BIOL-141-101 Chapter 5

34. A nucleic acid contains thymidine, allowing you to conclude that: \nA. this nucleic acid is DNA.\nB. this nucleic acid is RNA.\nC. this nucleic acid could be either DNA or RNA.

A. this nucleic acid is DNA.

64. A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which will have a detrimental effect on other organs. This observation can be attributed to: \nA. Evolutionary conservation\nB. Emergent properties\nC. Reductionism\nD. Equilibrium state

B. Emergent properties

55. If you were a very thirsty cell, which process would you use to take in some nutrients secreted by one of your neighbors? \nA. Phagocytosis\nB. Pinocytosis\nC. Receptor-mediated endocytosis\nD. Exocytosis

B. Pinocytosis

14. A student poses the question: How does the presence of dissolved salt affect the freezing point of water? To answer this question, the student set up two conditions. In the first condition, the student added salt to water in a container and referred to this condition as the variable. In the second condition, the student did not add any salt to water in a second container and referred to this condition as the control. The student took both containers and attempted to freeze the water at various temperatures to assess the freezing point. Would this be a valid experiment? \nA. Yes, because there is more than one variable.\nB. Yes, because there is one variable and a control\nC. No, because there is not more than one variable\nD. No because there is only one variable and a control

B. Yes, because there is one variable and a control

47. Incubation of cells at 20C blocks the release of proteins from the trans-Golgi. Under such conditions, you would expect to see \nA. an increase in exocytosis.\nB. a decrease in exocytosis.\nC. an increase in endocytosis.\nD. a decrease in endocytosis.

B. a decrease in exocytosis.

54. If you were to replace the phosphate group of a phospholipid with a fatty acid chain, you would have \nA. glycerol.\nB. a triglyceride.\nC. cholesterol.\nD. glycolipid.

B. a triglyceride.

1. The semi-fluid matrix that surrounds organelles in a cell is called the: \nA. stroma.\nB. cytoplasm.\nC. ribosome.\nD. nucleoplasm.

B. cytoplasm.

27. The information storage molecules of cells are called: \nA. phospholipids.\nB. nucleic acids.\nC. proteins.\nD. enzymes.\nE. hormones.

B. nucleic acids.

51. What type of monomer does ATP represent? \nA. monosaccharide\nB. nucleotide\nC. amino acid\nD. glycerol\nE. fatty acid

B. nucleotide

35. Proteins are created with: \nA. phosphodiester bonds.\nB. peptide bonds.\nC. triglycerides.\nD. polysaccharides.

B. peptide bonds.

13. The fluid nature of the membranes is attributed to a lateral movement of \nA. protein channels.\nB. phospholipid molecules.\nC. antigen molecules.\nD. pumps such as the proton pump.\nE. the entire lipid bilayer.

B. phospholipid molecules.

28. The nitrogenous base that is only found in DNA is and not in RNA is: \nA. cytosine.\nB. thymine.\nC. adenine.\nD. guanine.\nE. uracil.

B. thymine.

14. A DNA strand contains 26 pyrimidines. How many purines will the copied strand contain? \nA. 0\nB. 13\nC. 26\nD. 52

C. 26

58. Membrane potential will affect the directional movement of \nA. Glucose (C6H12O6)\nB. Cholesterol\nC. Potassium (K+)\nD. Oxygen (O2)

C. Potassium (K+)

37. You stain a cell with a dye that reacts with an enzyme found in the lysosome. You would also expect to see this dye in: \nA. nucleus.\nB. cytoplasm.\nC. endoplasmic reticulum.\nD. mitochondria.

C. endoplasmic reticulum.

42. Alcohol consumption adversely affects the synthesis of molecules involved in protein degradation, which can eventually lead to liver damage. Given this information, which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected by alcohol consumption? \nA. rough ER\nB. Golgi apparatus\nC. lysosome\nD. nucleus

C. lysosome

42. An alien from another planet landed on earth. He is fascinated by cars and is determined to figure out how they work. He decides to disassemble one of them and examine each part independently. He removes one of the tires and proceeds to learn all he can about the tire. He then removes one of the headlights and proceeds to learn all he can about the headlight. What type of approach is this alien taking to learn about the car? \nA. deductive reasoning\nB. inductive reasoning\nC. reductionism\nD. Emergent properties

C. reductionism

10. A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as \nA. osmosis.\nB. diffusion.\nC. facilitated transport.\nD. active transport.\nE. exocytosis.

D. active transport.

15. Prokaryotic cell movement is attributed to: \nA. pili.\nB. ribosomes.\nC. cytoskeleton proteins.\nD. flagella.\nE. capsules.

D. flagella.

1. Organic molecules have a carbon backbone and _____ such as -OH and -NH2 that affect their chemical properties. \nA. extension groups\nB. R groups\nC. chemical groups\nD. functional groups

D. functional groups

31. The hypothesis that closely matches the data provided is: \nA. herbivorous insects feed on spiders and centipedes.\nB. spiders are the top predators on all islands.\nC. herbivorous insects survive best on islands where spiders and centipedes live.\nD. herbivorous insects and spider populations are decreased by centipedes.

D. herbivorous insects and spider populations are decreased by centipedes.

10. DNA and RNA contain functional units known as: \nA. peptides.\nB. enzymes.\nC. amino acids.\nD. nucleotides.\nE. fatty acids.

D. nucleotides.

28. A doctor diagnosis a child with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) a disorder in which there is an accumulation of long fatty acid chains accumulating in the cells of the central nervous system. The issues arise with malfunctions in enzymes associated with what organelle? \nA. Golgi bodies\nB. ribosomes\nC. vacuoles\nD. peroxisomes\nE. endoplasmic reticulum

D. peroxisomes

44. You have been assigned to address a problem of overpopulation of species X in a nearby county. One of the members of your team suggests introducing species Y, which is a natural predator of species X, but not normally found in the area. After some discussion, you go ahead and introduce species Y. What aspects of the hierarchical organization may be affected within a period of a several years? \nA. organism, population, species\nB. population, community\nC. population, species, community, biosphere\nD. population, species, community

D. population, species, community

49. You arrive late to a biological seminar. However, just as you enter the room, you hear the speaker referring to the "amino end" and the "carboxyl end" of a macromolecule. Immediately, you know that they are talking about a: \nA. carbohydrate.\nB. DNA.\nC. lipid.\nD. protein.

D. protein.

52. Amanda was studying turtles based on DNA analysis. Under the current classification scheme, which of the following turtle species are thought to be most closely related? (1) Graptemys ouachitensis, (2) Trachymes scripta, (3) Apalone spinifera, (4) Graptemys khonni. \nA. 1 and 3 due to inductive reasoning\nB. 1 and 3 due to deductive reasoning\nC. 2 and 3 due to inductive reasoning\nD. 2 and 3 due to deductive reasoning\nE. 1 and 4 due to inductive reasoning\nF. 1 and 4 due to deductive reasoning

E. 1 and 4 due to inductive reasoning

57. Seth purchased five pounds of live crayfish and realized that the outer shells were made of a tough carbohydrate similar to that used to make the carapace of a cockroach. What do you think the outer shells of the crawfish are made of? \nA. Glycogen\nB. Fibrin\nC. Cellulose\nD. Amylopectin\nE. Chitin

E. Chitin

57. Cardiac muscle has prolonged contraction due to a sodium induced-calcium released process into the cytoplasm of the cell. Cardiac cells can communicate through pore-like channels between cells. List the junction and the organelle involved in cardiac muscle contraction? \nA. Gap; Golgi apparatus\nB. Gap; Rough ER\nC. Adherens; Smooth ER\nD. Adherens; Rough ER\nE. Gap; Smooth ER\nF. Adherens; Golgi apparatus

E. Gap; Smooth ER

61. Based on the experimental design, which variable was the control? \nA. Moisture\nB. Germination rate\nC. Temperature\nD. Type of light\nE. Seeds in the dark

E. Seeds in the dark

18. This cellular structure lacks a membrane: \nA. Golgi body\nB. nucleus\nC. endoplasmic reticulum\nD. microbody\nE. nucleoid

E. nucleoid

26. Denaturation disrupts the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. However, denaturation is not strong enough to disrupt what interaction that is relevant to protein structure? \nA. van der Waals attraction\nB. hydrogen bonds\nC. ionic bonds\nD. hydrophobic exclusion\nE. peptide bonds

E. peptide bonds

4. A nucleic acid containing 32% thymine would contain how much cytosine: \nA. 18%\nB. 32%\nC. 36%\nD. 64%

A. 18%

63. A cuboidal shaped cell with six sides is 1mm X 1mm X 1mm. What is the volume and the surface area of the cell? \nA. 1mm3 : 6mm2\nB. 3mm3 : 3mm2\nC. 1mm3 : 3mm2\nD. 3mm3 : 1mm2

A. 1mm3 : 6mm2

28. In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used with the result that \nA. 3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter.\nB. 2 sodium ion enters and 1 potassium ion leaves.\nC. 2 sodium ion leaves and 1 potassium ion enters.\nD. 3 sodium ions enter and 2 potassium ions leave.\nE. sodium and potassium ions enter and water leaves.

A. 3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter.

41. Which of the following reactions is a hydrolysis reaction? \nA. A + H2O B + C \nB. A + B + H2O C\nC. A + B C + H2O\nD. A B + C+ H2O

A. A + H2O B + C

45. You have been assigned to analyze some extraterrestrial material recently collected from Mars. After examining a sample using a microscope you jump up excitedly and shout to your colleagues that you have confirmed the existence of life on Mars. One of your colleagues takes a look at your sample and remarks that all he sees is a single-celled "blob" with little internal structure. Assuming that life on Mars can be classified into similar domains and kingdoms as Earth, to which domain does your "blob" belong? \nA. Archaea\nB. Fungi\nC. Animalia\nD. Protista

A. Archaea

41. Sulfolobus are archaea that are commonly found in geothermal environments, with an optimum growth temperature of about 80C. What feature allows archaea to thrive at such temperatures? \nA. Archaeal membranes contain special lipids.\nB. Archaea have two cell walls which helps prevent heat absorption.\nC. Archaea are highly adaptable to changing environmental temperatures.\nD. Archaea use the heat from their environment to produce ATP.

