BIOL 1409: Ch. 28 The Digestive and Urinary Systems

How does food move down the esophagus to the stomach?

peristalsis

Label female reproductive anatomy in the image below. Not all labels will be used.

(Left: Top to Bottom) Ovary Uterine tube Uterus Vagina (Right: Top to Bottom) Endometrium Cervix

Label the parts of the digestive system.

(Left: Top to Bottom) Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Appendix (Right: Top to Bottom) Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus

Label the parts of the male reproductive system in the image below. Not all labels will be used.

(Left: Top to Bottom) Vas deferens Urethra Testis (Right: Top to Bottom) Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Epididymis

Contraceptive pills are a female birth control method that holds the concentration of estrogen and progesterone at a moderate level throughout the cycle, until the last seven days, during which no pills with supplemental hormones are provided. How might this hormone supplement method prevent pregnancy? Analyze the figure and click on all plausible consequences below.

- LH concentrations will never spike - Ovulation will not occur

Which statements about human sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are true? Select all that apply.

- STIs can lead to cancer - STIs can be caused by both protists and fungi - Antibiotics are used as a treatment for some STIs

Select all of the cells in this image of spermatogenesis that are haploid.

- Secondary spermatocyte - Spermatid - Developing sperm cell - Sperm cells

Select all the benefits provided by the trillions of bacteria that are residents of the large intestine.

- They prevent infection by harmful microbes - They decompose cellulose and produce vitamins B and K - They break down bile

Select all of the following that are produced by different cells found in the gastric pits of the stomach lining.

- a protein that becomes pepsin - mucus - hydrochloric acid

Select all of the following that are directly absorbed by the small intestine.

- cholesterol - amino acids - minerals - simple sugars - vitamins

Select all of the functions of the small intestine.

- complete food digestion - absorb nutrients

Select all of the functions of the stomach.

- continue mechanical digestion of food - receive food from the esophagus - continue chemical digestion of food

Select all of the reasons why the small intestine isn't self-digested.

- digestive chemicals are only produced when food is present - its cells divide rapidly and replace themselves - mucus protects the lining

Select all of the following that are components of gastric juice.

- enzymes - mucus - water - hydrochloric acid

Select the three main components of feces.

- fiber - bacteria - intestinal cells

What circumstances are associated with obesity in humans? Select all that apply.

- intake of more calories than are expended through activity - a diet high in carbohydrates and lipids compared to other macromolecules - a BMI over 30

Gastric juice has a low pH (very acidic). Select all of the functions of the acidity of the gastric juice.

- kills certain microorganisms - activates pepsin - denature proteins

Select all the reasons why the stomach is not digested by its own gastric juices.

- little gastric juice is produced until food is present. - there are tight junctions between the cells of the stomach lining - the stomach has a mucus coating

Select all of the following ways that the microbes of the digestive tract become established in a human.

- microbes on a mother's skin and the environment enter a baby's gut - babies acquire microbes from the milk or formula they drink

Select all of the following that occur in the mouth.

- salivary glands secrete saliva - salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates - mechanical breakdown of food

Select all of the functions of the liver.

- synthesize blood clotting proteins - remove bacteria and toxins from the blood - store glycogen - produce bile - detoxify alcohol

Select the substances that can be absorbed by the stomach.

- water - salts (ions) - aspirin

Select all the functions of the large intestine.

- water absorption - ion absorption - waste elimination

Match the numbers on the left from the diagram with the correct term on the right.

1 - anus 2 - appendix 3 - cecum 4 - small intestine 5 - large intestine 6 - rectum

Match the number from the diagram of human teeth with the correct name of the tooth type.

1 - molars 2 - premolars 3 - canine 4 - incisors

Match the numbers from the human digestive system figure with their correct labels.

1 - stomach 2 - small intestine 3 - rectum 4 - large intestine

Put the events of oogenesis and fertilization in the correct order in which they occur, from first to last.

