BIOL 1201 Maroney Final Exam

What is a polysaccharide?

When three or more monosacchraides are joined together

What is a sulfhydryl group?

-SH

The recombinant frequency of linked genes can vary from ______% to _______%

0 to 50

A cell has a diameter of 10 micrometers. What is that distance in millimeters?

0.01 mm

the naked eye can see

0.01 mm

light microscope can see

0.1 um

In humans, males have ____ X chromosomes

1 - XY

Colas often have a pH of about 4. What is the concentration of H+ in the beverage?

1 x 10 -4 M

Acid rain sometimes has a pH of 5. What is the H+ concentration?

1 x 10 -5

concentration of H+

1 x 10 -7

If the pH is 6.6, what is the [H+] concentration of the solution?

1 x 10-6 = 0.000001 M

The pH of a solution is 5. What is the H+ concentration?

1 x 10^-5

The pH of a solution is 9. What is the OH- concentration?

1 x 10^-5

What is the size of a prokaryotic cell?

1-10 micrometers

what 3 things to mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?

1. DNA 2. double membrane 3. prokaryotic ribsomes

what are the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle?

1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration

what are the 3 components of a cell's cytoskeleton?

1. microtubles 2. microfilaments 3. intermediate filaments

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

1/2

Question refers to cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive genetic disease You have recently found out that your father is a carrier of the cystic fibrosis trait and your mother is homozygous normal. You do not have cystic fibrosis. What is the chance that you are a carrier of the trait?

1/2

Refers to spinal muscular dystrophy (SMA), an autosomal recessive genetic disease. You have recently found out that your father is a carrier of SMA trait and your mother is homozygous normal. You do not have the disorder. What is the chance you are a carrier of the trait?

1/4 chance

In a rose two pigments, one yellow and one red, contribute to flower color. Synthesis of the yellow pigment is encoded by gene "Y" with the ability to make the pigment being dominant. Synthesis of the red pigment is encoded by gene "R" with the ability to make the pigment being dominant. So plants with genotype YY or Yy can make the yellow pigment while genotype yy cannot. Plants with genotype RR or Rr can make the red pigment while plants with genotype rr cannot. When both pigments are present the flower is orange. If neither pigment is present the flower is white. A red rose (Rryy) is crossed with a yellow rose (rrYy). What fraction of the plants would have red flowers?

1/4 of them

In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC?

1/64

Refer to the work of a dog breeder. In Cocker Spaniel dogs black coat color B is dominant to red coat color b. Also solid color S is dominant over spotted color s. The genes for coat color and spotted or solid color are unlinked. If a dog with a solid black coat BbSs is crossed with a dog with solid red coat bbSs what fraction of the puppies will have a spotted red coat?

1/8

In holly trees, red fruit (A) are dominant to white fruit (a) and spiny leaves (L) are dominant to smooth leaves (l). If you cross two holly plants, one with red spiny leaves (AaLl) and one with white spiny leaves (aaLl), what fraction of the progeny will have red smooth leaves?

1/8 of them

assume a diploid human cell normally has 10 picograms (pg) of DNA. from this information, a human somatic cell has _____ of DNA during G1 and ___ of DNA during G2

10 pg, 20 pg

What is the size of a eukaryotic cell?

10-100 micrometers

H+ and OH- are constant at

10-7 x 10-7 = 10 -14

How big is the average human chromosome?

100 million base pairs

How many CO2 molecules are produced when one maltose molecule is completely converted to CO2 and H2O by aerobic respiration? Remember maltose is a disaccharide made of two glucose molecules.

12

How many CO2 molecules will need to be fixed for a plant to make sucrose?

12

If brain cells of an animal have 24 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do its sperm cells have?

12

If there are 12 chromosomes in an animal skin cell in G1 stage of the cell cycle, what is the diploid number of chromosomes for this organism? 3 6 12 24 too little information to tell

12

Most plants make sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, from CO2 fixed during photosynthesis. How many CO2 molecules are needed to make one sucrose molecule?

12

how many CO2 molecules are needed for a plant to make one sucrose molecule?

12

If codons consisted of 2 nucleotides, which of the following would be the maximum number of amino acids that proteins could contain?

16 (4^2=16)

concentration of OH-

1x10 -7

How many ATPs are made when one glucose molecule is utilized using lactic acid fermentation? none two six ten 36

2

How many CO2 molecules are produced when one glucose molecule is completely utilized in the process of alcohol fermentation?

2

How many NADH are produced when one glucose molecule goes through the glycolysis?

2

How many carbons does acetyl-CoA have?

2

How many lactic acids are made from one glucose during lactic acid fermentation?

2

How many pyruvates are made from one glucose during glycolysis?

2

In humans, females have ____ X chromosomes

2 - XX

from one glucose molecule, glycolysis provides the cell with how many ATP and NADH?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

during aerobic respiration, the Kreb's cycle provides the cell with ____________ from one acetyl CoA molecule.

2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

how many and what type of bonds do sulfur atoms usually form?

2 covalent

oxygen atoms usually form ____ bonds.

2 covalent

What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes mitosis?

2 diploid cells

What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes mitosis? 2 diploid cells 2 haploid cells 4 diploid cells 4 haploid cells 2 diploid and 2 haploid cells

2 diploid cells

The bases adenine and thymidine base pair in DNA double helices. What type of bond and how many make up this interaction.

2 hydrogen bonds

Max number of electrons in a shell

2 in 1st shell 8 in 2nd shell 8 in 3rd shell

electron microscope can see

2 nm

What is diploid?

2 sets of chromosomes

How many strands does DNA have?

2 strands

For this question, assume that you have given a bacterial cell radioactive thymidine so that the DNA in the cell was completely labeled. Also assume that no other component of the cell is labeled. Now you take away the radioactive thymidine and allow the cells to divide. Remember the DNA is still radioactive. after two rounds of cell division, there are four cells. How many of these cells will be radioactive?

2 will be radioactive

Another person has found out that both his father and his mother are carriers of the cystic fibrosis trait. This person does not have cystic fibrosis. What is the chance that he is a carrier of the trait?

2/3

Question refers to cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive genetic disease Another person has found out that both his father and mother are carriers of cystic fibrosis. This person does not have cystic fibrosis. What is the chance that he is a carrier of the trait?

2/3

Refers to spinal muscular dystrophy (SMA), an autosomal recessive genetic disease. Another person found out that both his father and mother are carriers of the SMA trait. This person does not have SMA. What is the chance he is a carrier of the trait?

2/3 chance

In a diploid cell containing 40 chromosomes, meiosis results in the formation of daughter cells containing _____ chromosomes.

20

DNA isolated from a bacterium is composed of 30% thymidine (T). What percentage of the nucleotides are guanosine (G)?

20%

A mature mRNA sequence is 600 nucleotides long from start of the AUG to the beginning of the stop codon, UAA. How many amino acids will be in the final protein this mRNA codes for?

200

Assume that I have given you an mRNA sequence that is 600 nucleotides from the start of the AUG to the beginning of the stop codon, UAA. Remember you know the exact mRNA sequence. How many amino acids will be in the final protein this mRNA codes for?

200

How many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell?

23 - usually have 46 but maternal means one set of 2 sets so 23

A woman and her husband both show the normal phenotype for pigmentation, but both had one parent who was an albino. Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. If their first two children have normal pigmentation, what is the chance that their third child will be an albino? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

25%

A woman and her husband both show the normal phenotype for pigmentation, but both had one parent who was an albino. Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. What is the probability that their first child will be an albino? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

25%

In peas yellow color (Y) is dominant over green color (y). Also the round pea trait (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r). The genes for pea color and round/wrinkled are unlinked. If a plant with green round peas (yyRr) is crossed with a plant with yellow round peas (YyRr) what percentage of the pea plant will have wrinkled peas?

25%

Refer to the work of a dog breeder. In Cocker Spaniel dogs black coat color B is dominant to red coat color b. Also solid color S is dominant over spotted color s. The genes for coat color and spotted or solid color are unlinked. If a dog with a solid black coat BbSs is crossed with a dog with solid red coat bbSs what percentage of the puppies will have a spotted coat?

25%

How many carbons does pyruvate have?

3

how many CO2 molecules are released by a single pyruvate molecule during aerobic respiration?

3

how many valence electrons does boron have if its atomic number is 5?

3

nitrogen atoms usually form ____ bonds.

3 covalent

nitrogen normally forms how many bonds?

3 covalent

compared to 32S, 35S has

3 more neutrons

consider the DNA sequence: 5'- CCTGTGAA-3'. This is the template strand. What mRNA would be produced from this sequence?

3' - UUCACAGG - 5'

To what end of a DNA strand are new nucleotides added during DNA replication?

3' - the carbon with OH on it.

which type of linkage connects the nucleotides in RNA?

3'-5' phosphodiester linkages

In Guinea pigs, black hair (B) is dominant over white (b), and short hair (S) is dominant over long hair (s). What fraction of the offspring would have short black hair?

3/8

In peas yellow color (Y) is dominant over green color (y). Also the round pea trait (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r). The genes for pea color and round/wrinkled are unlinked. What fraction will have green round peas?

3/8

How many ATPs are made when one glucose molecule is utilized using aerobic respiration? none two six ten thirty six

36

Dog intestinal cells have 78 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do dog sperm cells have?

39

Dog liver cells have 78 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do dog sperm cells have?

39

What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis?

4 haploid cells

What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes mieosis? 2 diploid cells 2 haploid cells 4 diploid cells 4 haploid cells 2 diploid and 2 haploid cells

4 haploid cells

A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at its completion, produce two nuclei each containing how many chromosomes?

