BIOL 1322 Nutrition & Diet Therapy Chapter 2 Smart Book

____________ _________________ _______________ practices includes a variety of practices and products that are not accepted by the majority of physicians.

Alternative Health Care

Variable

is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

When researchers found new evidence for better nutrition practices and expanded principles of nutrition,

old beliefs and practice about nutrition are discarded.

When a study is complete, investigators that were not part of the study will be recruited to critically analyze the study is called

peer review

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

Using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of

quackery

A valid experiment requires both a treatment and

control group

When a relationship between two variables is measured, a __________________ can be established.

correlation

When two variables have a relationship, they are said to be in _______________ with each other, but you cannot say there is a cause-and-effect relationship.

correlation

A (supplement/drug) may be natural or man-made, is a substance that alters the body functions and may have beneficial as well as harmful effects.

drug

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called an

experiment

In order to test hypotheses, research scientist conduct

experiments

The design of case-control studies consist of

individuals with a disease are matched to a person with similar characteristics who do not have the disease and factors are identified that may be responsible for the disease.

Much of information about nutrition, especially in magazines, on the internet, or on television (is/is not) evidence-based, or is not supported by scientific evidence.

is not

A control group is important because

it enables scientist to control the influence of other variables in the study and it allows scientist to determine if a treatment had an effect.

Consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because

nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources, the FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation and promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers.

Epidemiologists often rely on ______________ __________________ and ______________ of people to obtain health data.

physical examinations; surveys

Control group should be assembled

randomly

Control group

receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice, which include

recommendations that promise a quick fix, claims that sound too good to be true and recommendations based on a single study

Within an experiment design, a person's age, weight, or environment are all examples of

variables

An example of an internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a

.com site.

In 1994, Congress passed the (DSHEA/FDA) , a law that classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals as foods, thereby limiting FDA's ability to regulate dietary supplements.

DSHEA

_______________________ studies cannot establish cause and effect.

Epidemiological

Basic steps of experimental epidemiological research

Make observations, develop a hypothesis, design the study and perform tests, analyze data and draw conclusions, and last step is share results with peers.

RD/RN/RDN is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice.

RD

__________________ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that member of treatment and control group have similar characteristics.

Random

To compare results between two study groups, to determine whether a treatment had an effect

a control group is necessary.

A famous football player appears in a advertisement for a new sports drink and he endorses the use of this drink to enhance performance. This is called

a testimonial

A DSHEA of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that

adds to person's dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients.

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide (non-biased/biased) information.

biased

Herbal supplements (can/can not) interact with and influence other medications

can

Experiments using whole living organisms are classified a

in vivo experiments

Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as _____ whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as _______.

in vivo; in vitro

The use of dietary supplements (should/should not) be shared with your doctor.

should

A personal endorsement of a product is called a

testimonial

The RDN credential indicates that

the person has completed rigorous classroom work and clinical training in nutrition.

Epidemiological use data from NHANES

to determine national standards of height, weight, and blood pressure, risk factors for major diseases and prevalence of major diseases.

Nutrition misinformation promotes

useless medical treatments

For the results of an experiment to be accepted by the medical community, a study design must control for ______________ that are not being testes. This is done with a control group.

variables

When Oprah goes on television saying that she lost 50 pounds following a special diet and exercise regime, this is considered _________ 1. and is not reliable scientific information.

anecdotal