1. Germ cell produces primary oocyte 2. Meiosis I begins and halts at prophase I 3. Follicle forms and meiosis I is completed 4. Ovulation 5. Secondary oocyte begins meiosis II and halts at metaphase II 6. Sperm contacts secondary oocyte 7. Meiosis II is completed and egg cell is formed 8. Fertilization

Put the following stages in the order that describes the development of a human, beginning at the top with the formation of an egg.

1. Oogenesis 2. Ovulation 3. Fertilization 4. Cell division of the zygote 5. Implantation of the blastocyst 6. Embryonic stage 7. Labor 8. Birth of newborn

Put these human female reproductive structures in the order than an unfertilized egg cell will travel through them, beginning first at the top with the site of egg production. Not all labels will be used.

1. Ovary 2. Uterine tube 3. Uterus 4. Cervix 5. Vagina

Drag these sentences describing oogenesis and human reproduction into sequential order.

1. Primary oocyte is produced and stored in the ovaries. 2. FSH and LH stimulate a follicle to mature. 3. Follicle releases estrogen. 4. Ovulation occurs. 5. A sperm fertilizes the ovum. 6. A zygote forms.

Put these human male reproductive structures in the order through which sperm cells travel through them, beginning first at the top with the site of sperm production Not all labels will be used.

1. Seminiferous tubules 2. Epididymis 3. Vas deferens 4. Ejaculatory duct 5. Urethra

Place the sections of the large intestine in order from nearest the small intestine at the top of the list to nearest the end of the digestive tract at the bottom of the list.

1. cecum 2. colon 3. rectum 4. anus

Place the structures in the order that food passes through them from the mouth (at the top) to the stomach (at the bottom).

1. teeth and tongue 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach

The established daily value of total fat is based on the recommendation that total fat be no more than what percent of total calories?

30%

How long can an average, healthy human survive without food?

50-70 days

Classify each statement into the correct category.

Autotroph - Makes its own organic molecules that can be broken down for energy Can synthesize food molecules from inorganic materials using an energy source, such as the sun. Plants and algae Heterotroph - Animals and fungi Must consume organic molecules to obtain carbon and energy The larger the metabolic rate, the more it needs to eat

Match each substance with its role in the digestive system. Not all labels will be used.

Bicarbonate - Neutralizes acids Saliva - Begins starch digestion Bile - Emulsifies fats

Drag each site to the types of organic molecules that are digested there. Sites may be dragged to multiple types of molecules.

Digestion of carbohydrates - Mouth Small intestine Digestion of proteins - Stomach Small intestine Digestion of fats - Small intestine Digestion of nucleic acids - Small intestine

Meiosis II of spermatogenesis results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes.

False

True or False: BMI accounts for many of the details that affect health.

False

Match each hormone with the structure that produces it. Labels may be used more than once.

Hypothalamus - GnRH Anterior pituitary - LH FSH Follicle cells - Estrogen Corpus luteum - Progesterone Estrogen

Select the true statement.

In general, the longer the gestation period and the greater the birth weight, the less likely the chance that medical problems will occur.

Suppose that you switch from eating 2000 calories per day to eating 2500 calories per day. What happens to your recommended upper limit of cholesterol consumption?

It stays the same

What is the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients?

Macronutrients are required in larger amounts than micronutrients are.

Drag each food molecule to the part of the digestive system where its chemical digestion begins.

Mouth: Starches Stomach: Proteins Fats Small intestine: Nucleic acids Nonstarch carbohydrates

Label the function of each female reproductive organ in the image below. Not all labels will be used.

Ovary - Site of oogenesis Fallopian tube - Site of fertilization Endometrium - Contracts during childbirth Vagina - The birth canal Uterus - Preembryo implants in this structure Cervix - Stretching cues oxytocin release

Select the four main types of organic molecules in foods.

Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Nucleic acids

What is the best way to reduce caloric intake without sacrificing nutritional value?

Reduce fat, carbohydrate, and protein intake proportionally.