46

Gorilla egg cells have 24 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do gorilla liver cells have?

48

phosphorus normally forms __ bonds.

5

pentose sugar

5 carbon sugar

the new strand of DNA is made in the __________ direction.

5' to 3'

A person that is heterozygous for polydactyly forms an extra finger. If one parent is heterozygous for polydactyly and the other is homozygous normal, what is the chance that a child of theirs will have 6 fingers?

50%

A woman and her husband both show the normal phenotype for pigmentation, but both had one parent who was an albino. Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. What is the chance that their fourth child will have a heterozygous genotype? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

50%

A woman is heterozygous for hemophilia. Her husband is healthy. What is the chance that a son of this couple would have hemophilia? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

50%

In Guinea pigs, black hair (B) is dominant over white (b), and short hair (S) is dominant over long hair (s). If guinea pig with short black hair (SsBb) is crossed with a Guinea pig short white hair (Ssbb) what percent of their offspring would have short hair? 75% what percentage of Guinea pigs in the last question would have white hair?

50%

In peas yellow color (Y) is dominant over green color (y). Also the round pea trait (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r). The genes for pea color and round/wrinkled are unlinked. If a plant with green round peas (yyRr) is crossed with a plant with yellow wrinkled peas (Yyrr) what percentage of the pea plant will have wrinkled peas?

50%

In peas yellow color (Y) is dominant over green color (y). Also the round pea trait (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r). The genes for pea color and round/wrinkled are unlinked. What percentage of pea plants will have yellow peas?

50%

Refer to the work of a dog breeder. In Cocker Spaniel dogs black coat color B is dominant to red coat color b. Also solid color S is dominant over spotted color s. The genes for coat color and spotted or solid color are unlinked. If a dog with a solid black coat BbSs is crossed with a dog with solid red coat bbSs what percentage of the puppies will have a black coat?

50%

When crossing a homozygous recessive with a heterozygote, what is the chance of getting an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?

50%

A person that is heterozygous for Huntington's Corea dies at an early age of a neurological disorder. If one parent is heterozygous for Huntington's disease and the other is homozygous normal, what is the chance that a child of theirs will have Huntington's disease?

50% chance

If one parent is heterozygous for polydactyly and the other is homozygous normal, what is the chance that a child of theirs will have polydactyly?

50% chance

Flower color in snapdragons is an example of incomplete dominance. When a red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, the F1 generation has pink flowers. If a pink-flowered plant is crossed with another pink-flowered plant, the progeny plants will be __________.

50% pink 25% red 25% white

How many carbons does glucose have?

6

how many CO2 molecules are produced when one glucose molecule is completely utilized in the process of aerobic respiration?

6

You have a brother that has sickle cell anemia. You are healthy and your parents are healthy. What is the chance that you are a carrier of the sickle cell trait?

66.7% chance

You have a brother that has sickle cell anemia. Your parents are healthy and you are healthy. What is the chance that you are homozygous normal?

66.7% chance

what is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

How many electrons would be expected in the outer most shell of an atom with an atomic number of 17?

7

Living cells are________H2O

70 - 95%

In Guinea pigs, black hair (B) is dominant over white (b), and short hair (S) is dominant over long hair (s). If guinea pig with short black hair (SsBb) is crossed with a Guinea pig short white hair (Ssbb) what percent of their offspring would have short hair? 75%

75%

If one parent is heterozygous for Huntington's disease and the other is homozygous normal, what is the chance that a child of theirs will have Huntington's disease?

75% chance

A particular eukaryotic protein is 300 amino acids long. Which of the following could be the maximum number of nucleotides in the DNA that codes for the amino acids in this protein?

900

You have recently found out that your father is a carrier of the cystic fibrosis trait and your mother is homozygous normal. You do not have cystic fibrosis. What is the chance that you are a carrier of the trait?

?

What is a karyotype?

A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape

What is an oncogene?

A gene that is involved with triggering cancer

flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

What is the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?

A monohybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for a single character and a hybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters.

which source of energy is most directly responsible for ATP synthesis in the chloroplast?

A pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane

What is an operator?

A piece of DNA that binds a repressor protein

what is hypertonic?

A solution with a higher salt concentration than in the cells. Water will move out of cell. Cell will shrink

what is isotonic?

A solution with the same salt concentration as in cells

Why is a water molecule polar?

A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

a diagram of a metabolic path is to the right. Metabolite A is converted to metabolite D with metabolites A and B as intermediates. As metabolite D builds up in the cell it inhibits enzyme 1. when this happens what will happen to the amounts of metabolites A and B?

A will increase and B will decrease

The processes of active transport and the movement of motor proteins involved in cell motility both require

ATP

what is an example of a nucleotide?

ATP

what is the equation of ATP hydrolysis?

ATP > ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate)

Chemiosmosis drives _____ and occurs in ______.

ATP formation; the mitochondrion and the chloroplast

Which bases are purines?

Adenine and Guanine

purine

Adenine and Guanine

glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

what is heterotroph?

An organism that cannot make its own food.

function of endoplasmic reticulum

Assembles proteins and lipids

isotopes are

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

what is hydrophilic?

Attracted to water

a diagram of a metabolic path is to the right. Metabolite A is converted to metabolite D with metabolites B and C as intermediates. As metabolite D builds up in the cell it inhibits enzyme 2. when this happens what will happen to the amounts of metabolites B and C?

B will increase and C will decrease

Refer to the work of a dog breeder. In Cocker Spaniel dogs black coat color B is dominant to red coat color b. Also solid color S is dominant over spotted color s. The genes for coat color and spotted or solid color are unlinked. In a test cross, a solid black coated dog of uncertain heritage was crossed with a dog with a spotted red coat. All of the puppies had a solid, black coat. What is the most likely genotype of the dog with the solid black coat?

BBSS

What type of bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together? What about the phosphate and sugar?

Bases = hydrogen bonds; backbone = phosphodiester bond

In Guinea pigs, black hair (B) is dominant over white (b), and short hair (S) is dominant over long hair (s). In a test cross, a Guinea pig with long black hair of uncertain genotype was crossed with a Guinea pig with long white hair. One half of their offspring long white hair and one half had long black hair. What was the genotype of the parent that had black hair?

Bbss

one gene one enzyme hypothesis

Beadle and Tatum

why is water cohesive?

Because the negative end of one molecule's oxygen can form a hydrogen bond with the positive hydrogen of another molecule. water molecules are nonpolar water molecules participate in hydrogen bonds

covalent bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons equally with other atoms.

A wife has type A blood and a husband has type B blood. Their child is type O. What do you know about the genotypes of the parents?

Both parents are heterozygous

A wife a type B blood and the husband has type B blood. Their child is type O. What do you know about the genotypes of the parents?

Both parents are heterozygous.

Consider the energy profile to the right. which arrow shows the activation energy in the presence of an enzyme?

C

lipids are made up of

C, H, O

In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following is true? a. A=C b. A=G and C=T C. A+C = G+T d. G+A = C+T e. answers C and D

C. A+C = G+T d. G+A = C+T e. answers C and D

molecular formula of ethene

C2H4

molecular formula of ethane

C2H6

What type of photosynthesis is done by sugar cane?

C4-type photosynthesis

Erythrose, a 4 carbon sugar, has the following chemical formula

C4H8O4

Sedoheptulose is a 7 carbon sugar. what's its molecular formula?

C7H14O7

plants that fix CO2 into C-4 acids at night when stomates are open and carry out the Calvin cycle during the day when stomates are closed are called

CAM plants

in what type of photosynthesis are the leaf stomates open at night and closed during the day?

CAM type photosynthesis

what type of photosynthesis is done by Spanish moss?

CAM type photosynthesis

A codon is ACG. What is the sequence of the corresponding anticodon?

CGU

molecular formula of methane

CH4

plant organelle where photosynthesis occurs

Chloroplast

site of photosynthesis

Chloroplast

what occurs during mitosis metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

what is a structural isomer?

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Couple I - A and A Couple II - B and O Couple III - A and B Baby 1 - B Baby 2 - O Baby 3 - AB

Couple I (A and A) has baby 2(O) Couple II (B and O) has baby 1 (B) Couple II (A and B) has baby 3 (AB)

pyrimidine

Cytosine and Thymine

In class, I did a demonstration of the following reaction: 2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2. This reaction did not occur until the catalase was added. What did the catalase do? A. The reaction is normally endergonic, but the catalase changed the reaction and it became exergonic. B. The reaction is normally exergonic, but the catalase changed the reaction and it became endergonic. C. The reaction is always endergonic, but catalase provided ATP to drive the reaction. D. The reaction is always exergonic, but catalase lowered the activation energy. E. Peroxide breaks down catalase releasing O2.

D. The reaction is always exergonic, but catalase lowered the activation energy.

What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?

DNA Plasma membrane cytoplasm ribosomes flagella cell wall

What is the order of information flow during gene expression?

DNA RNA Protein

2 types of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts?

DNA does not contain sulfur, whereas protein does. DNA contains phosphorus, but protein does not.

What happens during S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA is replicated

the molecule that links together Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is

DNA ligase

what enzyme links two pieces of DNA together?

DNA ligase

Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction?

DNA polymerase

Replaces RNA primer with DNA nucleotides and repairs errors

DNA polymerase I

what enzymes removes RNA primer and replaces DNA?

DNA polymerase I

Adds DNA nucleotides to the ends of RNA primers

DNA polymerase III

the making of an exact copy of DNA is called

DNA replication

function of lysosome

Digestion/recycling of cell components Phagocytosis Autophagy

What is an example of Aneuploidy?