A. Archaeal membranes contain special lipids.

66. A phosphorus shortage in soil would make it difficult for plants to produce:\n \nA. DNA\nB. cellulose\nC. amylose\nD. starch

A. DNA

8. What common life characteristic would cells from a daisy, an apple and a dog all have? \nA. DNA\nB. tissues\nC. organs\nD. viruses

A. DNA

59. Which statement represents the biological characteristics that kittens, oak trees, swans, earth worms, elephants and crickets have in common? \nA. DNA nucleotides form the basis of all inherited life, with cells that are formed from other cells.\nB. RNA nucleotides form the basis of inherited life, with cells that are formed spontaneously from the environment.\nC. RNA nucleotides form the basis of all inherited life, with cells that are formed from other cells.\nD. DNA nucleotides form the basis of inherited life, with cells that are formed spontaneously from the environment.

A. DNA nucleotides form the basis of all inherited life, with cells that are formed from other cells.

70. Sudan IV, a dye that binds to nonpolar molecules, is used to detect the presence of macromolecules in food. Sudan IV would test positive in the presence of what macromolecule? \nA. Fats\nB. Chitin\nC. Hemoglobin\nD. Starch\nE. DNA

A. Fats

62. Based on the experimental design, which variable was the dependent variable? \nA. Germination rate\nB. Type of light\nC. Seeds in the dark\nD. Moisture\nE. Temperature

A. Germination rate

43. You have identified an enzyme that appears to be involved in the addition of palmityl group (a fatty acid) to certain proteins. Knowing that palmitoylated proteins are usually targeted for delivery to the plasma membrane, in which organelles might this enzyme be expressed? \nA. Golgi apparatus and ER\nB. Golgi apparatus and nucleus\nC. ER and ribosomes\nD. ER and nucleus

A. Golgi apparatus and ER

71. When compared to the solution, the egg that gained weight was ______. \nA. Hypertonic\nB. Hypotonic\nC. Isotonic

A. Hypertonic

54. When looking at plant and animal cells with an electron microscope, you notice that the plant cells have more Golgi membranes than the animal cells. How might you explain this? \nA. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of cell walls.\nB. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of chloroplasts.\nC. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of cytoplasm.\nD. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of ribosomes.\nE. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of mitochondria.

A. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of cell walls.

58. A dental student wants to test if fluoride is an effective additive against tooth decay. The student studies tooth decay in a population of people who live in neighborhoods supplied with fluoridated water. This student would like to ask whether access to fluoridated water prevents tooth decay. What would be an effective control group to ask this question? \nA. Individuals with access to water with no fluoride added.\nB. Individuals who have fluoride added to their toothpaste but not their water.\nC. Individuals with access to differing amounts of fluoride in the water.\nD. Individuals with access to fluoridated water.

A. Individuals with access to water with no fluoride added.

62. Which amino acid is least soluble in water? \nA. Isoleucine\nB. Glutamine\nC. Alanine\nD. Glycine

A. Isoleucine

61. If all functional groups are removed from an organic molecule, leaving only a hydrocarbon chain, the molecule becomes a: \nA. Lipid\nB. Carbohydrate\nC. Protein\nD. Nucleic acid

A. Lipid

21. Darwin's book in which he described his views on evolution is: \nA. On the Origin of Species.\nB. Survival of the Fittest.\nC. On the Principle of Population.\nD. Principles of Geology.

A. On the Origin of Species.

17. Darwin's ideas on evolution were advanced for his time. His approach to science and natural selection were supported by what main tenant? \nA. Operation of natural laws produces constant change and improvement.\nB. Various organisms and their structures resulted from a spontaneous action.\nC. Species were unchangeable over the course of time.\nD. The world is fixed and constant.

A. Operation of natural laws produces constant change and improvement.

72. At one time, a beautiful wood desk you may do your homework on was a living tree, but its tissues have been replaced with minerals. Now, it only exhibits what property of life?\nA. Organization\nB. Sensitivity\nC. Metabolism\nD. Homeostasis

A. Organization

50. Based on the function of mitochondria, what substance is able to pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria easily? \nA. Oxygen\nB. Sugars\nC. Amino acids\nD. Potassium ions

A. Oxygen

74. You label cells with a radioactive isotope of sulfur (35S). The only molecules that would be radioactively labeled in these cells are: \nA. Proteins\nB. Lipids\nC. Carbohydrates\nD. Nucleic acids

A. Proteins

53. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses RNA, rather than DNA, to encode genetic information. During infection, however, HIV uses an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase to generate double-stranded DNA. Generally speaking, how would the enzyme generate a double strand of DNA from a single strand of RNA? \nA. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of DNA complementary to the first one.\nB. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a RNA copy from the viral DNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of DNA complementary to the first one.\nC. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of DNA from the viral RNA.

A. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of DNA complementary to the first one.

49. If a cell has a normal osmotic pressure of 4500 mmHg and is placed into a solution with an osmotic pressure of 3500 mmHg, what will happen to the cell? \nA. The cell will lose water and its osmotic pressure will decrease.\nB. The cell will gain water and its osmotic pressure will decrease.\nC. \nThe cell will gain water and its osmotic pressure will increase.\n\nD. The cell will lose water and its osmotic pressure will increase.

A. The cell will lose water and its osmotic pressure will decrease.

34. A student set up an experiment to test if plants give off water vapor. Fifty pea plants, growing in pots, were covered with individual glass containers and left overnight. The next morning, the inside of each lid was covered in droplets of water. The lab student concluded that plants generally give off water vapor. What critique would you make of the experimental design? \nA. There was no control so the water could have come from other sources such as air in the jar or the soil.\nB. There was not a large enough sample of pea plants used to get adequate data.\nC. The student did not have a clearly stated hypothesis before beginning the experiment.\nD. The experiment was not precise, meaning it was not reproducible.

A. There was no control so the water could have come from other sources such as air in the jar or the soil.

20. A key contribution to Darwin's thinking was the concept of limits put on the geometric growth of populations by nature, originally proposed by: \nA. Thomas Malthus.\nB. Peter Raven.\nC. Karl Popper.\nD. Russel Wallace.\nE. Charles Lyell.

A. Thomas Malthus.

42. What initiates the sodium-potassium pump? \nA. Three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the protein.\nB. Three sodium ions are translocated out of the cell.\nC. Phosphorylated pump has low affinity for sodium allowing sodium to leave and potassium to bind.\nD. Two potassium ions are transported into the cell.\nE. ATP binds to the protein which becomes phosphorylated (ADP is released).

A. Three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the protein.

47. You look outside and realize that your grass needs to be mowed. You pick up the container of gasoline and see that you have approximately a third of a gallon left. You hypothesize that this amount will be enough to mow your entire lawn. Unfortunately, half way through mowing your lawn you run out of gasoline. You grumble and think to yourself that the next time you mow the lawn, you hypothesize that you will need to have at least two-thirds of a gallon of gasoline available. How did the results of your lawn-mowing experience influence the validity of your new hypothesis for future gasoline needs? \nA. Your prediction of future gas needs is based on experimental data and therefore increases the validity of your hypothesis.\nB. The hypothesis was invalidated by your experimental evidence.\nC. Your hypothesis was supported by trial and error. One more trial added to your data set.\nD. Your prediction proved that your hypothesis is correct.

A. Your prediction of future gas needs is based on experimental data and therefore increases the validity of your hypothesis.

36. Multiple independent experiments have demonstrated that phytochrome helps trigger seasonal change responses in the plant such as changing color and loosening of leaves. Plants have the ability adapt to seasonal changes in their surroundings. This statement is an example of: \nA. a theory\nB. an experiment\nC. inductive reasoning\nD. deductive reasoning\nE. a hypothesis

A. a theory

33. Membrane proteins serve many functions. One of the functions is transportation of substances across the membrane. If a cell biologist placed cells into an environment in which a chemical has been added that blocks the function of only carrier proteins, the process that will be affected is \nA. active transport.\nB. osmosis.\nC. simple diffusion.\nD. phagocytosis.\nE. pinocytosis.

A. active transport.

8. Relatively small organic molecules with a central carbon atom which is bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbon containing group, and a hydrogen atom are called: \nA. amino acids.\nB. fatty acids.\nC. enzymes.\nD. peptides.\nE. nucleotides.

A. amino acids.

6. This atom in its unbound state has four valence electrons. These electrons readily form single, double, and even triple bonds among themselves to become stable. This atom is: \nA. carbon.\nB. hydrogen.\nC. oxygen.\nD. nitrogen.\nE. phosphorus.

A. carbon.

5. Which type of proteins is embedded in the cell membrane in both active transport and facilitated transport? \nA. carrier\nB. cytoskeletal\nC. structural\nD. targeted

A. carrier

19. Some of the functions of the eukaryotic organelles are performed in bacteria by the: \nA. cell wall.\nB. capsule.\nC. nucleoid area.\nD. plasma membrane.\nE. flagella/cilia.

A. cell wall.

17. Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances called a: \nA. central vacuole.\nB. centriole.\nC. nucleus.\nD. Golgi body.\nE. chloroplast.

A. central vacuole.

2. A modified form of cellulose found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans is known as: \nA. chitin\nB. starch\nC. amylose\nD. glycogen

A. chitin

40. Your research project involves characterizing the expression pattern of a nuclear pore protein. After using immunohistochemistry to fluorescently label the protein, you decide that you would like to capture the data as a 3-D image. Which microscope should you use? \nA. confocal microscope\nB. scanning electron microscope\nC. fluorescence microscope\nD. phase-contrast microscope

A. confocal microscope

27. Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible with the light microscope, but usually only: \nA. during cell division.\nB. after the cell is dead.\nC. while the DNA is being copied into RNA.\nD. while the nuclear pores are open.\nE. while the proteins are being assembled.

A. during cell division.

16. The proposal that one type of organism can change gradually into another type over a long period of time is known as: \nA. evolution.\nB. preservation.\nC. natural history.\nD. preconception.

