BIOL 201 Exam 1
What is the literal name of carbohydrates and how does it relate the ratio of atoms?
"Carbon Water"; 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?
(CH2O)n
How many neutrons are in hydrogen?
0 neutrons
What is a pyrimidine?
1 ring
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
1. Cellular organization 2. Ordered complexity 3. Sensitivity 4. Growth, development, and reproduction 5. Energy acquisition and utilization 6. Homeostasis 7. Evolutionary adaptation
What are the functions of proteins?
1. Enzyme catalysts 2. Defense 3. Transport 4. Support 5. Motion 6. Regulation 7. Storage
How many hydrogen bonds are present between A&T in DNA?
2 hydrogen bonds
What is a purine?
2 rings
What is glycerol?
3 carbons, 5 hydrogens, 3 hydroxyl (-OH) groups
How many hydrogen bonds are present between C&G in DNA?
3 hydrogen bonds
What is the structure of a steroid?
4 ring linked structure with different attachments
What is the cell theory?
All organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are life's basic units, all cells come from pre-existing cells
What is an isotope?
An atom that has varying numbers of neutrons
What is an example of emergent properties?
At the cellular level, the 7 characteristics of life are present but anything before the cell are not defined as "living"
How is life defined?
Based off of the characteristics of life
Why does DNA have a uniform diameter when looking at the nitrogenous base pair linkage?
Because each purine is always connected to a pyrimidine
Why are triglycerides non-polar?
Because there are so many carbon and hydrogen molecules that the oxygen does not add polarity
Hydrolysis
Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water. Polymers are broken down to monomers. Enzyme-mediated
Which nitrogenous bases in DNA bond together?
C and G A and T
What is the carboxyl side of an amino acid referred to?
C terminal
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What are the most abundant atoms in the body?
CHNOPS
What is cellular organization?
Cells are organized in such a way that if their organization is broken then the cell can die.
What is energy acquisition and utilization?
Cells use energy to move and to do all the normal daily functions. They use energy for house-keeping (cleaning), growth and development, and combating entropy
What is the structure of an amino acid?
Central carbon with R group, H, amino group (NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH)
What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
What are the 2 major polymers of a nucleic acid?
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid
Is denaturation reversible?
Dependent on the conditions; it is possible because the primary structure is conserved but there are some that are irreversible
Why is a high specific of heat for water important for earth?
Earth is mostly made of water and is able to regulate a fairly stable temperature
What is an example of an irreversible denaturation?
Egg whites being cooked --> cannot get liquid egg white back after it has been cooked
What is water?
Essential for life on earth
Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)
Formation of large molecules by the removal of water (by-product). Monomers are joined to form polymers. Enzyme-mediated
What is the function of an enzyme?
Helps to catalyze reactions in a biologically relevant time frame
How do you know if an atom is considered an ion?
If it contains a positive or negative charge
Why is solid water (ice) less dense than liquid water?
In ice, molecules are more regularly spread out where in liquid water the molecules are close together and everywhere
Choose 2 characteristics of life and explain how they are related to each other
In order to grow, develop, and reproduce, energy is required. Cells require energy in order to maintain homeostasis. I.e. if the body is cold, energy is utilized in the form of shivering in order to help warm up the body.
Why does water not mix with non-polar molecules?
It is so attracted to all the other polar molecules that the non-polar molecule doesn't mix
What does it mean when we say that water is adhesive?
It sticks to other polar (or charged) molecules
What does it mean that water has a high specific heat?
It takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water
What is the amino side of an amino acid referred to?
N terminal
What happens after an enzyme is used in a reaction?
Nothing, the enzyme is unchanged and can be re-used many times
Where is the neutron found?
Nucleus
Where is the proton found?
Nucleus
Which atoms have a higher electronegativity and show up a lot in biological organisms?
Oxygen and nitrogen
What is a hydrogen bond?
Partial charge attraction, weak bond
What is heredity?
Passage of information from one generation to the next through DNA
What is evolutionary adaptation?