Down syndrome

When does crossover occur?

During prophase I of meiosis

function of carbohydrates

Energy storage, mobile energy molecules and structural functions

A mouse with the dominant genotype for brown pigmentation is albino due to the mouse having the dominant genotype for a separate gene This is an example of

Epistasis

the hybrid offspring of the parent generation

F1

ionic bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

The stage of the cell cycle that occurs immediately after cytokinesis is

G1 phase

The stage of the cell cycle that occurs immediately after DNA synthesis is: G1 S G2 M J

G2

whats the theory of inheritance?

Genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes

this organelle sorts newly made proteins to their correct location in the cell

Golgi apparatus

developed the foundational theories of genetics

Gregor mendel

if a solution's pH decreases from 10 to a 8, that means that the...

H+ is 100 times greater than what it was at 10

Based on the dissociation patterns shown below which of the following would be considered an acid?

HF > H+ and F-

A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?

HT

The following question refer to the red eye/white eye trait in Drosophilia. If a heterozygous red eyed female is crossed with a white eyed male what is the phenotype of the progeny?

Half of the males will have red eyes and half will have white eyes. Half of the females will have red eyes and half will have white eyes.

How did Morgan's work expand on Mendel's principles of inheritance?

He found a mutation in fruit flies that affected eye color.

Unwinds the DNA double helix to form replication bubbles

Helicase

Anaphase I (Meiosis)

Homologous chromosomes separate

What process makes up for the difference in the amount of X linked genes in males and females?

X inactivation

A certain type of muscular dystrophy is seen only in boys born to apparently normal parents. This disorder causes the boy to die before age 10. Girls never have the disorder. What answer below best describes the genetics of this trait?

X linked trait

In peas yellow color (Y) is dominant over green color (y). Also the round pea trait (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r). The genes for pea color and round/wrinkled are unlinked. In a test cross, a pea plant with yellow round peas of uncertain heritage was crossed with a plant that had green wrinkled peas. One half of the resulting plants had yellow wrinkled peas and one half had yellow round peas. What was the genotype of the parent that had yellow round peas?

YYRr

what is an example of a secondary protein structure?

a B sheet occurs

what is the direct source of energy that drives ATP synthesis by the mitochondrial ATP synthase?

a H gradient across the inner membrane

What is a carboxyl group?

a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group, O=C-OH

Regarding mitosis and cytokinesis, one difference between higher plants and animals is that in plants

a cell plate begins to form at telophase, whereas animals a cleavage furrow is initiated

cyanide binds to cytochrome at the same site as O2 blocking the enzyme. What type of molecule is cyanide?

a competitive inhibitor

a reaction in which ATP is cleaved allowing a second unfavorable reaction to occur is

a couple reaction

An unfavorable reaction that occurs along with the cleavage of ATP to ADP and phosphate is an example of

a coupled reaction

an unfavorable reaction that occurs along with the cleavage of ATP to ADP and Pi is an example of ____________.

a coupled reaction

When you sequence the the same peice of DNA from someone with the same rare genetic disease you find that five nucleotides are missing from the gene. What type of mutation is it? a point mutation a nonsense mutation an insertion a deletion a missense mutation

a deletion

When you sequence the the same peice of DNA from someone with the same rare genetic disease you find that five nucleotides are missing from the gene. What type of mutation is it? a point mutation a frame shift mutation (insertion) a frame shift mutation (deletion)

a frame - shift mutation (deletion)

a phospholipid molecule has

a glycerol molecule

What is a hydroxyl group?

a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen, OH-

what is a triglyceride?

a lipid made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

triglyceride

a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

When you continue investigating this DNA change you find that the sequence change has occured in an exon. The change results in a change in the protein sequence also. What type of change has occured? a silent mutation a nonsense mutation a missense mutation a frame-shift mutation

a missense mutation

What's a monomer?

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

What is an amino group?

a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms (usually two or three), H-N-H

What type of molecule is ATP? a carbohydrate a protein a lipid a nucleotide

a nucleotide

What is a phosphate group?

a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

When you sequence the DNA of someone with a rare genetic disease you find that the base "A" is found in a position where normally there is a "G". What type of mutation is it? a point mutation a frame - shift mutation an insertion a deletion

a point mutation

When you sequence the DNA of someone with a rare genetic disease you find that the base "A" is found in a position where normally there is a "G". What type of mutation is it? a point mutation a frame shift mutation (insertion) a frame shift mutation (deletion)

a point mutation

If a phenotypic trait is controlled by more than one gene it is

a polygenic trait

What is an aqueous solution?

a solution in which water is the solvent

A human cell contains 44 autosomes, an X chromosome, and a Y chromosomes. What is this cell?

a somatic male cell

Which biological activity below is part of RNA processing? a. adding a poly A tail to the 3' end b. removing a primer c. addition of tRNA d. binding of the ribosome e. all of the above

a. adding a poly A tail to the 3' end

which molecule will yield the most energy in aerobic respiration? a. gluclose b. pyruvate c. acetyl CoA d. NADH e. H2O

a. gluclose

what step breaks glucose down into two 3 carbon molecules? a. glycolysis b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport e. chemiosmotic ATP synthesis

a. glycolysis

which of the following is true for endergonic reactions? a. the products have more free energy than the reactants b. the products have less free energy than the reactants c. reactant will always be completely converted to products d. a net output of energy is generated by the reactions e. the reactions decrease the free energy in the products and increaser the energy of the surrounding enviornment

a. the products have more free energy than the reactants

all atoms must be

account for

increase in H+

acid

H+ and OH- balance can be upset by ______(increase H+) and ______ (increase OH-)

acids and bases

K+ is transported into cells by a protein that cleaves ATP. The concentration of K+ inside the cell is greater than the K+ outside the cell. What type of transport is occurring?

active transport

Which of the following types of transport requires energy? simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport

active transport

Purpose of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

add amino acid to tRNA

what are the post transcriptional steps in eukaryotes?

addition of 5' cap remove introns addition of poly A tail

quaternary structure

aggregation of polypeptides

what occurs in anaerobic yeast cells but not aerobic yeast cells

alcoholic fermentation

what are the 2 types of carbonyls?

aldehydes and ketones. non polar molecules

While at the store you buy some celery. The cells in the celery stalks are ____.

alive

A man who carries an allele of an X-linked gene will pass it on to _____.

all of his daughters

Modern variations of the influenza virus can be recombinations of ______. a. two or more old human viruses b. pig and human viruses c. duck and human viruses d. pig, duck, and human viruses e. all of the above

all of the above

The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment means that

all of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes

The following question refer to the red eye/white eye trait in Drosophilia. If a white eyes male is crosses with a red eyed female what is the phenotype of the progeny?

all of the males and all of the females will have red eyes

this organelle contains proteins

all organelles have proteins

why is activation energy important for metabolic control in biological systems?

all the reactions would happen at once and the cells need to control the reactions

a character is to a gene has a trait is to an _____-

allele

Alternative forms of a gene are referred to as

alleles

alternative versions of a gene

alleles

starch linkage

alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkage

what functional group acts as bases?

amino

primary structure

amino acid sequence

Building blocks of proteins

amino acids

where are carboxyl groups found?

amino acids and fatty acids

A human cell contains 22 autosomes and an X chromosome. What is this cell?

an egg cell or a sperm cell

a chemical reaction that requires energy to take place is called

an endergonic reaction

K+ concentration is higher inside than outside a cell is transported into the cell by the Na+-K+ ATPase. K+ transport into a cell is best described as

an example of active transport

A child born with Down's syndrome has

an extra chromosomes 21

what is a hydrogen bond?

an interaction between a partially positive atom and an electronegative atom

At what point in mitosis are the chromosomes in the middle of being pulled apart?

anaphase

during which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?

anaphase

What is the abnormal number of a specific chromosomes

aneuploidy

why is it that a hypotonic solution is unhealthy for animal cells but not for plant cells?

animal cells will gain too much water and rupture the cell membrane membrane which destroys the cell. Plants have a cell wall that keep it from rupturing

what is gluclose

animal mobile sugar

Is Cl- an anion or a cation?

anion

ionic bonds are the attraction between negatively charged _____ and positively charged _______?

anions, cations

What is the directionality of the DNA strands?

anti-parallel opposite

cellulose does not readily react with O2 forming CO2 and H2O at room temperature because

at room temperature the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted

what is all of a human body cells besides sex chromosomes

autosomes

There are four flasks of yeast: Each flask has all of the nutrients for growth except an energy source. Here is what is in each flask: Flask A has glucose but no O2 and is in the dark. Flask B has glucose and O2 and is in the dark. Flask C has no glucose and no O2 and is in the dark. Flask D has no glucose but has O2 and is in the dark. Flask E has no glucose but has CO2 and is in the light Which flask(s) will be able to grow? a. Only flask A b. Flasks A and B c. Flasks A, B and D d. Flasks A, B and E e. All ofthe flasks will be able to grow.

b. Flasks A and B

There are four flasks of yeast: Each flask has all of the nutrients for growth except an energy source. Here is what is in each flask: Flask A has glucose but no O2 and is in the dark. Flask B has glucose and O2 and is in the dark. Flask C has no glucose and no O2 and is in the dark. Flask D has no glucose but has O2 and is in the dark. Flask E has no glucose but has CO2 and is in the light Which flask(s) will be producing CO2? a. Only flask A b. Flasks A and B c. Flasks A, B and D d. Flasks A, B and E e. All of the flasks will produce CO2

b. Flasks A and B

What statement about sickle cell anemia is true? a. it is a contagious disease b. a sickled red blood cell containing rods of hemoglobin S and cannot enter capillaries c. The mRNA sequence for a person with sickle cell is the same for a person without it d. people with sickle cell make normal hemoglobin after a few years e. sickle cell is caused by a virus

b. a sickled red blood cell containing rods of hemoglobin S and cannot enter capillaries