Drag each description to the correct category.

Sheep: Is a ruminant Has a digestive tract with two openings Has a complete digestive tract Has a gastrointestinal tract Sponge: Relies solely on intracellular digestion Cnidarian: Has a gastrovascular cavity Has an incomplete digestive tract Has a digestive tract with one opening

Match each of the following events with the phase(s) of human labor when it most commonly occurs.

Stage one of labor - Water breaks Baby is present in the vagina Cervix dilates to 10 cm Stage two of labor - Baby's head pushes against opening of uterus leading to the vagina The baby is delivered Stage three of labor - The placenta is delivered Throughout labor - Oxytocin stimulates uterine muscles to contract

Match each item on the left with all appropriate locations in the human digestive system. Some items may be used more than once.

Stomach - Chemical breakdown occurs Mechanical breakdown occurs Enzymes are secreted Large intestine - Feces produced Small intestine - Lined with villi Chemical breakdown occurs Enzymes are secreted Water is absorbed Mouth - Chemical breakdown occurs Mechanical breakdown occurs Enzymes are secreted

Label the function of each male reproductive organ in the image below. Not all labels will be used.

Testes - Produces sperm cells Epididymis - Stores sperm cells Vas deferens - Connects the epididymis with the ejaculatory duct Seminal vesicle - Secretions activate sperm to swim Ejaculatory duct - Connects the vas deferens with the urethra Prostate gland - Secretes most seminal fluid Urethra - Carries both semen and urine

During spermatogenesis, spermatids differentiate into sperm cells.

True

True or False: The small intestine releases digestive enzymes that are able to act on short polysaccharides to release simple sugars for absorption.

True

True or False: The stomach is not digested by its own juices partially because gastric juice is present in low amounts until food is present.

True

True or false: The cells of the small intestine can be destroyed by digestive juices.

True

The _ of the gastric juice denature proteins, kills microorganisms, and activates pepsin.

acidity

The large intestine contains many beneficial types of _.

bacteria

_ is produced in the liver and aids in fat digestion by breaking fats into little droplets.

bile

Capillaries inside each villus of the small intestine empty into a vein that transports nutrient-laden _ to the _.

blood; liver

What takes up newly absorbed nutrients and water within villi?

capillaries

Match each nutrient with its correct description of digestion.

carbohydrates - digestion begins in the mouth and is completed in the small intestine proteins - digestion begins in the stomach and is completed in the small intestine fats - emulsified by bile and digested in the small intestine nucleic acids - digested in the small intestine

Match the nutrient on the left with its end product of digestion on the right.

carbohydrates - monosaccharides proteins - amino acids fats - fatty acids and glycerol nucleic acids - nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates

The start of the large intestine consists of the pouchlike _, to which the small, thin appendix is attached.

cecum

The _ is at high risk of developing defects for the longest period.

central nervous system

The crystallization of _ in bile can lead to the formation of gallstones.

cholesterol

The semifluid mixture of food and gastric juice in the stomach is called _.

chyme

In what section does the large intestine absorb most of the remaining water, ions, and minerals from chyme?

colon

Animals that eat only one or a few kinds of food may have a very limited _.

distribution

The first 25 centimeters of the small intestine is called the _.

duodenum

The function of bile is to _.

emulsify fat into small droplets to increase surface area for lipase.

What prevents food in the pharynx from entering the trachea?

epiglottis

What part of the digestive tract connects the pharynx to the stomach?

esophagus

Complete each sentence below explaining analogous parts of the male and female reproductive systems. Just as _ influence oocyte maturation in females, _ influences sperm production in males.

estrogen and progesterone; testosterone

A digestive system is adaptive because it allows an animal to _.

extract nutrients from foods and liquids

Humans have much weaker jaw muscles than other primates. As a result, humans eat softer foods. Determine how shifting to a soft food diet would have affected the evolution of each part of the digestive system. Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Labels can be used only once, but not all labels will be used. Digestion became _.

faster

The large intestine eliminates _ through the anus.

feces

Several foods can provide _, which helps food move through the digestive tract.

fiber

During which trimester is a developing human at greatest risk?

first trimester

Chyme is _.

found in the stomach and consists of food and gastric juice.