A. evolution.

7. Integrins are glycoproteins that help link the cytoskeleton and the: \nA. extracellular matrix.\nB. ribosomes.\nC. cytoplasm.\nD. cell wall.

A. extracellular matrix.

7. Macromolecules are broken down to monomers in ___ \nA. hydrolysis reactions.\nB. anabolic reactions.\nC. denaturation reactions.\nD. dehydration reactions.

A. hydrolysis reactions.

41. Turgor pressure is observed when a plant cells environment is ________________. \nA. hypoosmotic\nB. isosmotic\nC. osmosis\nD. hyperosmotic

A. hypoosmotic

33. Essay on the Principle of Population, written by Thomas Malthus in 1798, influenced Darwin's thoughts as he struggled to understand what mechanisms could be at work to produce evolution. Malthus proposed that populations of animals and plants, including humans, \nA. increased geometrically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased arithmetically.\nB. increased arithmetically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased geometrically.\nC. evolved from mainland to islands, thus explaining why the island flora and fauna resembled the mainland species so closely.\nD. increased geometrically in numbers while the nutrients available increased arithmetically.\nE. decreased arithmetically in numbers while the nutrients available increased geometrically.

A. increased geometrically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased arithmetically.

38. Both walnut and Gingko trees lose their leaves in the fall when day length starts decreasing. Based on these observations one may conclude that many tree species will lose their leaves in the fall in response to decreasing day length. This statement is an example of: \nA. inductive reasoning\nB. an experiment\nC. a theory\nD. deductive reasoning

A. inductive reasoning

9. A yellow jacket, an insect in the order hymenoptera, stung me. A wasp, an insect in hymenoptera, stung me. A hornet, an insect in hymenoptera, stung me. I see a pattern. All insects in this order must have stingers. What type of reasoning does this represent? \nA. inductive reasoning\nB. deductive reasoning\nC. reductionism\nD. comparative reasoning

A. inductive reasoning

4. The method of reasoning that uses construction of general principles by careful examination of many specific cases is called: \nA. inductive reasoning.\nB. theoretical reasoning.\nC. deductive reasoning.\nD. experimental reasoning.\nE. hypothetical reasoning.

A. inductive reasoning.

18. The biological macromolecule that is least soluble in water is a(n): \nA. lipid.\nB. carbohydrate.\nC. protein.\nD. nucleic acid.\nE. enzyme

A. lipid.

3. These biological compounds are non-polar and insoluble in water: \nA. lipids\nB. proteins\nC. carbohydrates\nD. nucleic acids

A. lipids

17. Chitin, a modified form of cellulose, is not only cross-linked with proteins but its glucose units are modified with atoms of: \nA. nitrogen.\nB. hydrogen.\nC. oxygen.\nD. sulfur.\nE. phosphorous.

A. nitrogen.

15. Karl Popper suggested that scientists use "imaginative preconception," which means that successful scientists: \nA. often predict the outcome of experiments.\nB. do not keep records of experiments that fail.\nC. cannot predict the outcome of experiments.\nD. do not need to do experiments to test their ideas.\nE. only perform applied research.

A. often predict the outcome of experiments.

39. The types of bonds found in nucleic acids are: \nA. phosphodiester bonds.\nB. peptide bonds.\nC. ionic bonds.\nD. non-polar covalent bonds.

A. phosphodiester bonds.

1. The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called __________. \nA. phospholipids\nB. fats\nC. proteins\nD. carbohydrates

A. phospholipids

23. Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds in a ____ \nA. polypeptide.\nB. polysaccharide.\nC. phospholipid.\nD. nucleic acid.\nE. starch.

A. polypeptide.

24. The specific amino acid sequence of a protein is its ____. \nA. primary structure\nB. secondary structure\nC. tertiary structure\nD. quaternary structure

A. primary structure

7. The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with \nA. proteins.\nB. carbohydrates.\nC. polymers.\nD. nucleotides.\nE. sodium and potassium ions.

A. proteins.

44. Given what is known about the minimal essential functions of cellular life, if you could create an artificial cell, what cellular structures must you include? \nA. ribosomes\nB. nucleus\nC. mitochondria\nD. cell wall

A. ribosomes

44. Membrane fluidity is affected by \nA. temperature, cholesterol, types of fatty acids.\nB. size of molecules, polarity of molecules, temperature.\nC. types of fatty acids, waters affinity for hydrogen bonding.\nD. hyrophillic tails, hydrophobic heads, cholesterol.

A. temperature, cholesterol, types of fatty acids.

38. A cell biologist has developed a new drug that blocks vesicle transport at the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. What will this drug prevent from happening inside a cell? \nA. the movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus\nB. the synthesis of proteins or lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum\nC. the movement of vesicles from mitochondria to the Golgi apparatus\nD. the movement of materials from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane

A. the movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus

20. Three fatty acids bonded together with a glycerol are found in a(n): \nA. triglyceride.\nB. chlorophyll pigment.\nC. alcohol.\nD. enzyme.\nE. phospholipid.

A. triglyceride.

40. Most individuals in academia are basic researchers, funded through research grants from agencies or foundations. Based on your knowledge of applied research, an industrial company would most likely employ individuals \nA. who develop alternative fuel sources.\nB. who identify a new species of beetle in the amazon rain forest.\nC. looking at novel proteins involved in the development of a neurological disease.\nD. who document fossils found in a specific archeological expedition.

A. who develop alternative fuel sources.

36. A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope. He notices that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and he knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. He asks why there are so many ribosomes. You respond, \nA. "This tissue exports lipids and is very involved with mRNA production."\nB. "This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body."\nC. "This tissue exports various nucleic acids, hence the large number of ribosomes present on the endoplasmic reticulum in each of those cells."

B. "This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body."

60. If a water molecule passes through the outer membrane of a chloroplast, how many more membranes will it have to move through to be in the stroma? \nA. 1\nB. 2\nC. 3\nD. 4

B. 2

61. As ATP moves from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm of a cell, how many membranes will it pass? \nA. 1\nB. 2\nC. 3\nD. 4

B. 2

59. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood and consists of a chain of 146 amino acids. How many different types of amino acids are used to construct proteins? \nA. 2\nB. 20\nC. 146\nD. 200

B. 20

55. The species that have had proportionally the most time to evolve are: \nA. R and D\nB. A, Z and F\nC. A, Z, and R\nD. A, D and R\nE. F

B. A, Z and F

72. Acyclovir is an antiviral chemical that resembles a nucleotide but lacks a 3' OH group and cannot form phosphodiester bonds. Why is Acyclovir useful in treating some viral infections? \nA. Acyclovir stops viral protein synthesis.\nB. Acyclovir halts viral DNA replication.\nC. Acyclovir blocks the assembly of viral cell capsules.\nD. Acyclovir hydrolyzes viral polysaccharides.

B. Acyclovir halts viral DNA replication.

53. Marceau is studying small single-celled organisms that contain phospholipid membranes. These organisms can be broadly classified into the domain: \nA. Animalia\nB. Bacteria\nC. Fungi\nD. Protista

B. Bacteria

1. Science is subdivided into specific areas of study termed disciplines. These divisions are artificial but are helpful to narrow the massive scope of scientific knowledge to a manageable amount. Given what you know about each, which scientific division is likely to present the best answer to a question about how fluid dynamics affect blood pressure in mammals? \nA. Biochemistry - study of chemical reactions needed for life function, usually at the cellular level.\nB. Biophysics - study of biological processes through physics\nC. Bioinformatics - use of technology to study and store biological data\nD. Biology - study of life

B. Biophysics - study of biological processes through physics

54. You have recently identified a novel protein and obtained its sequence. How could you use this sequence to predict the function of the protein? \nA. By determining the secondary structure of the protein.\nB. By using the sequence to make antibodies against the protein.\nC. By looking for conserved domains.\nD. By determining the DNA sequence that could encode the protein.

B. By using the sequence to make antibodies against the protein.

49. How does peer review influence the development of scientific theories? \nA. Peer review allows other scientists to know what is current in their field.\nB. Careful evaluation of research results by other scientists ensures that only solid and legitimate research results are published, and helps prevent faulty research or false claims from being viewed as scientific fact.\nC. Peer review increases competition among scientists and thus increases the quality of the published work.\nD. Peer review makes it extremely difficult for work to be published other than earth-shattering scientific theories.

B. Careful evaluation of research results by other scientists ensures that only solid and legitimate research results are published, and helps prevent faulty research or false claims from being viewed as scientific fact.

57. Diapedesis is the movement of white blood cells through intact blood vessel walls into surrounding body tissue. It typically happens when an area of the body is injured or damaged, and an inflammation response is required. What role would you expect cell adhesion molecules to play in this process? \nA. Cell adhesion molecules will allow the white blood cells to cling to one another to form a migrating clot.\nB. Cell adhesion molecules help white blood cells adhere to the blood vessel wall so that they can migrate across the wall and infiltrate into the underlying tissue.\nC. Cell adhesion molecules will allow the white blood cells to attach to the injured area so they become immobile.

B. Cell adhesion molecules help white blood cells adhere to the blood vessel wall so that they can migrate across the wall and infiltrate into the underlying tissue.

9. Macromolecules that are used by most organisms to store hereditary information are called: \nA. transfer RNA molecules.\nB. DNA molecules.\nC. proteins.\nD. ribosomal RNA molecules.\nE. messenger RNA molecules.

B. DNA molecules.

67. To test for the presence of starch, iodine can be used. A positive reaction results in a black color. A dialysis bag filled with starch solution and secured on both ends is placed in iodine solution. After 30 minutes the dialysis bag appears black. Based on this information, what most accurately describes what happened? \nA. Due to its size and polarity, starch was able to exit the dialysis bag and interact with the iodine solution.\nB. Due to its size and polarity, iodine was able to enter the dialysis bag and interact with starch.

