - rate of ATP synthesis
remains the same: electron transport rate, rate of oxygen uptake decreases (or goes to zero): size of proton gradient, rate of ATP synthesis - size of proton gradient - rate of oxygen uptake - electron transport rate - rate of ATP synthesis Gramicidin causes membranes to become very leaky to protons, so that a proton gradient cannot be maintained and ATP synthesis stops. However, the leakiness of the membrane has no effect on the ability of electrons to move along the electron transport chain. Thus, the rates of electron transport and oxygen uptake remain unchanged.
Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction. saclike structures a dikaryotic structure flagellated zoospores yeasts lichens
saclike structures
Absorptive nutrition means that fungi _____________________________. engulf their food and digest it in their cytoplasm absorb their food, such as cellulose, and digest it in their cytoplasm provide carbon dioxide for plants secrete digestive enzymes to break down their food outside of their cells and absorb the digested products
secrete digestive enzymes to break down their food outside of their cells and absorb the digested products
When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by _____. breaking down ATP splitting water oxidizing glucose fixing carbon removing them from NADPH
splitting water The electrons removed from water are transferred to P680.
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of ___________________ the electron transfer system of photosystem I. splitting water molecules. reducing NADP+. chemiosmosis. the electron transfer system of photosystem II.
splitting water molecules.
A carpel is made up of which three flower parts? ovary, filament, stigma stigma, stamen, ovary stigma, style, ovary anther, stigma, style
stigma, style, ovary
Where does the Calvin cycle take place? stroma of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane outer membrane of the chloroplast interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast
stroma of the chloroplast
n the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation photophosphorylation photosynthesis cellular respiration
substrate-level phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from GTP to ADP.
At the end of the light reactions of photosynthesis, the cell does NOT have a net gain of _____________. ATP energy sugar NADPH
sugar
Plants can be grown experimentally without light. What key supplemental ingredient is needed for this to occur? nitrogen water sugar carbon dioxide
sugar
The ultimate source of energy to support most life on Earth is _____. chemosynthetic microbes the carbon cycle photosynthetic plants geothermal heat sunlight
sunlight
Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. surroundings gastrovascular cavity stomach hyphae mycelia
surroundings
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? split water and release oxygen transport RuBP out of the chloroplast use NADPH to release carbon dioxide use ATP to release carbon dioxide synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
Energy is observed in two basic forms: potential and kinetic. Which of the following correctly matches these forms with a source of energy? the heat released from a living organism: potential energy the energy associated with a gradient of ions across a membrane: kinetic energy the motion of individual molecules: potential energy the covalent bonds of a sugar molecule: potential energy the energy related to the height of a bird above the ground: kinetic energy
the covalent bonds of a sugar molecule: potential energy
Substrate-level phosphorylation describes __________________________________. the synthesis of ATP by build-up of hydrogen ions across a membrane how ATP drives the work of the cell the direct synthesis of ATP from a phosphorylated substrate how ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation
the direct synthesis of ATP from a phosphorylated substrate
What life cycle feature is shared by ascomycetes and basidiomycetes? the formation of a zygosporangium the formation of a dikaryon a prolonged diploid phase the formation of conidia for asexual reproduction
the formation of a dikaryon
The term "karyogamy " means ________________________. fungal mitosis fungal meiosis the fusion of two hyphae the fusion of haploid nuclei
the fusion of haploid nuclei
With the exception of flagellated spores for members of the Chytridiomycota, fungi are mostly nonmotile. What adaptive feature allows them to be such successful decomposers, pathogens, and symbionts? the production of large numbers of easily dispersed spores in sexual and asexual modes of reproduction they are diploid for most of their life cycle complex cellular specialization autotrophism
the production of large numbers of easily dispersed spores in sexual and asexual modes of reproduction
In this reaction _____. AB + CD --> AC + BD AC is a reactant the products have been rearranged to form reactants entropy has decreased CD is a product the products have less potential energy than the reactants
the products have less potential energy than the reactants
You have now learned about pollination and fertilization. It is important to remember what these two processes are and how they occur. Which of the following is the correct order of events? - sperm cells form in anthers, pollination occurs, the pollen tube reaches the ovule, the egg is fertilized - the stigma is fertilized, the sperm cells develop, the pollen tube reaches the ovule, the sperm cells reach the egg - the stigma is pollinated, the pollen germinates, double fertilization occurs, the seed begins to develop - pollen is produced, the pollen is distributed to the stigma, the pollen tube grows to the ovule, the sperm cells are produced
the stigma is pollinated, the pollen germinates, double fertilization occurs, the seed begins to develop
What is energy coupling? a barrier to the initiation of a reaction the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction the use of an enzyme to reduce EA the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an exergonic reaction
the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
You find a plant you have never seen before and notice the flowers are relatively small, lack any odor, and are relatively colorless. The flower is most likely pollinated by ____________. flies hummingbirds bees the wind
the wind
In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2? to provide the driving force for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi to oxidize NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain to provide the driving force for the production of a proton gradient
to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain The only place that O2 participates in cellular respiration is at the end of the electron transport chain, as the final electron acceptor. Oxygen's high affinity for electrons ensures its success in this role. Its contributions to driving electron transport, forming a proton gradient, and synthesizing ATP are all indirect effects of its role as the terminal electron acceptor.
In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex? - synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi - transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll - transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH - split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll - concentrate photons within the stroma
transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration? - transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work - catabolism of sugars and related compounds - producing complex molecules from chemical building blocks - the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water - breaking down ATP, so that ADP and P can be reused
transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work
Describe some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. T or F: A bond must be broken between an organic molecule and a phosphate before ATP can form
true
Describe some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. T or F: An enzyme is required in order for a reaction to occur
true
Describe some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. T or F: One of the substrates is a molecule derived from the breakdown of glucose
true
True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei
true A mushroom consists mainly of hyphae that are heterokaryotic, which means they have two distinct haploid nuclei per cell; these nuclei may fuse in specialized cells called basidia and become diploid in preparation for meiosis and spore production.