Which of the following terms belong with the words synapsis, tetrads, and chiasmata? a. haploid b. crossing over c. autosomes d. prophase II e. fertilization

b. crossing over

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance? a. pink flowers in snapdragons b. hair color in humans c. the ABO blood group in humans d. sex linkage in humans e. white and purple color in sweet peas

b. hair color in humans

Which of the following is true about gene expression? a. cells always express all of their genes all of the time b. in most cells, only some genes are expressed at any one time c. most cells never express any genes d. genes can never be turned on or off e. all genes are turned on when the cells divide and then they are switched off

b. in most cells, only some genes are expressed at any one time

you accidentally leave your favorite house/dorm plant in the dark over thanksgiving break. to your surprise, it is still alive when you return because _________ a. it still produced sugars to live on because the Calvin cycle does not require light b. it obtained energy from stored sugar and starch molecules produced before your vacation. c. it used short wave energy to power photosynthesis d. the light reactions were driven by the breakdown of organic molecules instead of light e. plants are not really living organisms

b. it obtained energy from stored sugar and starch molecules produced before your vacation.

recently some University of Southern Mississippi students took some breath mints containing chlorophyll and decided to go to the beach and photosynthesize. this probably won't work because the proteins that bind chlorophyll are not present in human, even students from USM. what proteins listed below do bind chlorophyll? a. rubisco b. photosystem I and photosystem II c. the choloroplast ATP synthase d. answers A and B e. answers A B and C

b. photosystem I and photosystem II

All cells, both eukaryotic and prokarytotic, contain which of the following? a. nucleus b. plasma membrane c. mitochondria d. cell wall e. all of the above

b. plasma membrane

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance? a. pink flower color in snapdragons b. skin color in humans c. the ABO blood groups in humans d. cinnabar eye color in fruit flies e. white and purple flower color in sweet peas

b. skin color in humans

What are prokaryotic cells?

bacterial cells

Which of the following organisms does not reproduce cells by mitosis? a. cow b. bacterium c. mushroom d. cockroach e. banana tree

bacterium

increase in OH-

base

atoms that have a full outer electron shell tend to

be stable and nonreactive

why doesn't a non polar molecule dissolve well in water?

because it's hydrophobic and can't form H bonds with water

cellulose linkage

beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

what type of linkage connects glucose units in cellulose?

beta- glycosidic linkages

which type of linkage connects glucose units in cellulose?

beta-glycosidic linkages

how does a competitive inhibitor restrict enzyme activity?

bonds to active site

What do meiosis and mitosis have in common?

both are preceded by interphase

For this question, assume that you have given a bacterial cell radioactive thymidine so that the DNA in the cell was completely labeled. Also assume that no other component of the cell is labeled. Now you take away the radioactive thymidine and allow the cells to divide. Remember the DNA is still radioactive. after one cell division, which cells is/are radioactive?

both cells will be radioactive

A wife has type "AB" blood and the husband has type "B" blood. Their child is type "A". What do you know about the genotypes of the parents?

both parents were hertozygous

amylopectin

branched starch

function of peroxisome

breaks down lipids/fatty acids and contains and breaks down hydrogen peroxide

what contribute and accept H+, maintain stable pH

buffers

How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?

by lowering the activation energy of a reaction

A heterozygous brown rabbit is a result of a homozygous red parent and a homozygous white parent This is an example of

Incomplete dominance

What are some example of a quantative character?

Its multiple genes producing one chataracter, such as hair color, weight, eye color

Based on the dissociation patterns shown below which of the following would be considered a base?

KOH > K+ and OH-

what is hypotonic?

Less solute molecules/ more solvent water molecules. Water will move across the membrane to the inside of the cell. Cell will swell up.

function of cytosol

Location of chemical reactions

microfilaments

Maintain cell shape (tension bearing) Change cell shape and movement Muscle contraction Cytoplasmic streaming

microtubles

Maintenance of cell shape ("girders") Cell motility (cilia and flagella) Chromosome movement Organelle movement

Electronegativity is

Measure of an atom's attraction on electrons in a chemical bond

When you sprain your ankle there is damage to ligaments and blood vessels. What type of cell division is occurring during the healing process?

Mitosis

Which of the following equals 0.2 mm? a. 2 x 10^2 mm b. 2 um c. 200 um d. 2 nm e. 20 nm

c. 200 um

what step releases the most CO2? a. glycolysis b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport e. chemiosmotic ATP synthesis

c. Krebs cycle

which of the following can pass most easily through a lipid bilayer? a. DNA b. ATP c. O2 d. catalase e. NA

c. O2

A typical mRNA found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell will have all of the following features except: a. a 5' cap b. 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRS) c. an intron d. all are present

c. an intron

Oncologists try to kill cancer cells using chemotherapy drugs that inhibit cell division in rapidly dividing cells. Which types of drug affecting microtubules listed below might be useful in inhibiting cancer? a. a drug that inhibits microtubule elongation should be effective b. a drug that inhibits microtubule shortening should be effective' c. both drugs listed in answers a and b should be effective d. neither of these types of drugs would be expected to inhibit cell division

c. both drugs listed in answers a and b should be effective

all of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle except a. production of ATP b. production of NADH c. consumption of O2 d. release of carbon dioxide e. all of the above

c. consumption of O2

Which of the following is true of the process of meiosis? a. two diploid cells result b. four diploid cells result c. four haploid cells result d. four autosomes result e. four chiasmata result

c. four haploid cells result

which molecule is the most oxidized?

N triple bonded to N

which of the following molecules donates electrons to the mitochondrial electrons transport chain?

NADH

If a mother has type A blood and her child has type AB blood, is it possible for the child's father to be type O blood?

No

Alligators have two unlinked genes, one for teeth number (N) and one for tail length (T). An alligator has the genotype NnTt. Which of the following represents a possible gamete from this alligator?

Nt

A father has blood type AB and a mother has a blood type B. Which blood type is NOT POSSIBLE among their children?

O

Which gas was much less abundant in Earth's early atmosphere than it is now?

O2

Oxygen is vital to the process of aerobic respiration. It allows aerobic organisms to derive a great deal more energy from glucose than anaerobic organisms are able to. What is the vital role that oxygen plays in cellular respiration? a. it is a reactant in glycolysis, necessary for the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid b. oxygen is a waste product of citric acid cycle c. oxygen is required to build the acetyl- CoA molecule d. oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain e. oxygen reacts directly with glucose resulting in Co2 and H2O

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Metaphase I

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

One gene with multiple phenotypic effects this is an example of

Pleiotropy

One phenotypic character is controlled by multiple genes

Polygenic inheritance

Adds RNA primers to each strand

Primase

translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Function of cytoplasm

Protects and supports the cell

What is the genetic material in HIV?

RNA

What is the genetic material of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

RNA

Which enzyme is responsible for making the RNA strand during transcription?

RNA polymerase

What is the different between RNA and DNA?

RNA uses the base uracil and DNA uses the base thymidine

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

RNA uses the base uracil, while DNA uses the base thymidine

What does it mean to say that DNA replication is semi-conservative?

Replication of DNA molecule produces two molecules, each with one original strand and one new strand

What is aerobic respiration?

Respiration with oxygen

embedded with ribosomes for protein synthesis

Rough ER

In a rose two pigments, one yellow and one red, contribute to flower color. Synthesis of the yellow pigment is encoded by gene "Y" with the ability to make the pigment being dominant. Synthesis of the red pigment is encoded by gene "R" with the ability to make the pigment being dominant. So plants with genotype YY or Yy can make the yellow pigment while genotype yy cannot. Plants with genotype RR or Rr can make the red pigment while plants with genotype rr cannot. When both pigments are present the flower is orange. If neither pigment is present the flower is white. which of the following plants would have an orange flower? a. RrYY b. rrYY c. rrYy d. RRyy e. Rryy

RrYY

At what stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

S phase

The stage of the cell cycle that occurs immediately after G1 is

S phase

What element is found in protein but not DNA? Where in a protein would this element be found?

Sulfur and certain amino acids

function of Rough ER

Synthesis of secretory proteins

Consider the DNA sequence: 5' ATGCGGCATTAA 3'. What mRNA would be produced from this sequence?

TTAATGCCGCAT

Examples of recessive inherited genetic disorders?

Tay Sach's, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell

What experiment determined that replication is semi-conservative?

The Meselson-Stahl experiment 1. Bacteria cultured in medium containing N15. 2. Bacteria transferred in medium containing N14. They differences were in weight, the heavier would be denser. Nitrogen is found in the bases of the DNA. 3. DNA sample centrifuged after 20 mins. 4. DNA sample centrifuged after 40 mins. After regeneration, the DNA would show up as a single band. After 2nd generation, one band with intermediate and one band with only N14.

Telophase II and Cytokinesis (Meiosis)

The cells have now been formed into 4 new cells, and the nuclear membranes come back. These cells are known as haploid cells, and each has half the usual number of chromosomes

What is a genome?

The complete complement of an organism's genes

The gene for black or grey body color in fruit flies (b) has a recombination rate of 17% with the gene for vestigial wings (yg). The gene for black or grey body color in fruit flies has a recombination rate of 9% with the gene for red or cinnabar eyes (cn). which statement below is true?