B. Due to its size and polarity, iodine was able to enter the dialysis bag and interact with starch.

70. Which egg is isotonic to the solution? \nA. Egg 1\nB. Egg 2\nC. Egg 3

B. Egg 2

62. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are different in size. What is a plausible explanation? \nA. Prokaryotes lack the genetic material needed for protein synthesis.\nB. Eukaryotes have compartmentalization, which allows for specialization.\nC. Prokaryotes have more diverse energy sources.\nD. Eukaryotes are immobile allowing them to grow larger.\nE. Prokaryotic cell walls limit their cell growth.

B. Eukaryotes have compartmentalization, which allows for specialization.

25. What is the difference in the bonding between alpha-helix and beta sheets? \nA. Hydrogen bonding between the amides only occurs in one of these two types of secondary structures.\nB. Hydrogen bonding occurs between the amides of adjacent chains in the sheets instead of between the amides in different parts of the helices.\nC. Sulfur bridges allow the spring like turns in alpha helices and van der Waals dispersion allows the folds in beta sheets.\nD. Hydrogen bonding always occurs in the alpha helices but only occurs in parallel beta sheets.

B. Hydrogen bonding occurs between the amides of adjacent chains in the sheets instead of between the amides in different parts of the helices.

52. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the function of the 30S subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome. What is the consequence of treating a bacteria with streptomycin? \nA. Impaired oxygen synthesis\nB. Impaired protein synthesis\nC. Impaired DNA synthesis\nD. Impaired ATP synthesis

B. Impaired protein synthesis

63. Which amino acid is most soluble in water? \nA. Leucine\nB. Serine\nC. Valine\nD. Glycine

B. Serine

46. A protein that is destined to reach the plasma membrane is making its way through the Golgi. At that moment, a drug was added to cells, blocking trafficking at the trans face of the Golgi. As a result, what would happen to the protein? \nA. The protein would continue on to the cell surface.\nB. The protein would be stuck in the Golgi.\nC. The protein would return to the ER via the cis face of the Golgi.\nD. The protein would exit the Golgi, but instead be targeted to the cytoplasm.

B. The protein would be stuck in the Golgi.

48. Vitamin D can be synthesized by the body from a derivative of cholesterol. Given this information, predict vitamin D's solubility. \nA. Vitamin D is water-soluble.\nB. Vitamin D is fat-soluble.\nC. Vitamin D is soluble in both water and fat.\nD. Vitamin D is not soluble in either water or fat.

B. Vitamin D is fat-soluble.

12. Schleiden and Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern form says: \nA. all cells will arise spontaneously, all cells require oxygen and all cells are composed of one or more cells.\nB. all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells arise by division of other cells.\nC. all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells require oxygen and all cells arise by division of other cells.\nD. all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise spontaneously and all cells vary in size and shape.

B. all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells arise by division of other cells.

12. Proteins are polymers formed of structural units called: \nA. fatty acids.\nB. amino acids.\nC. nucleotides.\nD. phosphate groups.\nE. monosaccharides.

B. amino acids.

14. The peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of: \nA. fatty acids.\nB. amino acids.\nC. water molecules.\nD. steroids.\nE. nucleotides.

B. amino acids.

25. Structures that have similar structure and function but different evolutionary origins are called: \nA. inherited.\nB. analogous.\nC. homologous.\nD. evolutionary modifications.\nE. uniform.

B. analogous.

27. Differences in domesticated animals over relatively short periods of time most likely occur through: \nA. experimental selection\nB. artificial selection\nC. natural selection\nD. adaptation\nE. evolution

B. artificial selection

38. Enzymes function to: \nA. react with other enzymes to form a product.\nB. catalyze chemical reactions.\nC. transport molecules and ions across membranes.\nD. regulate messages between cells.

B. catalyze chemical reactions.

39. Plants, fungi and bacterial all have: \nA. mitochondria\nB. cell walls\nC. lysosomes\nD. nuclei\nE. chloroplasts

B. cell walls

33. The distinctive feature of chloroplasts is that they contain a green pigment called: \nA. Gram stain.\nB. chlorophyll.\nC. hemoglobin.\nD. chromatin.\nE. keratin.

B. chlorophyll.

56. Bacterial cells are placed into a 250mL liquid growth medium in a closed laboratory flask. According to Malthusian theory, they will reproduce exponentially and then: \nA. continue reproducing geometrically as long as there are no limitations on food supply.\nB. continue reproducing geometrically until the food supply is used up, then they will cease to grow.\nC. continue reproducing arithmetically until the food supply is used up, then they will cease to grow.\nD. continue reproducing arithmetically as long as there are no limitations on food supply.

B. continue reproducing geometrically until the food supply is used up, then they will cease to grow.

6. Microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the: \nA. cytoplasm.\nB. cytoskeleton.\nC. nucleus.\nD. plasma membrane.

B. cytoskeleton.

74. If Na+ levels were depleted in the extracellular fluid, rate of glucose movement would \nA. increase.\nB. decrease.\nC. stay the same.

B. decrease.

18. The movement of substances to regions of lower concentration is called \nA. active transport.\nB. diffusion.\nC. pinocytosis.\nD. pumping.\nE. exocytosis.

B. diffusion.

53. If the function of centrioles was impaired in a cell, it could not: \nA. conduct photosynthesis.\nB. divide.\nC. make ATP.\nD. synthesize proteins.\nE. produce lysosomes.

B. divide.

45. When a vesicle moves along microtubules toward the center of the cell, the molecular motor(s) _____ are used? \nA. both kinesin and dynein\nB. dynein\nC. kinesin\nD. Molecular motors are not required for movement along microtubules.

B. dynein

24. The same basic array of bones is modified to give rise to the wing of a bat and the fin of a porpoise. Such anatomical structures are called: \nA. evolutionary modifications.\nB. homologous.\nC. inherited.\nD. uniform.\nE. analogous.

B. homologous.

8. Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water, because they possess long stretches of non-polar amino acids that are \nA. too long to interact with the water molecules.\nB. hydrophobic.\nC. are transmembranal.\nD. hydrophilic.\nE. used as transport channels.

B. hydrophobic.

11. A suggested explanation that might be true and is subject to testing by further observations is a(n): \nA. experiment.\nB. hypothesis.\nC. generality.\nD. theory.\nE. scientific principle.

B. hypothesis.

26. The rate at which evolution is occurring cannot be estimated by: \nA. studying comparative anatomy.\nB. inferring that apes are related to humans.\nC. measuring the degree of difference in genetic coding.\nD. interpretation of the fossil record.

B. inferring that apes are related to humans.

23. In California, a species of salamanders were geographically separated over time. The group that lived in southern California relied heavily on large gold blotches on their skin that helped to camouflage them from predators. The group that lived along the coast adopted a color pattern that mimicked a poisonous, colorful newt common to that area. Instead of being camouflaged, these salamanders advertised their colors. What type of selection process has occurred over time? \nA. theoretical selection\nB. natural selection\nC. experimental selection\nD. artificial selection

B. natural selection

75. A polymer with the sequence 5' ACGTACGAATAG 3' is a: \nA. piece of RNA.\nB. piece of DNA.\nC. polysaccharide.\nD. protein.

B. piece of DNA.

16. Photosynthetic pigments in bacteria are located in the: \nA. cell wall.\nB. plasma membrane.\nC. chloroplasts.\nD. nuclei.\nE. plasmids.

B. plasma membrane.

52. The digestive enzyme pepsin works in the acidic environment of the stomach to hydrolyze peptide bonds. As a result, pepsin affects which macromolecule? \nA. carbohydrate\nB. protein\nC. DNA\nD. lipid

B. protein

24. The major histocompatibility complex is important in a T-cell's ability to: \nA. recognize specific bacteria.\nB. recognize self from nonself.\nC. recognize specific parasites.\nD. recognize specific viruses.

B. recognize self from nonself.

12. Based on the literature, you hypothesize that students in traditional biology lectures will have the same grades as students in online biology lectures. You decide to test your hypothesis by comparing grades of students in traditional and online biology lectures over a semester. As a result of the experiment, you observe that the grades in the traditional lectures and the grades in the online lectures are not significantly different. What do these observations allow you to do? \nA. accept the hypothesis without further question\nB. reject the null hypotheses\nC. develop a scientific theory\nD. reject the hypothesis

B. reject the null hypotheses

28. The most plausible explanation for the high number of spiders in plot 4 is: \nA. there are too many insects overall.\nB. there are no centipedes to prey on the spiders and there are abundant insects upon which to feed.\nC. the spiders preyed on the centipedes and ignored the insects.\nD. the insects and spiders worked together to eliminate the centipedes.

B. there are no centipedes to prey on the spiders and there are abundant insects upon which to feed.

33. A nucleic acid contains uracil, allowing you to conclude that: \nA. this nucleic acid is DNA.\nB. this nucleic acid is RNA.\nC. this nucleic acid could be either DNA or RNA.

B. this nucleic acid is RNA.

22. Recent discoveries of microscopic fossils have extended the known history of life to about: \nA. 2 billion years ago.\nB. 1 billion years ago.\nC. 3.5 billion years ago.\nD. 4.5 billion years ago.

C. 3.5 billion years ago.

32. A low fat cookie with 2 grams of fat, 10 grams of carbohydrate, and 2 grams of protein contains: \nA. 14kcal\nB. 56kcal\nC. 66kcal\nD. 126kcal

C. 66kcal

18. Besides Darwin, the theory of evolution by means of natural selection was also independently proposed by: \nA. Thomas Malthus.\nB. Peter Raven.\nC. Alfred Wallace.\nD. Charles Lyell.\nE. Karl Popper.

C. Alfred Wallace.

63. Tetrodotoxin is a potent poison, produced by some newts, pufferfish, and blue-ringed octopus that affects sodium transport involved with the voltage gates in neurons. A friend swimming in the Caribbean is pricked by a pufferfish and gets very sick. The most likely action the poison takes is \nA. Mimicking a symporter and allowing sodium to rush out and potassium to rush in.\nB. Mimicking an antiporter and allowing sodium to rush out.\nC. Blocking an antiporter so sodium cannot rush in.\nD. Blocking a symporter and keeping sodium from rushing in.

C. Blocking an antiporter so sodium cannot rush in.

30. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain: \nA. pigments.\nB. pores.\nC. DNA.\nD. channels.\nE. plasma membranes.