Populations evolve, individuals do not, genetic change over generational time
What is protein denaturation?
Protein loses shape from changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals; covalent bonds are not broken but goes to primary structure
Which 3 macromolecules are the most similar? Why?
Proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids because they are polar and interact with water, they have true monomers and polymers
What is an example of an ionic bond?
Putting salt in water --> salt dissolves and the ionic bond breaks
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
R group interactions (Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions), polypeptide chain folds over
How does an enzyme work?
Reacts with specific substrate to fit into enzyme active site
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Similar to tertiary structure but multiple polypeptide chains
Biology
Study of life
How do you know which atom is the most common isotope?
The atom whose atomic mass is closes to a whole number (Ex: 6 neutron carbon is most common because atomic mass is 12.01)
What is the antiparallel nature of DNA?
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions meaning that the 5' end of one strand will face the 3' end of its matching strand
How do you determine the electron number based off of the proton number?
They are the same in an electrically neutral atom
How is growth, development, and reproduction done?
Through heredity
What is the universal solvent?
Water because many things dissolve in this (polar molecules)
What is the role of a buffer when an acid is added?
absorbing hydrogen ions
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases present in DNA?
adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C)
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases present in RNA?
adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), cytosine (C)
What nitrogenous bases are purines?
adenine and guanine
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets; protein will begin to fold up; hydrogen bonds forming from carbonyl group interaction
What are the two different structures of glucose?
alpha-glucose and beta-glucose; change in position of the -OH group
What is a mutation?
alter in DNA that can change protein structure and function
What is starch a mixture of?
amylose and amylopectin; alpha glycolytic linkages used for energy storage
What are emergent properties?
as you increase through orders of complexity there are properties that were not there in basic atoms
What is ordered complexity?
atoms --> molecules --> macromolecules --> organelle --> cell --> tissue --> organ --> organ system --> organism --> population --> species --> community --> ecosystem --> biosphere
Why can't beta glycosidic linkages get broken down in humans?
because we do not contain the proper enzyme (cellulase) in order to break it down; functions as an important role in the digestive tract (known as fiber)
What is cellulose made of?
beta glycosidic linkages that lead to linear chains
What is amylopectin?
branched chain of glucose monomers
What are atoms?
building blocks of molecules
What does CHNOPS stand for?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
What are the 3 main functional groups in biology?
carboxyl group (-COOH), amino (NH2), phosphate (-PO4)
What is major function of RNA?
carries DNA to site of protein synthesis
What is the most common type of steroid?
cholesterol
What is a saturated fat?
completely filled with hydrogen atoms (maximum)
What are functional groups?
contribute to the properties of molecules
What type of bonds are present between monomers?
covalent bonds
What are the effects of trans fat?
decrease HDL and increase LDL (low-density lipoproteins) ("bad cholesterol") which may lead to plaque deposition in the arteries and can result in heart disease
What sugar is present in DNA?
deoxyribose (H on 2' carbon)
What are disaccharides?
different combinations of monosaccharides together through dehydration synthesis
What is entropy?
disorder
What is a trans fat?
double bond with hydrogen in different places allowing fats to pack tightly.
What subatomic particle determines the interactions between atoms?
electrons
What is an ionic bond?
electrons donated from one atom to another and have full charge attractions
What is starch?
energy storage molecule in plants
What is a non-covalent bond?
equal sharing of electrons
What is the difference between fats and oils?
fats: solid at room temp oils: liquid at room temp
What are the two other common monosaccharides?
fructose (structural isomer) and galactose (stereoisomer)
What is a cell?
fundamental unit of life
How does DNA pass information?
genes contain instruction that make up who we are and they are passed from parental cells to daughter cells
What is the most common type of monosaccharide?
glucose
What is sucrose made from?
glucose + fructose
What is lactose made from?
glucose + galactose
What is maltose made from?
glucose + glucose
What two components make up a fat?
glycerol and fatty acid
What is the name of the covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides?