The gene b is closer to the gene en than the gene vg

Early experiments involving mating between red eyes and white eyed fruit flies revealed that a disproportionately large number of males in the F2 generation were white eyed. Why?

The gene for eye color is located on a sex chromosomes

When Thomas Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. All the white-eyed flies were male. How do you explain this result?

The involved gene was on the X chromosome

ester linkage

The linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids in a fat is the ester linkage. This bond is formed through dehydration synthesis.

In an experiment extracted from the pathogenic S strain of Streptococcus pneumonia is mixed with living cells of the non pathogenic R strain and this mixture is injected into mice. What will happen?

The mice will die and the bacteria from the dead mice will look like the S strain

How would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental-type offspring than recombinant-type offspring are produced?

The two genes are linked

Whose work supported the theory of inheritance?

Thomas Morgan

In tomatoes, tall is dominant (T) and short is recessive (t). Red fruit is dominant (R) and yellow fruit is recessive (r). When a breeder crossed a tall plant with red fruits of unknown genotype with a short plant with yellow fruit he found that 50% of the plants were tall and 50% were short by all of the fruit were red. What was the genotype of the original tall plant with red fruit?

TtRR

A codon is GCA. What is the sequence of the corresponding anticodon?

UGC

a codon is GCA. what is the sequence of the corresponding anticodon?

UGC

hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

A father has blood type O and a mother has blood type AB. Which blood type is NOT POSSIBLE among their children? a. type A b. type B c. type AB d. all are possible e. none are possible

c. type AB

example of CAM plants

cacti, pineapple

The human X and Y chromosomes are

called "sex chromosomes" because they determine an individual's sex

What is autotrophic nutrition?

can make their own food

What hypothesis is best supported by observing cancer cells in a culture?

cancer cells don't exhibit density dependent inhibition

cellulose is a type of

carbohydrate

chitin is a

carbohydrate

glycosidic linkages are found in?

carbohydrates

what reactant is required from the environment for the Calvin cycle?

carbon dioxide

What is a carbonyl group?

carbon double bonded to an oxygen, C=O

Carbohydrates are made up of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

proteins are made up of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

what is a biological buffer?

carbonic acid

which functional group can dissociate and take up H+ from a solution?

carboxyl group

2 functional groups in amino acids

carboxyl group and amino group

what functional group forms acids?

carboxyl, ionic form

female sex organ in a plant

carpel

what transport protein changes shape in order to pass molecules across the membrane?

carrier transport protein

enzymes are _____ which means they speed up reactions

catalysts

Na+ is a anion or cation?

cation

Cleavage furrow = animals; ________= plants

cell plate

protects cells from lysis

cell wall

Compare the amount of DNA in a cell in G1 phase and G2 phase.

cells in G2 have twice the DNA as cells in G1

what is usually not found in a plasma membrane?

cellulose

what polysaccharide is the analog of chitin in plants?

cellulose

the region of a chromosomes where two strands of identical DNA are held together is

centromere

Where do the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in both plant and animal cells?

centrosome

What are the regions that organize microtubules spindles during mitosis?

centrosomes

how does a noncompetitive inhibitor restrict enzyme activity?

change the shape, the substrate can't attach anymore

what protein forms a tunnel across the membrane and helps molecules across the membrane via passive transport - facilitated diffusion

channels

A heritable feature that varies among individuals

character

the location that marks where crossing over occurred?

chiasmata

Structural molecules

chitin and cellulose

green pigment that absorbs light energy

chlorophyll

Where is Rubisco located in the chloroplast?

chloroplast stroma

location of the Calvin cycle?

chloroplast stroma

where is rubisco located in the plant cell?

chloroplast stroma

What do plant cells have that animal cells don't?

chloroplast, cell wall, large vacuole, and plasmodesmata

What is replicate chromosome?

chromatid

The centromere is a region in which

chromatids are attached to one another

The proportionality between recombination frequency and gene distance allows for the creation for ________ which depicts gene positions on a chromosomes

chromosomes maps

what do Prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotic cells don't?

circular chromosomes

A person with blood type AB expresses both A and B type antibodies on the surface of their red blood cells This is an example of

codominance

secondary structure

coils and folds of primary chain

What are examples of human X linked disorders?

color blindness, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia

Reactions go to

completion or equilibrium

what is an isomer?

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the

concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5

A polymer is a repeating chain of similar or identical units formed by?

condensation

example of C4 plants

corn and sugarcane

carbon atoms tend to form _____ bonds.

covalent

What process in meiosis creates genetic variation in the form of gene recombination?

crossing over

What is the mechanisms for the production of genetic recombinants?

crossing over and independent assortment

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?

cytoplasm

Tubulin is a major component of this organelle

cytoskeleton

supports cell shape and functions in cell movement

cytoskeleton

which sub cellular structure is involved in cell movement?

cytoskeleton

All of the following are directly involved in translation except a. mRNA b. tRNA c. ribsomes d. DNA e. aminoacyl-tRNA aynthetase enzymes

d. DNA

which statement about DNA is true? a. DNA binds to ribosomes during protein synthesis b. DNA contains the sugar ribose c. DNA contains the base uracil d. DNA contains the base adenine e. all of the above

d. DNA contains the base adenine

A typical mRNA found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell will have all of the following features except: a. a 5' cap b. 5' and a 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) c. a poly-adenine tail d. an intron e. all of the above

d. an intron

what step oxidized NADH? a. glycolysis b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport e. chemiosmotic ATP synthesis

d. electron transport

which one of the steps directly requires O2? a. glycolysis b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport e. chemiosmotic ATP synthesis

d. electron transport

Which of the following is not part of the eukaryotic transcription initiation complex? a. promoter b. RNA polymerase c. transcription factors d. snRNP e. TATA box

d. snRNP

Which statement below best describes linked genes? a. one gene is on the X chromosome and one is on the Y chromosomes b. They are identical genes and the organism is homozygous for that trait c. They are on homologous chromosomes but different in sequence and the organism is heterozygous d. the two genes are close together on the same chromosome e. both genes are transcribed at the same times

d. the two genes are close together on the same chromosome

Which of the following statements about genes is incorrect? a. genes correspond to segments of DNA b. many genes contain the information needed for cells to synthesize enzymes and other proteins c. during fertilization, both the sperm and the ovum contribute genes to the resulting fertilized egg d. under normal circumstances, each chromosome contains precisely one gene e. genetic differences can result from changes in the DNA called mutation

d. under normal circumstances, each chromosome contains precisely one gene

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the carrier of genetic information.

symbiosis

different prokaryotic cells living together

cross between organisms that are heterozygous for two characters

dihybrid

Mitosis creates

diploid daughter cells

meiosis is

diploid to haploid

Maltose is an example of a

disaccharide - carbohydrate

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, and maltose are all

disaccharides

in a given solution of water, some molecules will separate into H+ and OH- in a process called

dissociation

what is hydrophobic?

doesn't like water

A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white-flowered pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates

dominance

allele that determines the phenotype of a heterozygous organism

dominant

What shape does the DNA molecule take on?

double helix

all of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle EXCEPT a. production of ATP b. production of NADH c. production of FADH2 d. release of CO2 e. adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water

e. adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water

which organism below is capable of aerobic respiration? a. grass b. yeast cells c. oak trees d. mice e. all of the above

e. all of the above

What is an enantiomer?

each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other.

what protein hydrolyzes ATP and uses the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to transport ions across the membrane?

electrogenic pumps

which of the following is true about non polar molecules?

electron are shared equally

In the murder mystery you are reading the victim has been killed by his evil twin using carbon monoxide poisoning. Which part of aerobic respiration is inhibited by carbon monoxide?

electron transport

Valence electrons are

electrons in the outermost energy level

a chemical reaction that requires energy to take place

endergonic reaction

Our cells take up iron from the blood. Iron is usually bound to transferrin and when transferrin binds to its receptor on the outside ofthe cells it is brought inside the cell in coated vesicles. What type of transport is this? pinocytosis exocytosis endocytosis phagocytosis clathrin-mediated endocytosis

endocytosis and phagocytosis

This organelle contains lipids

endoplasmic reticulum

What do both animal cells and Plant cells both have?

endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria cytosol golgi apparatus nucleus peroxisomes

what scientific theory has been developed to explain this commonality between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

endosymbiotic theory

what is activation energy?

energy needed to start a reaction

an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution is likely to

enlarge and possibly lyse

function of proteins

essential for the growth, development, and repair of all body tissues

what type of bond connects fatty acids to a glycerol in triglycerides?

ester bonds

what's the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, prokaryotic do not

example of C3 plants

everything else; soy beans, rice, flowers

Is ATP hydrolysis exergonic or endergonic?

exergonic

insulin, a hormone, is made in pancreatic cells and exported from the cell in small vesicles. These vesicles fuse with plasma membrane releasing the insulin from the cell. What process is occurring?

exocytosis

What are the protein coding segments of a stretch of eukaryotic DNA called?

exons

the concentration of pyruvate outside of the mitochondrion is higher than the concentration inside. A specific transport protein is required for pyruvate to cross the membrane, but no ATP is required. This is an example of

facilitated diffusion

what passive transport requires transport proteins?

facilitated diffusion

what transport is the movement of large/charged molecules and needs proteins to do it?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following types of transport requires a protein? simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport

facilitated diffusion and active transport

true or false: enzyme regulation only occurs at the active site

false

True or false: one the first step in a metabolic pathway requires an enzyme

false; all steps not the first step

true or false: enzyme regulation always causes a decrease in enzyme activity

false; increase or decrease

true or false: metabolism is simply the method by which a cell breaks down food

false; metabolism is all reactants in a cell

_______- are components of phospholipids

fatty acids

building blocks of lipids

fatty acids and glycerol

what is the purpose of coupling two reactions to each other?