Bile, which is produced in the liver, is stored in the _.

gallbladder

Gallstones can form in the _.

gallbladder

The large cecum in the diagram indicates the animal is a(n) _.

herbivore

Leptin is a weight-related _.

hormone

A digestive tract that has only one opening is called a(n) _ digestive tract.

incomplete

Chewing is beneficial for digestion of food because chewing _.

increases the surface area of food particles to facilitate chemical digestion.

The main functions of the _ are water absorption and waste elimination.

large intestine

Bile is produced by the _, a large accessory digestive organ with many functions.

liver

Cirrhosis is a condition in the _ where scar tissue prevents vital blood flow.

liver

If a person has cirrhosis, the scar tissue in the _ blocks the flow of blood and nutrients through extensive capillary beds.

liver

What organ produces bile?

liver

The digestive system has accessory organs, such as the _ and gallbladder which produce and store bile; salivary glands; and the _, which produces bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase.

liver; pancreas

Humans have much weaker jaw muscles than other primates. As a result, humans eat softer foods. Determine how shifting to a soft food diet would have affected the evolution of each part of the digestive system. Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Labels can be used only once, but not all labels will be used. The small intestine became _.

longer

Minerals and vitamins are types of _.

micronutrients

Ingestion and the beginning of digestion take place in an area of the gastrointestinal tract called the _.

mouth

Put the major organs of the gastrointestinal tract in the correct order, starting with the organ that functions in digestion.

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Smooth muscles underlying the entire digestive tract undergo _, which are rhythmic waves of contraction.

peristalsis

Animals require _ to provide potential energy stored in chemical bonds and chemical building blocks of animal bodies.

nutrients

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals are the six main types of _ found in food that animals consume.

nutrients

Complete each sentence below explaining analogous parts of the male and female reproductive systems. The testis of the male is analogous to the _ of the female.

ovary

In females, the process that occurs once a month in which one ovary releases a single egg cell is called _.

ovulation

When it is ovulated, the female gamete is at a stage called the _.

ovum

Most of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine are produced in the _.

pancreas

The enzyme _ produced by cells of the stomach begins the digestion of _ in the stomach.

pepsin; proteins

The muscles of the digestive tract contract rhythmically, moving food in one direction, in a process called _.

peristalsis

Food as well as air pass through a tube at the back of the mouth called the _, also called the throat.

pharynx

Match each accessory organ of the digestive system with its function.

salivary glands and pancreas - produce digestive enzymes liver - produce bile gallbladder - store bile teeth and tongue - process and swallow food

What are the products of meiosis I in oogenesis?

secondary oocyte and polar body

During spermatogenesis, what cell is the first to become haploid?

secondary spermatocyte

Complete each sentence below explaining analogous parts of the male and female reproductive systems. Meiosis I results in two _ in males and one _ in females.

secondary spermatocytes; secondary oocyte

Spermatogenesis occurs in the _.

seminiferous tubules

The image shown below is a cross-section of the _ in human males, which is the site of sperm production.

seminiferous tubules

Humans have much weaker jaw muscles than other primates. As a result, humans eat softer foods. Determine how shifting to a soft food diet would have affected the evolution of each part of the digestive system. Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Labels can be used only once, but not all labels will be used. The teeth became _.

shorter

Completion of food digestion and the majority of nutrient absorption takes place in what long, tubular organ of the digestive system?

small intestine

Ducts from the liver and pancreas release their products into the duodenum of the _.

small intestine

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the _.

small intestine

Why is the information on a Nutrition Facts Label standardized?

so consumers can compare similar foods

What component on the food label does not affect the number of calories per serving?

sodium

Match the substance that is contain in pancreatic juice with its correct function.