C. DNA.

50. You arrive late to a biological seminar. However, just as you enter the room, you hear the speaker referring to the "five-prime end" and the "three-prime end" of a macromolecule. Immediately, you know that they are talking about a: \nA. carbohydrate.\nB. protein.\nC. DNA.\nD. lipid.

C. DNA.

69. The solution in the container is hypertonic to which egg? \nA. Egg 1\nB. Egg 2\nC. Egg 3

C. Egg 3

56. A bobcat is feeding on a white-tailed deer. It first eats the liver, which is rich in stored sugars. In what form would sugar be stored in the deer's liver? \nA. Glucose\nB. Maltose\nC. Glycogen\nD. Amylose\nE. Cellulose

C. Glycogen

63. Osmometer cells in the brain sense an increase in the salt concentration of plasma. This information is sent to the hypothalamus, which notifies the pituitary gland to release the hormone, ADH. ADH causes the kidney to save water, which lowers the salt concentration of the plasma. What characteristic of life does this overall pathway represent? \nA. Evolutionary adaptation\nB. Energy utilization\nC. Homeostasis\nD. Cellular organization\nE. Sensitivity

C. Homeostasis

11. Who first described cells? \nA. Linnaeus\nB. Golgi\nC. Hooke\nD. Leeuwenhoek\nE. Darwin

C. Hooke

47. Margarine is made by hydrogenating vegetable oils so that they take on the consistency of butter. Propose a chemical basis for this change from a liquid to a solid? \nA. Hydrogenation of fats changes them from saturated to unsaturated, which are more solid.\nB. Trans-fatty acids are changed from unsaturated to saturated, allowing them to solidify.\nC. Hydrogenation of fats changes them from unsaturated to saturated, which are more solid.\nD. Trans fatty acids are changed from saturated to unsaturated, allowing them to solidify.

C. Hydrogenation of fats changes them from unsaturated to saturated, which are more solid.

46. Why was the determination of the actual sequence of the human genome considered to be descriptive science? \nA. It did not involve deductive reasoning.\nB. It involved hypothesis-driven research.\nC. It did not involve hypothesis-driven research.\nD. It involved deductive reasoning.

C. It did not involve hypothesis-driven research.

58. Yogurt contains galactose and glucose, which are generated when bacterial enzymes act on milk sugars. What is the main source of the galactose in yogurt?\n \nA. Maltose\nB. Sucrose\nC. Lactose\nD. Fructose\nE. Glycogen

C. Lactose

55. Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (GSD II), also known as Pompe disease, is a metabolic disorder that leads to the accumulation of glycogen in muscles and neurons throughout the body. It is caused by a defect in an enzyme that is normally housed with other enzymes that are involved in breaking down large macromolecules. What organelle is most likely affected by this disease? \nA. Nucleus\nB. Rough ER\nC. Lysosome\nD. Mitochondrion\nE. Golgi body

C. Lysosome

67. This is a nucleotide containing molecule that is commonly used to carry electrons in the cell. \nA. ADP\nB. ATP\nC. NAD+\nD. pyruvic acid

C. NAD+

68. A mixed solution of water and ions is exposed to a cell membrane and allowed to interact for an hour. Which would diffuse across a phospholipid bilayer fastest? \nA. Water\nB. NH4+\nC. NH3\nD. CH3COO-\nE. Na+

C. NH3

68. Based on the experimental design, what is the independent variable? \nA. Inducing egg laying\nB. Number of hatchlings\nC. No cloaca film on eggs\nD. Time eggs spent in ground

C. No cloaca film on eggs

67. Based on the experimental design, what is the dependent variable? \nA. Cloaca film on eggs\nB. Time eggs spent in ground\nC. Number of hatchlings\nD. Eggs without cloaca film

C. Number of hatchlings

76. A novice gardener notices that many plants in his garden look wilted. What osmotic solution would you suggest the novice gardener use to best return the plants to full health? \nA. Place the plants in a 15% solute solution so water can be actively transported out of the plant cells.\nB. Place the plants in a 5% solute solution so water can be actively transported out of the plant cells.\nC. Place the plants in a 5% solute solution so water can diffuse into the plant cells.\nD. Place the plants in a 15% solute solution so water can diffuse out of the plant cells.

C. Place the plants in a 5% solute solution so water can diffuse into the plant cells.

48. Why is it necessary to take an interdisciplinary approach to studying biology? \nA. Interdisciplinary approaches are required to answer all scientific questions since all disciplines borrow knowledge from each.\nB. An interdisciplinary approach is the only way we can further our biological knowledge.\nC. Research methods used to solve many biological questions often require a number of different types of approaches and the expertise of a variety of scientists.

C. Research methods used to solve many biological questions often require a number of different types of approaches and the expertise of a variety of scientists.

50. In individuals with normal blood sugar levels, glucose is reabsorbed into the bloodstream in the kidney by members of the GLUT transporter family, which form an aqueous pore across the membrane through which glucose can move passively. As a result, no glucose is excreted in urine. However, in people with untreated diabetes mellitus, blood sugar levels are high and glucose is often present in the urine. What can explain this occurrence? \nA. High blood glucose levels reverse the concentration gradient, allowing untransported glucose to be excreted in urine.\nB. High blood glucose levels interfere with the coupled transport of water and glucose, allowing untransported glucose to be excreted in urine.\nC. The GLUT transporters become saturated, allowing untransported glucose to be excreted in urine.\nD. The GLUT transporters cannot hydrolyze ATP quickly enough for ATP to transport the extra glucose, thereby allowing untransported glucose to be excreted in urine.

C. The GLUT transporters become saturated, allowing untransported glucose to be excreted in urine.

69. What characteristic would the R groups of amino acids have if they are located within the interior of biological membranes? \nA. The R groups would be polar.\nB. The R groups would be hydrophilic.\nC. The R groups would hydrophobic.\nD. The R groups would be able to form ionic bonds.

C. The R groups would hydrophobic.

46. Egg whites consist primarily of water and the protein albumin. When you fry an egg, why does the egg white turn from clear to white? \nA. The protein becomes dissociated.\nB. The protein acquires tertiary structure.\nC. The protein becomes denatured.\nD. The protein becomes dehydrated.

C. The protein becomes denatured.

70. Viruses contain DNA or RNA, but lack genes necessary for metabolism and reproduction. Why are viruses not considered to be alive? \nA. Viruses do not contain internal organelles.\nB. Viruses do not have the ability to evolve in their environment.\nC. Viruses are unable to reproduce independently of a host.\nD. Viruses do not contain nucleic acids.

C. Viruses are unable to reproduce independently of a host.

7. A scientific theory is: \nA. a suggested explanation that accounts for observations.\nB. a way to organize how we think about a problem.\nC. a concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of study.\nD. a way to understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts.

C. a concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of study.

5. The covalent bonds connecting monomer units in sugars can be formed by the removal of a water molecule. This reaction is referred to as: \nA. a hydrolysis reaction.\nB. an oxidation-reduction reaction.\nC. a dehydration reaction.\nD. a condensation reaction.

C. a dehydration reaction.

35. It is known that many trees lose their leaves in response to decreasing day length. As a result, you think that Gingko trees may also lose their leaves in response to decreasing day length. This statement is an example of: \nA. an experiment\nB. a theory\nC. a hypothesis\nD. deductive reasoning

C. a hypothesis

36. Phospholipids are made up of: \nA. a glycerol and three fatty acids.\nB. four fused carbon rings.\nC. a phosphate, two fatty acids and a glycerol.\nD. five-carbon rings with two nonpolar tails.

C. a phosphate, two fatty acids and a glycerol.

27. The type of movement that is specific and requires carrier molecules and energy is \nA. exocytosis.\nB. facilitated diffusion.\nC. active transport.\nD. endocytosis.\nE. osmosis.

C. active transport.

37. Plants are raised under artificial lights turned off and on by an electric clock. Some are given long periods of light, others short periods. This is an example of: \nA. inductive reasoning\nB. a theory\nC. an experiment\nD. deductive reasoning\nE. a hypothesis

C. an experiment

10. You explain to your study group that a hypothesis is: \nA. constant over time.\nB. a theory.\nC. an explanation that accounts for careful observations.\nD. a proposition that will be true and fits the known facts.

C. an explanation that accounts for careful observations.

60. Viruses defy characterization as living organisms even though they possess nucleic acids and proteins. The reason why viruses are not considered to be alive is because they \nA. cannot form spontaneously.\nB. form spontaneously.\nC. cannot reproduce without a host cell.\nD. lack genetic material.

C. cannot reproduce without a host cell.

16. Humans are unable to get metabolic energy from cellulose because: \nA. cellulose contains very little chemical energy.\nB. cellulose is not part of a normal diet.\nC. cellulose digesting enzymes are absent from the human gut.\nD. cellulose does not taste good.\nE. cellulose is present in large quantities in the gut.

C. cellulose digesting enzymes are absent from the human gut.

30. Based in the information provided, the best explanation for the low numbers of spiders and insects in plot 5 is: \nA. there were not enough spiders to catch and consume all the insects.\nB. there were not enough insects to support a large centipede population.\nC. centipedes are actively consuming insects and spiders.\nD. centipedes prefer spiders to insects.

C. centipedes are actively consuming insects and spiders.

3. Experiments are carried out to test a hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and including an unchanged variable termed a(n) _____. \nA. experimental variable\nB. altered variable\nC. control\nD. stable variable

C. control

34. The spreading of cancer cells, wound healing, and blood clotting all rely on the same type of cell movement called: \nA. swimming.\nB. waving.\nC. crawling.\nD. whipping.

C. crawling.

58. Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations in all the following except: \nA. mitochondrial DNA\nB. nuclear DNA\nC. cytoplasmic DNA

C. cytoplasmic DNA

13. Your microwave will not turn on, and you speculate that a circuit breaker in the house has been tripped. In scientific terminology, the steps would be described as: \nA. forming conclusions from the results of experiments.\nB. developing an observation based on a hypothesis.\nC. developing a hypothesis based on an observation.\nD. testing a prediction generated from a hypothesis.