glycosidic bond (linkages)
What happens when a phospholipid is placed in water?
head will migrate outwards and tails will migrate inwards
What is electronegativity?
how greedy an atom is in terms of pulling electrons towards the nucleus
What type of bond holds 2 strands of DNA together?
hydrogen bond
What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
important in signaling within the cell
Where are electrons found?
in the electron cloud
What is chitin?
insect exoskeleton; linear; B-glycosidic linkages
What does it mean when we say that water is cohesive?
it sticks to each other
What is the primary structure of a protein?
linear chain of amino acids hooked together; DNA coded to RNA
What are the characteristics of an unsaturated fat?
liquid at room temp, bends and kinks, points with double bonds
What is fatty acid?
long chain of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group
What is the monomer and polymer of a protein?
monomer: amino acid polymer: polypeptide
What is the monomer and polymer of a carbohydrate?
monomer: monosaccharide polymer: polysaccharide
What is the monomer and polymer of a nucleic acid?
monomer: nucleotide polymer: polynucleotide
What are the 3 subtypes of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, di-saccharides, polysaccharides
What is the charge on an electron?
negative
What is the mass of an electron?
negligible (1/1800 - 1/2000 amu)
What is the charge on a neutron?
neutral
What is different about lipids from the other macromolecules?
no true monomer or polymer, mostly non-polar
What is the reactivity when the electron cloud is full?
non-reactive
What is an un-saturated fat?
not completely filled with hydrogen atoms because of a carbon double bond
What are the 4 categories of macromoleculeS?
nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
What are phospholipids?
outer-most layer of animal cells that are dual nature in polarity
What is the name for a covalent bond in an amino acid?
peptide bond
What group is always on the 5' end of DNA?
phosphate
What is a nucleotide made up of?
phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base
What are the components of a phospholipid?
polar hydrophilic head (interacts with water) and non-polar hydrophobic tail (does not interact with water)
What is the charge on a proton?
positive
What happens when you alter protein structure?
protein function is changed
What do the R groups on an amino acid influence?
protein properties, interactions, and certain levels of folding
What subatomic particle identifies identity?
proton
What is the atomic mass?
protons + neutrons
What are the 3 subatomic particles?
protons, neutrons, electrons
What is the reactivity when the electron cloud is not full?
reactive
What is the role of a buffer when a base is added?
released hydrogen ions
What is sensitivity?
response to stimuli
What sugar is present in RNA?
ribose (OH on 2' carbon)
What is a covalent bond?
sharing of electrons, very strong
What is NAD+?
shuttle's during chemical reaction --> redox reactions
What are the characteristics of a saturated fat?
solid at room temp, straight chains, single bonds along length
What are the forms of water?
solid, liquid, gas
What are common polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
What is glycogen?
storage form of glucose in humans; made up of glucose monomers (energy storage molecule in animals in muscle and liver tissue)
What is ATP?
stored energy, molecule that shuttles energy from one location to another
What is a buffer?
substance that resists changes in pH, keeps hydrogen ions relatively constant
What are the 3 common disaccharides?
sucrose, maltose, lactose
What group is always on the 3' end of DNA?
sugar
What is the name of the backbone of DNA?
sugar phosphate backbone
What is homeostasis?
the ability to maintain a relatively stable yet dynamic internal environment despite changes in the external environment
What does the R group on an amino acid determine?
the properties: polarity, acidity
What is another name for fat?
triglycerides (triacylglycerol)
What is a polar covalent bond?
un-equal sharing of electrons
Which type of fat is better for diet?
un-saturated
What is amylose?
unbranched chain of glucose monomers
what is a poly-unsaturated fat?
unsaturated fat containing more than one double bond
What is a mono-unsaturated fat?
unsaturated fat containing one double bond
What is the function of beta glycosidic linkages?
used for construction; provide structural integrity; adds rigidity
What are proteins known as?
work-horses of our cells
What is the mass of protons and neutrons?
~1 atm