sodium bicarbonate - neutralize acid from the stomach trypsin - break down polypeptides into amino acids amylase - break down starches nucleases - break down DNA into nucleotides lipase - break down fats

Complete each sentence below explaining analogous parts of the male and female reproductive systems. The _ of the male is analogous to the ovum of the female.

spermatid

Which of the following is a correct sequence of cells in spermatogenesis?

spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte

Muscles that control the openings between digestive organs are called _.

sphincters

What animals rely solely on intracellular digestion to obtain nutrients?

sponges

Although it absorbs very few nutrients, the _ can absorb water, alcohol, and a few drugs, like aspirin.

stomach

Gastric juice is produced by the lining of the _.

stomach

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the _.

stomach

The muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus is called the _, which produces gastric juice and churns food.

stomach

The function of the gallbladder is to _.

store bile

The villi and microvilli greatly increase the _ of the small intestine, which allows for faster absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

surface area

The competitive exclusion theory can b e applied to the bacterial species in the large intestine because _.

the normal bacteria in the large intestine prevent harmful bacteria from colonizing there.

During which trimester does the fetus gain the most weight?

third trimester

What muscular structure in the mouth mixes food and pushes it to the back of the mouth for swallowing?

tongue

A complete digestive tract of an animal has _.

two openings, the mouth and the anus.

Match the BMI number or range of numbers on the left with its approximate meaning on the right.

under 19 - underweight 19-25 - healthy 26-30 - overweight 31-40 - obese

During a variant of in vitro fertilization called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (see table 30.4), one sperm cell is injected into an egg cell. Compare this technique to natural fertilization. When fertilization occurs inside a woman's body, how many sperm cells fertilize an egg cell?

usually one but sometimes two

Complete each sentence below explaining analogous parts of the male and female reproductive systems. The male's vas deferens is analogous to the female's _.

uterine tube

The lining of the small intestine is composed of millions of finger-like projections called _, which are lined with epithelial cells that have extensions of the cell membrane called _.

villi; microvilli

Sphincter muscles at the mouth and anus are under _ control, and the remaining sphincter muscles within the digestive tract are under _ control.

voluntary; involuntary

What requires the most energy and nutrient intake, relative to its body mass?

young growing bird

Select reasons why a high-fiber diet is beneficial to human health.

- assists in moving food through the digestive tract - reduces risk of colorectal cancer - reduces blood cholesterol

Select all of the ruminants from the choices below.

- deer - sheep - goat - cow

Select all of the healthy ways to lose weight.

- dietary modifications - exercise

Select all of the disadvantages of an incomplete digestive system.

- digestion and elimination must occur before feeding again. - it limits the potential for specialized compartments that absorb nutrients. - it limits the potential for specialized compartments that store food.

Select all the functions of the gastrovascular cavity.

- digestion of food - circulation of nutrients

Select all of the characteristics of extracellular digestion.

- digestion takes place in a cavity rather than inside cells - food remains outside the cells until it is digested and absorbed - enzymes dismantle large food particles in a cavity

Select the main functions of the digestive system from the choices listed below.

- eliminate undigested waste - break down ingested food - ingest food - absorb small molecules

Select all of the factors that may lead to obesity.

- genetics - an inactive lifestyle - a diet high in sugar

Select the four steps that animals use in processing food.

- ingestion - absorption - digestion - elimination

Select three animals that have gastrovascular cavities.

- jellyfish - flatworm - Hydra

Select all of the following that are ways animals use nutrients.

- maintain tissues - metabolism - grow

Select all of the following that are micronutrients.

- minerals - vitamins

Select all the important resources that nutrients provide to an animal.

- potential energy stored in the chemical bonds - chemical building blocks

Select the reasons that a balanced diet can deliver long-term health benefits.

- reduced risk of type 2 diabetes - reduced risk of heart disease - reduced risk of high blood pressure - reduced risk of certain cancers - reduced risk of osteoporosis

Select all the characteristics of a complete digestive tract.