favorable reaction allows the unfavorable reaction to proceed

exergonic reactions are considered ____ because they _______ energy

favorable, release

what is the main purpose of a membrane?

filter/keep certain particles out of the cell

What do animal cells have that plant cells don't?

flagella and lysosomes

phagocytosis is the process by which

food particles are digested by lysosomes

what mutation results in a more severe change in the polypeptide

frameshift

5' - GGCAAAUGUCUC - 3' to 5' - GGCAAAAUGACUC - 3' what change?

frameshift mutation

O2 is produced during photosynthesis. Where does the O2 come from?

from H2O

What model organism was used in Thomas Morgan's work and why?

fruit flies because they are cheap and have short life cycles

define a photosystem

functional unit of photosynthesis - protein pigment complexes that absorb light energy. II comes before I

what is chitin?

fungal cells wall, insect and arachnid exoskeletons

The cell you are examining under the microscope has a cell wall and no chloroplasts. what kingdom does this organism belong?

fungi

What are linked genes?

genes on the same chromosome

what is the building block of starch?

gluclose

Using aerobic respiration, which molecule can provide the most energy?

glucose

Mobile energy molecules

glucose and sucrose

what is the formula of 10 glucose molecules linked together?

glucose= C6H12O6. 10 glucose= C60H102O51

which of the following is the energy storage polysaccharide found in humans?

glycogen

what process converts glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and produces 2 ATPS?

glycolysis

which pathway is common or reaction is used in both aerobic respiration and alcohol fermentation

glycolysis

which pathway or reaction is common in both aerobic respiration and alcohol fermentation?

glycolysis

the bonds that connect the glucose monomers in cellulose are _________ bonds

glycosidic

modifies, stores, and packages materials

golgi apparatus

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is

haploid and the chromosomes are composed of two chromatids

Hairy ears are a Y-linked trait. If an unfortunate individual such as your professor, has this trait, what is the chance that a son of that man will have hairy ears?

he will almost certainly have hairy ears

What enzyme separates the two strands of DNA to unwind them?

helicase

In this pedigree, males are squares, female are circle and dark colored symbols indicate individuals with a specific genetic trait. With respect to inheritance of the trait, the most likely genotype for the individual indicated by the arrow is the arrow is pointing to a white square

heterozygous

organism that has different alleles for a gene

heterozygous

Because organisms are made primarily of water, they resist rapid temperature changes. This useful quality is based on water's _____.

high specific heat

what are the properties of hydrogen bonds?

high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, maximum density of 4 C, cohesive

without energy input, molecules tend to move down their concentration gradient. this means a molecule will love from a __________ concentration to an area of ______ concentration

higher to lower

You inherited one chromosome 9 from your mom and one from your dad. These are best described as

homologous chromosomes

chromosomes that carry the same assembly of genes controlling the same traits are best described as

homologous chromosomes

If a person has two identical alleles, he/she is ____ for that gene

homozygous

If a person has two identical alleles, he/she is _____ for that gene.

homozygous

organsim that has identical alleles for a gene

homozygous

In this pedigree, males are squares, female are circle and dark colored symbols indicate individuals with a specific genetic trait. With respect to inheritance of the trait, the most likely genotype for the individual indicated by the arrow is the arrow is pointing to a dark colored circle

homozygous recessive

What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix?

hydrogen

What is a bond between the H atom of one water molecule and the O atom of another molecule

hydrogen bond

in an alpha helix, a hydrogen atom participates in a covalent bond with nitrogen atom of one amino acid and also weakly interacts with an oxygen atom. what is the 2nd weaker interaction called?

hydrogen bond

what is a weak chemical bond?

hydrogen bond

what holds together the base pairs in DNA like G to C?

hydrogen bonds between the bases

the breakdown of a large biological molecule such as starch requires

hydrolysis reactions

A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be

hydrophobic

Oil molecules are ______because they have relatively nonpolar bonds

hydrophobic

which types of bonds/interactions are important for a protein's tertiary structure?

hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds

what functional group form alcohols?

hydroxyl, polar molecules

A glass of salt water is ___ relative to a glass of pure water

hypertonic

How does binary fission differ from mitosis?

in binary fission, a single circular chromosome is replicated

Where does translation occur in a eukaryotic cell? in the nucleus in the cytoplasm inside the ER

in the cytoplasm

Where does mRNA editing occur in a eukaryotic cell? in the nucleus in the cytoplasm inside the ER

in the nucleus

Where does mRNA editing occur in a eukaryotic cell? in the nucleus in the nucleolus in the cytoplasm inside the ER

in the nucleus

Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell? in the nucleus in the cytoplasm inside the ER

in the nucleus

As recombination frequency increases, distance _____

increases

where does the elctron transport chain take place?

inner mitochondrial membrane

This location becomes very acidic in the light

inside of the thylakoids

an alpha helix is a protein structure that arises from

interactions between the polypeptide backbone and itself

This region will be transcribed but then spliced out of the mRNA

intron

chlorine atoms tend to form _______ bonds.

ionic

the two types of strong chemical bonds are?

ionic and covalent

what bond is the complete transfer of electrons between atoms?

ionic bond

what type of bond results from a complete transfer of electrons between atoms?

ionic bond

What is a geometric isomer?

isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different. cis and trans

You have a yeast strain that has a defect in Kreb's cycle. Under what conditions, if any, could the yeast grow?

it can grow by alcohol fermentation

How would you describe the reaction after looking at the diagram in the last question?

it is exergonic with or without an enzyme

Where would you find rRNA in the cell?

it is part of the ribosome

you have a friend that recently lost 15 pounds. where did the fat go?

it was released as CO2 and H2O.

what happens when a photon hits a molecule of chlorophyll?

it will excite the electrons in the chlorophyll. They will go up, gain energy, and when they come back they will release energy

what is the structure that the mitotic spindles attach to on the chromosome called?

kinetochore

During vigorous exercise, anaerobic muscle cells produce _____ and gain ______.

lactate and ATP

what process occurs in muscles undergoing O2 deprivation?

lactic acid fermemtation

In a human cell, what percentage of the genes are being actively transcribed?

less than 10%

Joins Okazaki fragments to seal the sugar-phosphate backbone

ligase

A triglyceride is a type of

lipid

corn oil is a

lipid

function of smooth ER

lipid synthesis

which sequence goes from largest to smallest?

liver cell, cell nucleus, hemoglobin, amino acid, carbon atom

what is an enzyme's active site?

location where substrates bind and react

When a virus infects a cell and its genome integrates with the host geneome, that virus is undergoing _________ gowth.

lysogenic

A virus incorporates its DNA into the host DNA. It replicates along with the host DNA. What type of viral growth is this?

lysogenic growth

which organelle is active in protein degradation?

lysosome

What contains hydrolytic enzymes for digestion?

lysosomes

When a virus infects a cell and makes new virus particles killing the host cell, that virus is undergoing _________ gowth.

lytic

Eukaryotic genetic information is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the form of

mRNA

What contains codons?

mRNA

A child has DND. The parents do not have DND. Which grandparent must be a carrier of DND trait?

maternal grandmother

DNA crossover occurs in

meiosis

Pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs in

meiosis

Your gametes (egg cells or sperm cells) are the result of: mitosis meiosis binary fission nuclear fission

meiosis

What type of cell division is the cell to the right undergoing? For this organism 2n=8. All of the chromosomes are shown in the drawing. 2 lines of 4 chromosomes are in the middle

meiosis I

What type of cell division is the cell to the right undergoing? For this organism 2n=8. All of the chromosomes are shown in the drawing. 4 chromosomes are lined up in the middle

meiosis II

What type of division is going on in the figure? For this organism 2n=8. mitosis meiosis I meiosis II not enough information to tell 4 cells lined up in the middle

meiosis II

membranes prevent the movement of Na+ and changed solutes in cells because

membranes contain phospholipids

membranes prevent the movement of Na+ and charged solutes in cells because

membranes contain phospholipids

what occurs during mitosis telophase?

membranes form around seperated chromosomes

leaf tissue made of cells that contain most of a plant's chloroplasts

mesophyll

What type of cell division is the cell to the right undergoing? For this organism 2n=8. All of the chromosomes are shown in the drawing. 2 lines of 4 chromosomes are in the middle What phase is this cell in?

metaphase

What phase of division is the cell to the right in? This cell is from an organism that is 2n=6 and all chromosomes are shown.

metaphase I of meiosis

which cytoskeleton elements assist in flagellar motion?

microtubles

The mitotic spindle is composed of

microtubules

the mitotic spindles are composed of

microtubules

5' - GGCAAAUGUCUC - 3' to 5' - GGCGAAUGUCUC - 3' what change?

missense mutation

What is a single change in a base

missense point mutation

Respiration occurs here

mitochondria

site of cellular respiration

mitochondria

this organelle is involved in energy generation

mitochondria

what is found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?

mitochondria

what organelle contains the enzymes for aerobic respiration?

mitochondria

which wold not be found in a Prokaryotic cell?

mitochondria

what process consumes O2, converting in to H2O?

mitochondrial electron transport

what process consumes O2, converting it to H2O

mitochondrial electron transport

what process takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

mitochondrial electron transport

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

what is the location of the Kreb's cycle?

mitochondrial matrix

energy transformation

mitochondrion and chloroplast

The somatic cells derived from a single-celled zygote divide by which process?

