BIOL 1130 Test 1

The hypothesis that a common ancestor gave rise to all living organisms is strengthened by what observation?

Almost all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, and behavior

Of the following values, which indicates the most basic pH?

10

Nitrogen has seven protons, seven neutrons, and seven electrons. What is the atomic mass of nitrogen?

14

Chemists often represent the structure of atoms using p, n, and e to indicate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Which atom would have an atomic weight of 13?

15 p, 15 n, 15 e

How many different amino acids are used to build proteins?

20

How many atoms are present in a single molecule C8 H10 N4 O2?

24

Which of the following would be a fact?

Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild

Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Which of these experiments tests the hypothesis that Bt is killing the bees?

Collecting hundreds of bees. Half of the bees would be kept in a facility with plants genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin while the other half would be kept in a facility with plants not genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin. The survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared.

O2, also termed with atmospheric oxygen, is considered to be a molecule but not a compound. Why not?

Compounds are defined as molecules constructed from two or more different elements

Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?

Each of these molecules is built from a common set of monomers

David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into 4 groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What is the specific hypothesis being tested by the inclusion of group 4 in this experiment?

Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted by direct contact with the fungus; no contact with infected bats is needed for transmission of the fungus.

The chemical reaction that represents photosynthesis is 6 H20 + 6 CO2 --> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2. What are the reactants?

H20 and CO2

Which of the following distinguishes ionic bonds from covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds hold together oppositely charged atoms, whereas covalent bonds hold together atoms that share electrons

A carwash attendant offers to treat your windshield with a protective agent. This substance coats the glass, causing beads of water to easily roll off during a rain shower. Which of the following must be correct about the protective agent?

It must be hydrophobic

A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics?

It provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable

Which of the following is most likely to participate in ionic bonding?

Li+

Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Without data from a scientific experiment, is it reasonable to state that Bt-containing crops are responsible for the loss of honeybees?

No because there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the survival of honeybees.

Victoria, who is 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up because she loves animals. So, she decided to begin her training by "doing something scientific." Specifically, she weighed and measured the lengths of all the earthworms she could find in her yard and recorded the data in a notebook. She then made a graph showing the maximum, minimum, and average weights and heights of the earthworms. Was she doing something scientific?

No, because she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation

Which of the following questions could NOT be used to develop a testable hypothesis?

Should everyone drink bottled water only?

Which of the following would be a theory?

Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions

Which of the following explains why ice floats on water?

The distance between water molecules in ice is greater than in liquid water

David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into 4 groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What were the independent and dependent variables in this experiment?

The independent variable was the type of exposure to Geomyces destructans. The dependent variable was whether or not the bats became sick with WNS.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best demonstrate that a bacterium found on an asteroid originated in outer space?

The presence of right-handed amino acids in the bacterium's proteins

A group of astronauts returning from outer space studied samples taken from their lunar landing. They found that one of their samples was coated with organic compounds. Which of the following statements must be correct about their samples?

The samples must contain carbon atoms

Which of the following statements is true?

The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and environmental decisions

A species of butterflies gradually become darker in color over many generations; this is an example of which characteristic of living organisms?

They can evolve as groups

Which of the following is correct about hydrogen bonds?

They form due to partial positive and partial negative charges on atoms

What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms?

They make their own energy

The roots of a sunflower plant growing downwards while the shoot grows upwards and the flower turns towards the sun are examples of what characteristic of all living organisms?

They sense the environment and respond to it

Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method?

Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals

Is it possible for scientists to study events that happened or animals/plants that lived millions of years ago?

Yes. Apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the evidence of past events. For example, observe modern animal behavior, structure, and function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function of the fossilized structures

Is it important for scientists to communicate the results to fellow scientists?

Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.

When ammonia (NH3) is dissolved in a solution, it accepts hydrogen ions from its surroundings. Ammonia is therefore

a base

A long piece of ribbon wired along both long edges is twisted into a helix and wrapped around individual pipe cleaners that have been rolled into spools; this grouping is then twisted (super coiled) again to condense it. This could be best used as a simple model for

a chromosome, where the pipe cleaners represent bundles of proteins around which the DNA double helix (wired ribbon) is wrapped

A tissue is defined as

a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body

In making your morning tea, you drop a sugar cube into the hot water. You stir the mixture but no longer see the sugar cube at the bottom of your mug. In this scenario, the sugar is

a solute

Which of the following would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?

a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box

A solution with a pH of 3 is

acidic

Antibodies are an important class of human proteins that function in immune defense. If scientists fragmented antibodies under laboratory conditions, what chemical building blocks would they recover?

amino acids

In the laboratory you identify protein in a food item that you've tested. Which of the following must be the food item also contain?

amino acids

Which of the following is a monomer that can be commonly made from components in Earth's atmosphere?