- regions of the tract can have specialized functions - extracts nutrients more efficiently than gastrovascular cavity - food passes through in one direction

Select all of the following that apply to peristalsis.

- stimulated by autonomic nervous system - helps churn food, along with enzymes - wavelike contractions of smooth muscle

Select all the health risks for an individual who is obese.

- stroke - atherosclerosis - sleep disorders - type 2 diabetes - colon and breast cancers

Select all the characteristics of the digestive tract in ruminants.

- the largest and first chamber is called the rumen. - a cud is produced in the rumen and regurgitated for chewing. - a four-chambered organ specializes in the digestion of plants.

Select all the true statements about the animal waste products urine and feces.

- urine is a watery fluid containing wastes from the body's cells. - feces are composed of partly undigested food.

Select all of the following that are among the main types of nutrients for animals.

- vitamins - proteins - carbohydrates - lipids - water

Select all of the following that are macronutrients.

- water - proteins - carbohydrates - lipids

Match each number from the human digestive system diagram with its correct label.

1 - salivary gland 2 - liver 3 - appendix 4 - esophagus 5 - stomach

Rank the following physiological responses of starvation from its onset (at the top) to death.

1. The body extracts energy from muscle and stored fat. 2. Metabolism slows down and blood pressure drops. 3. Skin becomes dry and hair falls out. 4. Immune system proteins are dismantled and protection from infection declines. 5. Heartbeat becomes irregular and bones degenerate. 6. Person becomes blind, deaf, and emaciated.

Rank the following steps of food processing in animals from start (at the top) to finish (at the bottom).

1. ingestion 2. digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination

Calculate the energy in a serving of food that contains 15 grams of carbohydrates, 20 grams of proteins, and 10 grams of fats.

230 calories

One gram of carbohydrate contains _, one gram of protein contains _, and one gram of fat contains _.

4 calories; 4 calories; 9 calories

Match each environment with the traits that may give an animal an advantage.

A dry environment - Animals with water-conservation traits may have an advantage. A marine environment - Animals with salt-elimination traits may have an advantage. An environment that receives abundant rainfall - Animals with salt-retention traits may have an advantage.

How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?

Divide the person's weight in kilograms by squared height in meters.

What phrase best describes an animal's need for water and ions?

Enough but not too much

What statement is correct with respect to metabolic rate, nutrient intake, and physiological state?

Growing young animals require more food relative to their body mass than do adults of the same species.

In proportion to their body weight, hummingbirds consume more food per day than do elephants. Why?

Hummingbirds have a much higher surface area relative to their body mass than an elephant.

True or false: Parrots have a different diet and therefore a slightly different digestive system than penguins and roadrunners.

True

During a stage of food use called _, nutrients enter the cells lining the digestive tract and begin moving into the bloodstream.

absorption

Nutrients enter the cells of the digestive tract and move into the bloodstream during which of the following stages of food processing?

absorption

In what eating disorder do individuals have a distorted body image and drastically under-eat, sometimes perceiving themselves as overweight?

anorexia nervosa

People who suffer from _ eat very little because they perceive themselves as overweight. Individuals with _ eat but then they vomit the stomach contents or use a laxative to eliminate the food in their gut.

anorexia nervosa; bulimia

A(n) _ is an organism that makes its own food molecules using inorganic materials and an energy source, such as sunlight.

autotroph

An organism that uses inorganic materials and energy source to build organic molecules is called a(n) _.

autotroph

Match the mineral with the symptom associated with its deficiency in the human body.

calcium - weakened bones iron - anemia potassium - heart arrhythmia, muscle cramps sodium - muscle cramps

A standard measurement of the amount of energy contained in a food is the _.

calorie

Nutrition labels list a food's energy content in units called _.

calories

The small cecum in the diagram indicates the animal is a(n) _.

carnivore

The _ forms the entrance to the large intestine and in herbivores houses fermenting bacteria used in digestion.

cecum

The term gastrointestinal tract is used with a(n) _ digestive system.

complete

The mouth and anus are the openings of a(n) _.

complete digestive system

The risk of developing type 2 _ can be reduced by eating a balanced diet.

diabetes

The physical and chemical breakdown of food is called _.

digestion

_ is the physical and chemical breakdown of food in the digestive system.

digestion

The _ system is responsible for the ingestion and breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

digestive

In contrast to animals like raccoons, some animals like praying mantises, the giant panda, and fruit bats.

eat only one type of food.