mitosis

What type of cell division is the cell to the right undergoing? For this organism 2n=4. All of the chromosomes are shown in the drawing. 1 line of 4 chromosomes in the middle

mitosis

You scrape your face in a bicycle accident. What type of cell division is occurring during the healing process?

mitosis

In his transformation experiments, Griffith observed that

mixing a heat killed pathogen strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form

cross between organisms that are homozygous for a single character

monohybrid

carbohydrates are classified as

monosaccrides, dissaccharides, and polysaccharides

which of the following is not a characteristic common to all living organisms?

motility

what is motility?

movement of material in the GI tract as a result of muscle contraction

Purpose of ribosome

moves along mRNA in 5' to 3' direction

A gene on the Y chromosome produces hairy ears. If a man has this trait, what is the chance that his daughter will have hairy ears?

no chance

Which of the following is true about the structure of DNA? a. it is composed of one helical strand b. it contains the sugar ribose c. the phosphate is directly linked to the base d. all correct e. none correct

none correct

A woman is homozygous normal for the color blind trait and her husband is colorblind. What percentage of the children will be color blind?

none of the children will be color blind

A woman is a carrier of the Duchene's muscler dystrophy (DMD) trait which is a defect in the gene for dystrophin an important muscle protein. The gene for dystrophin is on the X chromosome. Her husband has normal muscle function. What percentage of their children will have DMD?

none of the girl but 1/2 of the boys

which type of bond is formed by an equal sharing of electrons between atoms?

nonpolar convalent

5' - GGCAAAUAUCUC - 3' to 5' - GGCAAAUAACUC - 3' what change is this?

nonsense mutation

5' - GGCAAAUGUCUC - 3' to 5' - GGCAAAUGACUC - 3' what change?

nonsense mutation

what is a change in a stop codon?

nonsense point mutation

ribose and deoxyribose are the same except ribose has a hydroxyl group bonded to its 2 carbon and deoxyribose does not. this makes the sugars...

not isomers

what occurs during mitosis pro metaphase?

nuclear membrane breaks down

the nucleus and mitochondria contain _____ but the lysosome and the cell wall do not

nucleic acid

mRNA is a type of

nucleic acid or nucleotide

phosphodiester linkages are found in

nucleic acids

what type of biological molecules are inserted into bacteria by bacteriophages to start the viral infection?

nucleic acids only

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a five carbon sugar are the three components of a

nucleotide

When Hershey and Chase labeled bacteriophage with 32P what did they label? proteins nucleotides lipids carbohydrates all of the above cell components

nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids

nucleotides

Most RNA processing in a eukaryotic cell takes place in the _____.

nucleus

Where is eukaryotic messenger RNA transcribed?

nucleus

this contains the majority of the cell's DNA

nucleus

where does the process of transcription in eukaryotes take place?

nucleus

What do prokaryotic cells lack?

nucleus and membrane bound organelles

this organelle is found in plant cells

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplast (all of the above)

What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don't?

nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and linear chromosomes

atomic number is

number of protons

when compared with oxidized NAD, reduced NADH has

one less carbon to carbon double bond

What is haploid?

one set of chromosomes

Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans. Which process takes longer?

oogenesis takes much longer (days or more) than spermatogenesis

The "on-off" switch for a gene

operator

Since DNA strands run in the (opposite, same) direction, the two strands (can, cannot) be replicated in the same direction.

opposite, cannot

Which of the following types of transport specifically refers to the diffusion of water across the membrane? simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport

osmosis

what is a type of simple diffusion?

osmosis

what is the movement of water?

osmosis

valence shell is

outermost electron shell

A woman is pregnant at age 40. The egg that was fertilized resulting in the pregnancy began the process of meiosis about how long before completing the process?

over 40 years

What byproduct is produced by the light reactions and released from plant leaves?

oxygen

the negative of the log of the hydrogen ion concentration

pH

what is the optimum pH for most biological enzymes?

pH = 7

what factors affect an enzyme's activity?

pH, temperature, cofactors, and regulators

what transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration and doesn't require energy?

passive transport

the primary type of bond found in an enzyme would be:

peptide

which type of linkage connect amino acids in protein?

peptide bond

contains enzymes to break down H2O2

peroxisome

which organelle contains the enzyme catalase?

peroxisome

oxygen comsumption

perxoisome

when a white blood cell engulfed a bacterium, what type of transport is occurring?

phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

phagocytosis. taking in of large food particles

An organism's physical appearance

phenotype

DNA strands have a 5' end, which usually consists of a free _________ group, and a 3' end, which usually consists of a free ________ group.

phosphate and hydroxyl

what functional group is important for energy storage molecules?

phosphate group

nucleic acid structure

phosphate group + 5 carbon sugar + nitrogen base

what does the fluid mosaic model say about phospholipid movement?

phospholipids move laterally across the membrane moving side to side and can flip upside down

What element is found in DNA but not protein? •Where in DNA would this element be found?

phosphorus and phosphate group

which type of organism produces O2?

photosynthetic organisms produce O2

what proteins bind chlorophyll?

photosystem I

If two genes are genetically linked they are

physically close together on the same chromosome

What are eukaryotic cells?

plant and animal cells

you are looking at a cell under a microscope. it has a nucleus, a large vacuole, and many chlorplasts. what type of cell is it?

plant cell

what is cellulose?

plant cell walls

what is sucrose?

plant mobile sugar

cell wall is found in

plants, fungi, protists

Major components are phospholipids and proteins

plasma membrane

Regulates movement of materials in and out of the cell

plasma membrane

selectively permeable barrier surrounding cell

plasma membrane

what cell structure is found in all living cells?

plasma membrane

which organelle prevents small charged molecules like Na+ from rapidly entering the cell?

plasma membrane

water is

polar

oxygen forms _____ bonds.

polar covalent

what kind of bond do sulfur atoms make?

polar covalent

what kind of bonds to oxygen atoms form?

polar covalent bonds

Bond forms between carboxyl and amino groups of two amino acids

polypeptoide

what is more than 2 sets of chromosomes?

polyploidy

cellulose is

polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

What are Punnett squares used for?

predicting the result of genetic crosses between organisms of known genotypes

the most important structure in determining protein shape is

primary

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is considered to be part of the structure of a protein?

primary

what is the protein sequence leucine-valine- glycine an example of?

primary protein structure

part of a protein sequence is lysine-valine-alanine. This is an example of

primary structure

function of golgi apparatus

products modified, stored and packaged

The region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds is called the

promoter

This is the part of the gene where RNA polymerase binds

promoter

What is necessary for transcription to occur properly?

promoter region template DNA RNA polymerase

what phase does synapsis occurs in

prophase I

function of plasma membrane

protect the cell from its surroundings

one of the principle functions of the cell wall is to

protect the cell from osmotic lysis

hemoglobin is a

protein

insulin is a

protein

the cytoskeleton is composed of

protein

Peptide bonds are found in

proteins

what macromolecule category do enzymes fall under?

proteins

When Hersey and Chase labeled the phage with 35S- sulfur, what cellular component were they specifically labeling?

proteins were specifically labeled

the mass of an given atom is equal to

protons + neutrons

In the reaction: pyruvate + NAD > acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H which reactant has been oxidized?

pyruvate has been oxidized

in this reaction: pyruvate + NAD > acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H which of the reactant has been oxidized?

pyruvate has been oxidized

The phenotypic character produced from polygenic inheritance is referred to as a ______ character.

quantative

when a protein is made up of more than one polypeptide chain, it is said to have ________ structure.

quaternary

two different polypeptide chains come together to form an active protein. this is an example of?

quaternary structure

what is transcribed from DNA? a. protein b. carbohydrate c. rRNA

rRNA

What are ribosomes composed of?

rRNA and proteins

What types of RNA is involved in translation?

rRNA, tTNA, mRNA

allele that doesn't affect phenotype unless its on both chromosomes

recessive

How do you find recombination frequency?

recombinants (2 lower numbers) / total number

chlorophyll molecules mostly absorb the __________ wavelengths of visible light

red and blue

Crystal structure in ice _______density because of spacing

reduces

Increasing temperatures ______density because of molecular motion

reduces

what phase of the Calvin cycle requires the most ATP and NADPH?

reduction

At the end of the second electron transport chain, NADP becomes NADPH. Is this reaction an example of oxidation or reduction?

reduction - gained electrons. Remember OIL RIG

The Y shaped structure where the DNA double helix is actively unwound during DNA replication is called the

replication fork

what metabolic process that we learned about uses the products of photosynthesis as reactants?

respiration

What is anaerobic respiration?

respiration without oxygen

A piece of DNA is first transcribed and then copied. The copied DNA now inserts itself into a new place on the host genome. This is called a ________.

retrotransposon

What is the name ofthe protein that makes DNA using RNA as the guide?

reverse transcriptase

makes proteins by translating RNA

ribosomes

insulin, a protein, is made in the

rough ER

ribosomes are found with ______ where they are involved with _____.

rough ER, protein biosynthesis

In a rose two pigments, one yellow and one red, contribute to flower color. Synthesis of the yellow pigment is encoded by gene "Y" with the ability to make the pigment being dominant. Synthesis of the red pigment is encoded by gene "R" with the ability to make the pigment being dominant. So plants with genotype YY or Yy can make the yellow pigment while genotype yy cannot. Plants with genotype RR or Rr can make the red pigment while plants with genotype rr cannot. When both pigments are present the flower is orange. If neither pigment is present the flower is white. What is the genotype of a white flowered plant?

rryy

____________ is probably the most abundant enzyme on the planet

rubisco

what enzyme is used to fix CO2 in the Calvin cycle

rubisco

Lipids are classified as

saturated or unsaturated

DNA replication is: conservative semi-conservative liberal semi-liberal moderate wildly-moderate

semi-conservative

what determines how an enzyme will function?

shape - primary structure

tertiary structure

shape produced by bonds between side chains

5' - GGCAAAUGUCUC - 3' to 5' - GGGAAAUGUCUC - 3' what change?

silent mutation

O2 enters human muscle cells. No energy is needed for this and no transport proteins are required. What membrane transport process is likely to be involved?

simple diffusion

what type of passive transport doesn't require transport proteins?

simple diffusion

what are the 2 types of passive transport?