C. developing a hypothesis based on an observation.

29. The plots that were staked out on the island were part of the: \nA. applied research.\nB. basic research.\nC. experimental design.\nD. constructed model.

C. experimental design.

13. Lipids are the only class of macromolecules that contain: \nA. amino acids.\nB. nucleotides.\nC. fatty acids.\nD. phosphate groups.\nE. monosaccharides.

C. fatty acids.

49. Cardiac muscle cells are connected by special junctions called intercalated discs. Intercalated discs provide strength between cells of tissues which exhibit high mechanical stress, strong flexible connections between tissue cells, and electrical excitability between the cells. Using this information, what junctions are present in intercalated discs? \nA. tight, plasmodesmata, and adherens\nB. tight, plasmodesmata, and desmosomes\nC. gap, adherens, and desmosomes\nD. gap, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes.\nE. adherens, tight, and gap

C. gap, adherens, and desmosomes

43. While you are riding the ski lift up to the top of the mountain on a very cold day you start to shiver involuntarily. You know that the shivering is your bodys attempt to help regulate your body temperature and is an example of what type of mechanism? \nA. energy utilization\nB. evolutionary adaptation\nC. homeostasis\nD. sensitivity

C. homeostasis

19. If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called \nA. isotonic.\nB. hypertonic.\nC. hypotonic.\nD. osmosis.

C. hypotonic.

47. If you were to use antibodies that were chemically bonded to a stain in order to visualize the expression pattern of a protein in a fixed tissue, what experimental techniques and equipment would be applicable? \nA. immunohistochemistry, dark-field microscopy\nB. DAPI or Hoechst stains, fluorescence microscopy\nC. immunohistochemistry, bright-field microscopy\nD. antibody interference assay, bright-field microscopy

C. immunohistochemistry, bright-field microscopy

29. Peroxisomes are examples of: \nA. lysosomes.\nB. chromosomes.\nC. microbodies.\nD. nucleosomes.\nE. ribosomes.

C. microbodies.

31. The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy harvested from macromolecules is used to generate ATP is the: \nA. chloroplasts.\nB. ER.\nC. mitochondria.\nD. nucleus.\nE. lysosome.

C. mitochondria.

16. The part of a membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of amino acids that are \nA. highly polar. \nB. negatively charged. \nC. non-polar. \nD. positively charged. \nE. water soluble.

C. non-polar.

13. The "X" shaped chromosomal hereditary material can be packaged in this organelle in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells. This organelle is the: \nA. ribosomes.\nB. nucleoid.\nC. nucleus.\nD. mitochondria.\nE. chloroplast.

C. nucleus.

2. A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of tightly packaged chromosomal DNA with proteins into a membrane-bound structure called a: \nA. nucleolus.\nB. cell.\nC. nucleus.\nD. plasma membrane.

C. nucleus.

68. Benedict's reagent is a chemical that is used as a test for the presence of a free aldehyde functional group on glucose. The aldehyde is used when glucose and fructose bind together to form sucrose, and the Benedict's test is negative. Starch contains a great deal of glucose but gives a negative Benedict's test because: \nA. starch is not soluble in water and cannot react with Benedict's reagent.\nB. all of the aldehyde groups on the starch are oxidized and cannot react with the Benedict's reagent.\nC. only the glucose at the end of a chain of starch will have an exposed aldehyde functional group to react with Benedict's reagent.\nD. glucose in starch has lost a carbon atom and cannot react with Benedict's reagent.

C. only the glucose at the end of a chain of starch will have an exposed aldehyde functional group to react with Benedict's reagent.

32. The fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 explained that \nA. the cell membrane was composed of lipids and proteins.\nB. the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of globular proteins.\nC. the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer with globular proteins actually inserted into the bilayer.\nD. the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer but the polar ends of the phospholipid molecules were reversed.

C. the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer with globular proteins actually inserted into the bilayer.

29. The nitrogenous base that is only found in RNA and not DNA is: \nA. guanine\nB. adenine\nC. uracil\nD. cytosine\nE. thymine

C. uracil

73. - glucose is present in potatoes and - glucose is present in wood. Both are glucose molecules but one can be used by humans to synthesize ATP and one cannot. Based on this information, what is the best explanation on why humans can only digest one of the glucose types? \nA. Only - glucose can form polysaccharides.\nB. - glucose is C6H12O6 and - glucose is C5H12O6.\nC. - glucose is a chain and - glucose is a ring.\nD. - glucose and - glucose are stereoisomers with OH groups oriented differently.

D. - glucose and - glucose are stereoisomers with OH groups oriented differently.

71. How many water molecules are produced during the formation of a triglyceride from fatty acids and glycerol? \nA. 0\nB. 1\nC. 2\nD. 3\nE. 4

D. 3

42. The DNA sequence capable of pairing with 5' CGATTAGT 3' is: \nA. 5' CGATTAGT 3'\nB. 3' CGATTAGT 5'\nC. 5' GCTAATCA 3'\nD. 3' GCTAATCA 5'

D. 3' GCTAATCA 5'

54. The common ancestor that produced the most evolutionary recent derived characters is \nA. 12\nB. 9\nC. 8\nD. 6

D. 6

31. A candy bar contains 108 calories per serving. There are 4 grams of carbohydrate, 5 grams of protein, and 8 grams of fat in a serving. How many of the calories come from fat? \nA. 18\nB. 16\nC. 20\nD. 72

D. 72

40. Which of the following reactions is a dehydration reaction? \nA. A + H2O B + C \nB. A B + C+ H2O\nC. A + B + H2O C\nD. A + B C + H2O

D. A + B C + H2O

2. Based on hierarchical levels of biological organization, which of these choices represents the broadest level? \nA. Endocrine system\nB. 3 toed sloths\nC. School of piranhas\nD. Amazon Basin\nE. Jaguars, giant anteaters, macaws, capybaras

D. Amazon Basin

64. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration synthesis?\n \n \nA. C60H111O51\nB. C60H120O60\nC. C60H100O50\nD. C60H102O51

D. C60H102O51

51. Individuals that are heavy smokers may eventually have trouble clearing the mucous from their lungs because the structures that move fluid along the epithelial lining of the lung become damaged over time. What are these structures called? \nA. Pili\nB. Flagella\nC. Cell walls\nD. Cilia

D. Cilia

69. Based on the experimental design, what is the control? \nA. No cloaca scent on eggs\nB. Hatchling survival rate\nC. Time eggs spent in ground\nD. Cloaca scent on eggs

D. Cloaca scent on eggs

66. What type of logic is being used when the pediatrician uses the graph to make conclusions about Luke's progress? \nA. Applied theory\nB. Reductionism\nC. Inductive reasoning\nD. Deductive reasoning

D. Deductive reasoning

3. What is the net movement of substances to regions of lower concentration called? \nA. Osmosis\nB. Active transport\nC. Facilitation\nD. Diffusion

D. Diffusion

44. L-lysine is an essential amino acid and must be supplied in the diet. By comparison, the stereoisomer D-lysine is not biologically active. Why can your body only utilize one form? \nA. Since the L form and D form are enantiomers, they will bind together and inhibit utilization of the D form.\nB. Since the L form and D form are chiral molecules, they will bind together and inhibit utilization of the D form.\nC. Antibodies recognize the D form and destroy it before your body can use it for nutritional purposes.\nD. Enzymes can only recognize a single, specific stereoisomer.

D. Enzymes can only recognize a single, specific stereoisomer.

3. The organelle that can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules is called the: \nA. mitochondria.\nB. plasma membrane.\nC. vesicle.\nD. Golgi apparatus.

D. Golgi apparatus.

65. What type of reasoning did the pediatrician use to generate her prediction about Luke's future growth in height? \nA. Applied theory\nB. Reductionism\nC. Deductive reasoning\nD. Inductive reasoning

D. Inductive reasoning

45. People who are lactose intolerant can often consume some products made from milk such as cheese and yogurt. By comparison, people with a true milk allergy, which involves an immune response to milk protein, cannot consume milk or products made from milk. Given this information, what can you conclude about milk? \nA. The protein that causes a true milk allergy is lactose.\nB. All people who are lactose intolerant are also allergic to milk.\nC. Yogurt contains live and active cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and therefore prevents an allergic response in people with a true milk allergy.\nD. Lactose is a carbohydrate, not a protein and is therefore not the cause of true milk allergies.

D. Lactose is a carbohydrate, not a protein and is therefore not the cause of true milk allergies.

59. What is the difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts? \nA. \n Mitochondria have linear strands of DNA and chloroplasts have rings of DNA. \n\nB. \n Mitochondria have three membranes and chloroplasts have two membranes. \n\nC. \nMitochondria produce oxygen and chloroplasts produce carbon dioxide.\n \n\nD. Mitochondria are oxidative metabolic bacteria derivatives and chloroplasts are photosynthetic bacteria derivatives.

D. Mitochondria are oxidative metabolic bacteria derivatives and chloroplasts are photosynthetic bacteria derivatives.

65. The myoglobin protein, which carries oxygen in muscle cells, has only the first three levels of protein structure. What can you infer about myoglobin? \nA. Myoglobin is not helical or pleated\nB. Myoglobin is made of nucleic acids\nC. Myoglobin lacks hydrogen bonds\nD. Myoglobin is made of only one polypeptide chain

D. Myoglobin is made of only one polypeptide chain

60. Luke sprained his ankle, tearing some of the collagen protein that forms his ligaments. Some types of collagen consist of three polypeptide chains twisted together to form a rope-like strand. What level of protein structure does this rope-like strand represent? \nA. Primary\nB. Secondary\nC. Tertiary\nD. Quaternary

D. Quaternary

56. Scientists believe that stimulating growth of algae and other organisms can reduce carbon dioxide amounts in the atmosphere. What is vital to removal of carbon dioxide? \nA. Central vacuole\nB. Matrix in mitochondria\nC. Cellulose in cell wall\nD. Stroma in chloroplasts\nE. Number of amyloplasts

D. Stroma in chloroplasts

71. Dr. Edward Jenner realized that cows have a disease called cowpox, which is like a disease that infects humans called smallpox; Jenner noticed that milkmaids whose hands were infected with cowpox were not contracting smallpox. Jenner infected a child with the pus from a cowpox blister, and found that the child did not contract smallpox. Which statement represents a supporting hypothesis?\nA. The cowpox virus prevented the small pox virus from entering the child's immune system.\nB. The cowpox infection will have no affect on the child's immunity to the small pox virus.\nC. The smallpox virus was so similar to the cowpox virus that the child's immune system recognized it and was able to fight it.\nD. The cowpox infection will prevent the child from being infected by the small pox virus.