In animals, the final stage of food processing is called _, in which undigested food is expelled from the body.

elimination

The exit of undigested food from the digestive tract is called _.

elimination

Ingestion is the _.

entrance of food into the digestive tract.

The most effective and healthy way to lose weight is to increase _, decrease _, and maintain a balanced diet.

exercise; calorie intake

Complex animals obtain nutrients through _, releasing enzymes into a digestive cavity that is connected to the environment.

extracellular digestion

Solid waste that leaves the digestive tract is referred to as _.

feces

What digestive system is shown in the diagram?

gastrointestinal tract with two openings

Circulation of nutrients and digestion of food are the two functions of the _ in animals such as jellyfish and flatworms.

gastrovascular cavity

What type of digestive system is shown in the diagram?

gastrovascular cavity with one opening

Match the feeding category on the left with its definition on the right.

herbivore - eats plants carnivore - eats animals omnivore - eats plants and animals detritivore - eats decomposing organic matter

What types of mammals have longer digestive tracts because their diets are rich in cellulose?

herbivores

Animals that eat plants are called _. Animals that eat meat are called _. And animals that eat both plants and meat are called _.

herbivores; carnivores; omnivores

A larger cecum is found in _ animals, and a smaller cecum is found in _ animals.

herbivorous; carnivorous

An organism that must consume organic molecules to obtain carbon and energy is called a(n) _.

heterotroph

Animals, fungi, and many other microbes are _, organisms that must consume organic matter to obtain carbon and energy.

heterotrophs

Typically, smaller animals have _ metabolic rates compared to their larger animals.

higher

Animals with a gastrovascular cavity have a(n) _ digestive system.

incomplete

Jellyfish and Hydra are examples of animals with _ digestive tracts.

incomplete

The entrance of food into the digestive tract is called _.

ingestion

Taking nutrients into food vacuoles and digesting them within the cell is referred to as _ digestion.

intracellular

Match each mineral with its function in the human body.

iron - part of hemoglobin and myoglobin and some enzymes calcium - blood clotting, hormone release, nerve transmission, muscle contraction phosphorus - part of DNA, ATP, and cell membranes; bone and tooth structure potassium - nerve transmission, muscle contraction, nucleic acid synthesis

An herbivore has a longer digestive tract than a carnivore because _.

it requires more time to break down cellulose fibers than protein.

The weight-related hormone _ inhibits eating and is released from adipose tissue.

leptin

In an animal's diet, micronutrients are required in _ macronutrients.

lesser amounts than

Water, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are four _.

macronutrients

Substances that are used by organisms to grow and repair tissues are called _.

nutrients

Using the BMI chart, describe the health of an adult who is 1.73 meters tall and weight 102 kilograms.

obese

An incomplete digestive tract has _ opening(s).

one

The _ is the largest chamber of the four-chambered digestive organ of ruminants.

rumen

Cows, goats, deer, and sheep all have a four-chambered organ that specializes in digestion of grass, classifying them as _.

ruminants

Match the vitamins to their functions in the human body.

vitamin D - bone formation vitamin A - night vision; new cell growth vitamin C - antioxidant; production of neurotransmitters folic acid - manufacture of red blood cells

Match each vitamin to the symptom caused by its deficiency in the human body.

vitamin D - skeletal deformation folic acid - fatigue, neural tube defects niacin - pellagra vitamin C - scurvy vitamin A - blindness