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

which type of building block has the most hydroxyl groups?

simple sugars

A carbon atom can form a ______ or ______ bond with another atom

single or double

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

When a chromosomes is duplicated, the two copies are referred to as

sister chromatids

function of ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

function of ribsomes

site of protein synthesis

Humans have 46 chromosomes. This number of chromosomes will be found in __________.

skin cells

what order is this in? amino acids, triglyceride, lysosome, human fibroblast cell

smallest to biggesg

what organelle synthesizes phospholipids?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances

solution

the dissolving agent of a solution

solvent

are C4 plants spatial or temporal?

spatial.

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor. uses special receptor proteins to help carry large particles across the cell membrane.

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a X and Y chromosome is

sperm

what occurs during mitosis prophase?

spindle apparatus forms

male sex organ in a plant

stamen

Energy Storage polysaccharides

starch and glycogen

where in the body do you think you would find an enzyme with a low optimum pH?

stomach - acidic

how do molecules enter/leave a plant leaf?

stomata

pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange

stomata

what is starch

storage form of glucose in plants

what is glycogen

storage polysaccharide in animals

function of nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic information

function of lipid

store energy

The matrix is to the mitochondrion as the ________ is to the chloroplast.

stroma

aqueous interior of chloroplasts

stroma

disaccharides include

sucrose, lactose, maltose

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

what functional group forms thiols?

sulfhydryl

which of the following functional groups helps stabilize the tertiary structure of proteins by forming covalent cross links within protein molecules?

sulfhydryl

what dimensional relationship confines cells to their small size?

surface area to volume ratio. As surface area increases, the volume increases faster

the process by which homologous chromosomes pair together

synapsis

which parts of cellular respiration generate the carbon dioxide that we breathe out?

synthesis of acetyl CoA and citric acid cyle

transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Anticodon is a triplet base code found in

tRNA

What is an anticodon part of?

tRNA

Which molecule or complex contains an anticodon?

tRNA

Ensures that chromosomes don't shorten after every round of replication

telomerase

A cell is finishing mitosis and the chromosomes are separated and becoming less dense. This cell phase is

telophase

What phase of mitosis is opposite of pro metaphase in terms of nuclear membrane?

telophase

are CAM plants spatial or temporal?

temporal

The overall 3 dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called the

tertiary structure

a disulfide bond in a protein that made up of a single polypeptide chains an example of?

tertiary structure

interactions between the side chains of a polypeptide give a protein its

tertiary structure

What is genetic cross between an individual showing a dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual called?

test cross

in the scientific method, the next step after making a hypothesis is

testing the hypothesis

The strands that make up DNA are antiparallel. This means that

the 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand

electron configuration is

the arrangement of electrons in an atom

what type of fermentation can the brain perform?

the brain cannot form any fermentation

If an acid is added to a buffered solution...

the buffer accepts H+ from solution to resist a decrease in pH

a protein known as a phospholipase removes fatty acids from phospholipids. what cellular structure would be most affected by this enzyme?

the cell membranes

What is hydrolysis?

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

what process produces O2?

the citric acid cycle/kreb's cycle

microtubules and microfilaments are components of

the cytoskeleton

how does an enzyme affect EA? What does this mean for the rate of the reaction?

the enzyme decreases EA making the reactions faster

How does an enzyme affect Delta G? what does this mean for the amount of energy released by the reaction?

the enzyme doesn't affect Delta G and energy stays the same

Mendel utilized the ____ as the experimental organism to work out the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

the garden pea

If recombination frequency is 50%, what does that tell you about the genes involved?

the genes are unlinked.

which is true about water in its solid form?

the hydrogen bonds form a crystal lattice structure

where is the location of the ATP synthase responsible for most of the ATP made during aerobic respiration?

the inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the name of the structure where the spindle tubules attach to the chromosomes?

the kinetochore

The leading and lagging strands differ in that

the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction The leading strand is synthesized continuously whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately stitched together

A couple has a son who has hemophilia. neither parent has hemophilia. Which parent or parents has/have the hemophilia trait? the mother has the allele, the father does not None of the child's grandparents have hemophilia. Which grandparent must be a carrier of the hemophilia allele?

the maternal grandmother

in the next experiment DNA extracted from baboon skin cells is mixed with living cells of the non pathogenic R strain of S pneumonia and this mixture is injected into mice. What will happen?

the mice will live; any surfing bacteria will look like the R strain

A couple has a son who has hemophilia. neither parent has hemophilia. Which parent or parents has/have the hemophilia trait?

the mother has the allele, the father does not

A couple has a son who has DMD. Neither parent has DMD. Which parent or parents has/have DMD trait?

the mother has the trait, the father does not

When DNA from dead Streptococcus pneumoniae "S" is added to living "R" cells and this mixture injected into mice. What happens? the mouse lives the mouse dies

the mouse dies

When protein from dead Streptococcus pneumoniae "S" is added to living "R" cells and this mixture injected into mice. What happens? the mouse lives the mouse dies The mouse gives this restaurant a poor review on Yelp!

the mouse lives

the process of endocytosis is

the movement of substances into the cell through membrane bound vesicles

What determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication?

the nucleotide sequence of the template strand

the structure of a polypeptide is determined by

the nucleotides of the original DNA

atomic weight is

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

if the OH- of a solution is 10^-3, what else is true?

the pH of the solution is 11

What does the term wild type mean?

the phenotype that is most commonly expressed

what does mutant mean?

the phenotype that is not usually expressed

How do the two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes differ from each other?

the precise sequence of the DNA within each of the chromosomes

how are the plasma membrane and a membrane of the Golgi apparatus different?

the proteins in each membrane would be different

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of

the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

Which enzyme or complex is responsible for making of protein during translation?

the ribosome

which organelle is active in protein synthesis?

the rough endoplasmic reticulum

what is a hydration shell?

the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion

The 3 in the C3 refers to what? The 4 in the term C4 refers to what?

the step after fixation makes 3 or 4 carbons

what is a solute?

the substance that is dissolved

mass number is

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

which is true of starch and glucose?

they are both polymers of gluclose

what is true about all living things?

they are capable of reproduction

The reason that linked genes are inherited together is that

they are located on the same chromosome

According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids?

they can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common?

they contain DNA and they are surrounded by double membranes

What do functional groups do?

they give a molecule its chemical properties

what is a membranous sac that contains cholorphyll

thylakoid

location of the chloroplast electron transport chain?

thylakoid membranes

Which bases are pyrimidines?

thymine and cytosine

For this reason, the leading strand is synthesized continuously (toward, away from) the replication fork, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously (toward, away from) from the replication fork.

toward, away from

each variation of a character

trait

The synthesis of RNA using DNA as the guide is called ______. replication transcription translation

transcription

The making of protein is called

translation

The process by which an mRNA sequence is interpreted and used to direct the synthesis of a protein is called

translation

The synthesis of protein using mRNA as the guide is called ______. replication transcription translation

translation

A piece of DNA that can copy itelf and insert itself into a new place on the host genome is called a ________.

transposon

true or false: cells must have constant energy input

true

true or false: enzyme regulation can be reversed

true

Synonymous with homozygous

true breeding

What happens to the ATP and NADPH made by the light reactions?

turned into ADP and NADP

What occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

two rounds of cell division

amylose

unbranched starch

polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing of electrons

endergonic reactions are considered ______ because they ______ energy.

unfavorable, require

GLYCOGEN IS A STORAGE MOLECULE

veterebrates

In the Hersey chase experiment, which part of the virus was inserted into the host cell to start a viral infection?

viral nucleic acid

the concentration of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere is approx 22% and this concentration is maintained by the breakdown of _____ in photosynthesis.

water

how do water molecules interact with large molecules like a protein?

water can form hydrogen bonds within the protein

Special chlorophyll molecules in photosytem II donate electrons to an electron transport chain. These electrons come from _________ which releases O2 as a byproduct.

water splitting

the early atmosphere on Earth had almost no O2. What evolutionary event correlates with the appearance of O2 in the atomosphere?

with the appearance of the first photosynthetic life forms

Assume that I have given you an mRNA sequence that is 600 nucleotides from the start of the AUG to the beginning of the stop codon, UAA. Remember you know the exact mRNA sequence. Can you predict the exact amino acid sequence that the mRNA codes for?

yes

When you sequence the the same peice of DNA from a third person with the same rare genetic disease you find that one nucleotide has been inserted into the gene. Would you begin to suspect that mutations in the gene are causing the disease? yes because all three people have mutations in this same gene no because each mutation is different

yes because all three people have mutations in this same gene

For the last mutation would you expect the amino acid sequence to be affected after the deletion? yes, the sequence would be different after the mutation yes the deletion would cause a stop codon to appear yes but only one amino acid would change there would be no change in protein sequence.

yes, the sequence would be different after the mutation

what is produced via fusion of an egg and sperm cell

zygote

In animals, meiosis results in gametes, and fertilization results in

zygotes

monosaccharides formula

(CH2O)n