D. The cowpox infection will prevent the child from being infected by the small pox virus.

32. If you were to design a long-term research study to determine why there are no human births in Lapland during the months of August, September, and October, you would need to also examine a comparison population of humans in which births took place every month. The primary reason for including a comparison population within the design of this experiment would be to: \nA. accumulate more facts that could be reported to other scientists.\nB. test the effects of more than one variable at the same time.\nC. prove that there are no births in Lapland during August, September, and October.\nD. act as a control that would ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable.

D. act as a control that would ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable.

41. Wings of birds and butterflies have similar functions, but different evolutionary origins. They are: \nA. homologous structures.\nB. phylogenetic structures.\nC. physiological structures.\nD. analogous structures.

D. analogous structures.

6. Osmosis occurs as water can cross the lipid bilayer through specialized channels for water movement called ________________. \nA. proteins\nB. transmembrane carbohydrates\nC. membrane pores\nD. aquaporins

D. aquaporins

10. A circular molecule of DNA devoid of any histone proteins describes the chromosome of a (an): \nA. flowering plants\nB. protozoa\nC. yeasts\nD. bacteria\nE. insects

D. bacteria

35. A team of researchers is studying the external structures on the dorsal (back) surface of a spider mite. The spider mite seems to be the habitat of an even smaller mite, which is approximately 0.05mm. While they can see the dorsal surface of the spider mite with their naked eye, they cannot see the mite clearly. The researchers are writing a grant to provide support for a microscope to use to study these new mites. They need to purchase a microscope with a high magnification to observe the new mites on their habitat. It is not necessary for them to observe living mites. Based on the information given, what type of microscope would you suggest? \nA. transmission electron microscope\nB. scanning electron microscope\nC. dissecting microscope\nD. binocular compound light microscope

D. binocular compound light microscope

55. At the pH of most bodily fluids, which functional group will lose a proton and which functional group will accept a proton? \nA. sulfhydryl; carbonyl\nB. phosphate; amino\nC. amino; carboxyl\nD. carboxyl; amino\nE. carbonyl; phosphate

D. carboxyl; amino

39. Gingko trees are known to lose their leaves at a certain time each year throughout the United States. Based on this information, Gingko trees in China must behave the same way. These statements are an example of: \nA. an experiment\nB. a theory\nC. inductive reasoning\nD. deductive reasoning

D. deductive reasoning

6. After Darwin concluded his voyage on the Beagle, he proposed that the process of natural selection was a mechanism for: \nA. sexual selection.\nB. overpopulation of finches on the Galapagos Islands.\nC. speciation.\nD. evolution.\nE. artificial selection.

D. evolution.

15. The simplest and the most common monosaccharide is a six-carbon sugar called: \nA. galactose.\nB. lactose.\nC. cellulose.\nD. glucose.\nE. sucrose.

D. glucose.

5. Dr. Ratard was trying to determine the cause of a mysterious epidemic affecting fish in the gulf of New Mexico. His proposal that the deaths were caused by an organism called a protist is considered a(n) _________ \nA. theory.\nB. data set.\nC. conclusion.\nD. hypothesis.\nE. experiment.

D. hypothesis.

32. Cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of: \nA. protein fibers in a helical arrangement.\nB. nine triplets of microtubules in a circle.\nC. actin filaments in a 9 + 2 arrangement.\nD. microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement.

D. microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement.

37. Carbohydrates are composed of: \nA. amino acids.\nB. fatty acids and glycerol.\nC. nucleotides.\nD. monosaccharides.

D. monosaccharides.

43. You recently identified a novel protein that contains several membrane-spanning domains. You would predict that the amino acids embedded in the membrane would have ____ side groups. \nA. negatively charged\nB. polar uncharged\nC. positively charged\nD. nonpolar

D. nonpolar

21. Biological membranes contain bilayers containing mostly ______. \nA. oils\nB. prostaglandins\nC. cholesterol\nD. phospholipids\nE. triglycerides

D. phospholipids

48. During which cellular process do all three forms of RNA associate? \nA. ribosome assembly\nB. chromatin formation\nC. formation of the nucleolus\nD. protein synthesis

D. protein synthesis

64. Matthew noticed that his house plants were wilting badly. What cell structure had most likely had contracted? \nA. cytoplasm\nB. cell wall\nC. plasma membrane\nD. vacuole

D. vacuole

57. If two different species of fish fossils were found in two different layers of sedimentary rock, what might one infer about the specimens? \nA. The species in the higher layer died first\nB. The species in the higher layer evolved from the species in the lower layer\nC. The two species are unrelated\nD. They died at the same time\nE. The species in lower layer died first

E. The species in lower layer died first

8. Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio: \nA. stays the same.\nB. is squared.\nC. increases.\nD. is cubed.\nE. decreases.

E. decreases.

11. Carbohydrates are polymers formed of structural units called: \nA. amino acids.\nB. fatty acids.\nC. nucleotides.\nD. glycerols.\nE. monosaccharides.

E. monosaccharides.

19. The term that Darwin used to describe the concept that those with superior physical, behavior or other attributes are more likely to survive than those that are not so well endowed, and thus are more likely to pass their traits to the next generation, is called: \nA. geometric progression\nB. superior beings\nC. biological diversity\nD. survival of modifications\nE. natural selection

E. natural selection

22. This type of lipid is found in pigments such as chlorophyll, in the visual pigment retinal, and in rubber: \nA. steroid.\nB. wax.\nC. phospholipid.\nD. prostaglandin.\nE. terpene.

E. terpene.

30. Fructose and galactose both have six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms, just like glucose. A friend of yours says: "Since those sugars have the same number of atoms, they should have the same name." You answer: "While they do have the same number and type of atoms, \nA. they are all polysaccharides and have slightly different functions within organisms and therefore have different names."\nB. they are named differently because of their quaternary structures, which is very important in carbohydrates, especially glucose."\nC. they are named differently because when heated above their optimal temperature they become denatured and will not react with their substrates."\nD. they are named differently because they are involved in different DNA nucleotide formation."\nE. they are named differently because they are alternate forms of the monosaccharide, glucose."

E. they are named differently because they are alternate forms of the monosaccharide, glucose."

19. Common lipids for energy storage are: \nA. steroids.\nB. waxes.\nC. cholesterols.\nD. phospholipids.\nE. triglycerides.

E. triglycerides.

56. How can freeze-fracture be used to determine the orientation of a protein in a membrane? \nA. Freeze-fracture allows a cell to be cleaved in between the lipid bilayer, splitting the plasma membrane into two layers.\nB. Freeze-fracture allows a cell to be cleaved in such a way as to preserve the embedded proteins.\nC. Freeze-fracture cuts the membrane in protein-sized components for viewing under an electron microscope.

A. Freeze-fracture allows a cell to be cleaved in between the lipid bilayer, splitting the plasma membrane into two layers.

35. Facilitated diffusion is an important method for cells in obtaining necessary molecules and removing other ones. Requirements for facilitated diffusion include \nA. The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient.\nB. The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient.\nC. The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always against the concentration gradient, never with the gradient.\nD. The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported and an ATP molecule must be attached to the specific carrier. The direction of movement is always against the concentration gradient, never with the gradient.

A. The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient.

40. A scientist performs an experiment in which they create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. They inject a 5M solution of glucose into the cell and then place the cell into a beaker containing 10M glucose. What effect do you expect to observe? \nA. Water moves out of the cell\nB. Glucose moves out of the cell\nC. No net change in cell weight\nD. Water moves into the cell\nE. Glucose moves into the cell

A. Water moves out of the cell

21. The actual transport of protons by the proton pump is mediated by a transmembrane protein which undergoes a change in its \nA. conformation.\nB. amino acid sequence.\nC. net charge.\nD. solubility.\nE. immunity.

A. conformation.

46. Protein X contains four transmembrane domains, a short N-terminus and a long C-terminus. Following protein synthesis, the N-terminus of the protein faces the lumen (the inside) of the ER. After protein X is transported to the cell surface via exocytosis, you would expect the N-terminus of protein X to be \nA. extracellular.\nB. cytoplasmic.\nC. in the lumen.\nD. in the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

A. extracellular.

23. Carrier-mediated transport is also called \nA. facilitated diffusion.\nB. active transport.\nC. exocytosis.\nD. endocytosis.\nE. phagocytosis.

A. facilitated diffusion.

45. GABAA receptors play an essential role in neurotransmission in the central nervous system. In response to the appropriate signal, these receptors open up and allow Cl- to flow into the cell. Given this information, GABAA receptors can be classified as a \nA. gated ion channel.\nB. gated carrier protein.\nC. symporter.\nD. Cl- pump.

A. gated ion channel.

9. If a cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as its outside environment, the cell's condition is referred to as being \nA. isotonic.\nB. hypertonic.\nC. hypotonic.\nD. hydrophobic.\nE. hydrophilic.

A. isotonic.

34. For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must \nA. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached.\nB. move from areas of low concentration to areas of higher concentration until an equilibrium is reached.\nC. remain stationary until their molecular motion allows for an equilibrium to be reached.\nD. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until facilitated transport can assist the molecular equilibrium.\nE. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached by active transport.

A. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached.

20. The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions called: \nA. organelles.\nB. cilia.\nC. flagella.\nD. receptors.\nE. chromosomes.