amino acids

After adding a small amount of Solution A to Solution B, the pH of Solution B declines from 8 to 3. Solution A must contain

an acid

Bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing things requires special adaptations in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is an example of __________

an organ system

The central element found in organic molecules is __________

carbon

Which of the following factors best explains carbon's prominence in living systems?

carbon-based molecules can form long chains and rings

Experimental studies are an effective way of establishing a ________________ relationship between two or more aspects of the natural world because they provide a way of testing predicted interaction(s).

cause-effect

Observational studies typically point out correlations between aspects of the natural world, but they do not establish solid ____________ relationships

cause-effect

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?

cells --> tissues --> organs --> individual

In the chemical reaction that forms hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2), hydrogen and oxygen share electrons creating __________ bonds between the two atoms

covalent

Carbon atoms are bound to each other by

covalent bonds

You are given an unknown substance and asked to determine whether it is polar or nonpolar. The easiest way to do this would be

determine whether the compound dissolves in water

Which of the following represents conducting an experiment?

dialing a telephone number

An acid is a polar substance that dissolves in water and

donates hydrogens ions to the solution

The caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hicks' team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats, represent the _________

ecosystem where the bats lived

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the

electrons

Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are all examples of

elements

The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientific ____________

fact

In 1890, Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases. He designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis. Later, his experiment was repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch's original hypothesis. These many experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable diseases contributed to the development of the ______________

germ theory of disease

David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. Which group is the control group?

group 1

Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as

homeostasis

Individual water molecules orient toward each other because of the _____________ bonds that form between them

hydrogen

In making your morning tea, you drop a sugar cube into some hot water. You stir the mixture but no longer see the sugar cube at the bottom of your mug. Based on your observation of sugar dissolving in hot water, you properly conclude that the sugar is

hydrophilic

When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific _______________

hypothesis

You often experience numbness and pain in the thumb and first two fingers on your right hand. You go to the doctor who suspects that carpal tunnel syndrome is the reason for the numbness and pain. The doctor then orders a simple test to see how fast nerve impulses are moving up and down your arm. The doctor's preliminary diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is a(n)

hypothesis

New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment and variations in the dosage given to the participants represents the ___________

independent variable

When calcium (Ca++) and chloride (Cl-) interact with one another they bond using ________ bonds

ionic

When sodium chloride (NaCl-) is dissolved in water, the sodium ion

is attracted to the oxygen atoms of water molecules

DNA is one of the features common to all known forms of life

it is the blueprint that guides the growth, development, behavior, and reproduction of all organisms

A solid waste (garbage) transfer facility that sorts and breaks down garbage into recyclables and waste to be thrown away in the landfill would be a suitable analogy for which cellular organelle?

lysosome

Which of the following is an organic compound?

methane (CH4)

Which of the following amino acids begins the construction of all proteins in the human body?

methionine

Neighboring water molecules are held together with hydrogen bonds because

partially negatively charged oxygen atoms and partially positively charged hydrogen atoms separate water molecules are attracted to one another

Scientists are human beings and are, like all human beings, susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding, perhaps even contributing to our understanding of an important scientific theory, it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is

peer-reviewed publications

Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of free H ions?

ph 1

Which of the following types of bonds hold hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within an individual water molecule?

polar covalent bond

Macromolecules are typically formed by repetitively adding small monomers together. Which macromolecule is properly matched with the appropriate monomer?

polypeptide-amino acid

Experimentation is the primary, but not only, means used to verify or refute the ____________ made by a hypothesis

predictions

Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses?

reproduce using DNA, (or RNA); sense their environment and respond to it; can evolve as groups

Scientific understanding can always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new observations and the discovery of additional information. This has resulted in revised ways of understanding how molecules are moved across the plasma membrane of cells. Hence, there is no certainty in science, only degrees of probability (likelihood) and potential for change. In light of this understanding, which of the following statements is most meaningful?

scientific knowledge is necessarily contingent knowledge

Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis

still cannot be considered to have been proven true

A disaccharide consists of two

sugars

A scientific hypothesis must be ______________; if not, science cannot evaluate it

testable

The pH scale measures

the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

In science when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a __________. It is not a guess. It is not static. It is tentative and dynamic and can be adjusted when new, compelling evidence is discovered. It is typically an overarching explanation that best fits all of the available information or evidence

theory

Whenever we ________________, we are proceeding scientifically

try to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutions

In living systems, a critical component of many reactions is

water

Oil and water do not mix together well because

water is polar and oil is nonpolar

You are coughing and producing a wheezing sound as you breathe; you also have a fever. You go to the doctor who listens to your chest, takes X-rays of your chest, and determines that you probably have something called croup. Which of the following are the facts in this scenario?

you are coughing, wheezing, and have a fever