A. organelles.

38. What is the main component of an animal cell membrane? \nA. phospholipids\nB. polynucleotides\nC. aquaporins\nD. glycolipids\nE. cholesterol

A. phospholipids

4. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the ______. \nA. solutes\nB. membranes\nC. compartments\nD. cells

A. solutes

52. Which mutations can interfere with the proper insertion of a protein in the plasma membrane? \nA. A polar amino acid to a non-polar amino acid within a transmembrane domain\nB. A non-polar amino acid to a polar amino acid within a transmembrane domain\nC. A polar amino acid to a non-polar amino acid within a cytoplasmic domain\nD. A non-polar amino acid to a polar amino acid within a cytoplasmic domain

B. A non-polar amino acid to a polar amino acid within a transmembrane domain

5. The evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria is: \nA. punctuated equilibrium.\nB. endosymbiosis.\nC. evolution.\nD. symbiosis.

B. endosymbiosis.

26. The type of movement of molecules that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use is \nA. exocytosis.\nB. facilitated diffusion.\nC. active transport.\nD. endocytosis.\nE. osmosis.

B. facilitated diffusion.

2. While water continually orients phospholipids into a lipid bilayer, it does not fix the lipids permanently into position. Thus, the bilayer is considered to be _______. \nA. static\nB. fluid\nC. fluctuating\nD. charged

B. fluid

15. Which of the following protein classes are not found as membrane proteins? \nA. transport channels\nB. hormones\nC. receptors\nD. enzymes\nE. identity markers

B. hormones

61. When the solute concentration of solution A is lower than the solute concentration of solution B, solution A is considered \nA. hypertonic.\nB. hypotonic.\nC. isotonic.

B. hypotonic.

48. While eating lobster for dinner one night your friend asks what you think might happen if this marine invertebrate, which is normally isosmotic with respect to the surrounding seawater, were to be moved to a bay with a slightly lower salt concentration instead of being caught. You reply that, in order for the lobster to be isosmotic with respect to new environment, \nA. it must move water in to match the solute concentration of its new environment.\nB. it regulates its internal concentration of solutes to match that of its new environment.\nC. it must move water out to match the solute concentration of its new environment.\nD. it moves water in or out and regulates its internal concentration of water as needed.

B. it regulates its internal concentration of solutes to match that of its new environment.

4. Many antibiotics kill bacteria because they hinder translation by prokaryotic _____. \nA. cytoplasm\nB. ribosomes\nC. cytoskeleton\nD. capsules\nE. nucleoids

B. ribosomes

24. Osmosis can only occur if water travels through the \nA. cell wall.\nB. semi-permeable membrane.\nC. vacuole.\nD. ER.\nE. cytoskeleton.

B. semi-permeable membrane.

73. The rate of diffusion will increase as \nA. the number of glucose molecules decreases.\nB. the number of glucose molecules increases.\nC. temperature decreases.\nD. pH rises.

B. the number of glucose molecules increases.

25. Nuclear pores permit the passage of all the following except: \nA. RNA only outward.\nB. proteins inward and outward.\nC. DNA molecules only outward.

C. DNA molecules only outward.

12. How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment? \nA. The hydrophobic heads are oriented towards each other and the hydrophillic tails are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.\nB. The hydrophillic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophobic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.\nC. The hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophillic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.\nD. The hydrophillic heads are oriented towards each other and the hydrophobic tails are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.

C. The hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophillic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.

37. One day during the summer you and some friends make ice cream using an electric ice cream maker. A few days later you notice a yellow circle of dead grass where the ice cream freezer had been placed. What happened? \nA. The ice and salt mixture that spilled out when the freezer was moved froze the grass.\nB. The ice and salt mixture was isosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yellow circle of dead grass.\nC. The ice and salt mixture was hyperosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yellow circle of dead grass.\nD. The ice and salt mixture was hypoosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yellow circle of dead grass.

C. The ice and salt mixture was hyperosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yellow circle of dead grass.

23. In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in: \nA. phospholipid assembly.\nB. export of enzymes.\nC. energy release/capture.\nD. lipid synthesis.\nE. protein synthesis.

C. energy release/capture.

36. A research laboratory is attempting to collect the content of human red blood cells. The type of solution researchers should use to cause blood cell to lyse (burst) would be \nA. hyperosmotic.\nB. isosmotic.\nC. hypoosmotic.\nD. osmotic.

C. hypoosmotic.

60. The rate of diffusion of molecules would be fastest in a cell with an \nA. internal concentration of 45 percent and an external concentration of 50 percent in cold temperatures.\nB. internal concentration of 50 percent and an external concentration of 12 percent in cold temperatures.\nC. internal concentration of 50 percent and an external concentration of 12 percent in warm temperatures.\nD. internal concentration of 40 percent and an external concentration of 35 percent in warm temperatures.

C. internal concentration of 50 percent and an external concentration of 12 percent in warm temperatures.

30. Cholesterol functions in the plasma membrane to \nA. transport ions.\nB. serve as an energy molecule.\nC. maintain fluidity.\nD. mediate steroid action.\nE. maintain hypertension.

C. maintain fluidity.

22. The process often referred to as "cellular eating" is \nA. osmosis.\nB. pinocytosis.\nC. phagocytosis.\nD. diffusion.\nE. active transport.

C. phagocytosis.

72. Carrier proteins are saturated at which point? \nA. 1\nB. 2\nC. 3\nD. 4

D. 4

22. The eukaryotic organelle that is directly involved in the transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the rough ER is called the: \nA. mitochondrion.\nB. vacuole.\nC. smooth ER.\nD. Golgi body.\nE. nucleus.

D. Golgi body.

65. Cholesterol is a structural component of cell membranes. Amount of cholesterol present can affect membrane stability and permeability. What is the role of cholesterol in a membrane? \nA. A membrane that needs to be more rigid and more permeable, would have high cholesterol ratios.\nB. \n A membrane that needs to be rigid, such as a protective barrier, would have low cholesterol ratios. \n\nC. \nMembranes with low amounts of cholesterol are very stable and have increased permeability.\n\nD. Membranes with high amounts of cholesterol are very stable and have decreased permeability.

D. Membranes with high amounts of cholesterol are very stable and have decreased permeability.

53. During neuronal signaling, a change in membrane potential will cause sodium channels to open and let Na+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient into the cell. Which of the following helps establish the concentration gradient necessary for this process to occur? \nA. Na+/K+ channel\nB. voltage-gated Na+ channel\nC. Na+ symporter\nD. Na+/K+ pump

D. Na+/K+ pump

78. Matt is studying how the protein transferrin enters cells. He examines cells that have taken up transferrin, and finds clathrin-coated vesicles. What mechanism was used to take transferrin into the cell? \nA. Phagocytosis\nB. Pinocytosis\nC. Exocytosis\nD. Receptor-mediator endocytosis

D. Receptor-mediator endocytosis

64. An individual is constipated. They take magnesium salts to help loosen the stool. Why does this work? \nA. Water moves from the intestines to the blood because the blood is hypertonic\nB. \n Water moves from the intestines to the blood because the blood is hypotonic. \n\nC. Water moves from the blood to the intestines because the blood is hypertonic\nD. Water moves from the blood to the intestines because the blood is hypotonic.

D. Water moves from the blood to the intestines because the blood is hypotonic.

39. A scientist performs an experiment in which they create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. They inject a 5M solution of glucose into the cell and then place the cell into a beaker of water. After an hour, what effect do you expect to observe? \nA. Water moves out of the cell\nB. Glucose moves out of the cell\nC. No net change in cell weight\nD. Water moves into the cell\nE. Glucose moves into the cell

D. Water moves into the cell

14. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane there are marker molecules that identify the cell type. Often these molecules are \nA. ATP.\nB. amino acids.\nC. nucleotides.\nD. carbohydrate chains.\nE. inorganic ions.

D. carbohydrate chains.

20. In bacteria, fungi, and plants the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by the mechanical strength of their \nA. plasma membranes.\nB. organelles.\nC. cytoskeletons.\nD. cell walls.

D. cell walls.

29. The accumulation of amino acids and sugars in animal cells can occur through \nA. ATP pumps.\nB. sodium-potassium pumps.\nC. glucose pumps.\nD. coupled transport.\nE. proton pumps.

D. coupled transport.

31. A phospholipid molecule has a polar and a nonpolar end. Because of this, water molecules form \nA. polar bonds with the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule.\nB. polar bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule.\nC. hydrogen bonds with the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule.\nD. hydrogen bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule.\nE. covalent bonds with the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule.

D. hydrogen bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule.

43. Cyclodextrins are a group of compounds capable of removing cholesterol from membranes. The effect most likely to have a large impact on cells as a result of cyclodextrin treatment would be \nA. increased concentration of transmembrane proteins.\nB. increased permeability of the membrane.\nC. increased membrane fluidity at lower temperatures.\nD. increased membrane fluidity at higher temperatures.\nE. disruption of transmembrane protein structure.

D. increased membrane fluidity at higher temperatures.

9. Organelles that breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen are: \nA. vacuoles.\nB. lysosomes.\nC. liposomes.\nD. peroxisomes.\nE. plastids.

D. peroxisomes.

21. Ribosomes are made up of: \nA. only protein molecules.\nB. only RNA molecules.\nC. DNA and RNA.\nD. protein and RNA.\nE. only DNA molecules.

D. protein and RNA.

17. Red blood cells are bi-concave. Their shape is determined by interior proteins anchored to the membrane termed \nA. clathrins.\nB. phospholipids.\nC. cytoskeleton.\nD. spectrins.\nE. actin filaments.

D. spectrins.

66. A dehydrated runner drinks a lot of water after a race. They rehydrate because \nA. the stomach is hypotonic compared to the bloodstream.\nB. \nthe bloodstream is hypotonic compared to the stomach.\n\nC. the stomach and bloodstream are isotonic compared to each other.\nD. water will diffuse from a low to high concentration.

D. water will diffuse from a low to high concentration.

25. Organisms with a cell wall cannot carry out \nA. exocytosis.\nB. active transport.\nC. osmosis.\nD. diffusion.\nE. endocytosis.

E. endocytosis.

26. The nucleolus is the site of: \nA. chromosome replication.\nB. uncoiling and unraveling of chromosomes.\nC. lipid synthesis.\nD. protein synthesis.\nE. ribosome assembly.

E. ribosome assembly.