BIOL 2401, Chapter 12
This figure shows the posterior aspect of spinal nerve roots and plexuses. What does "3" represent? - Cervical plexus - Brachial plexus - Coccygeal plexus - Sacral plexus - Lumbar plexus
Brachial plexus
Nerves that serve the arm come from the __________ plexus. - Cervical - Brachial - Lumbar - Sacral
Brachial.
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the __________ plexus. - Sacral - Lumbar - Brachial - Cervical - Radial
Brachial.
Each spinal nerve has dorsal and ventral __________, which join with others to form a __________, which innervates structures. - Plexuses, ramus - Rami, root - Roots, single nerve - Rami, plexus
Rami, plexus.
These are all properties of reflexes except: - Reflex responses are very predictable - Reflexes are responses to sensory inputs - Reflexes are quick responsible of the nervous system - Reflexes are not voluntary - Reflexes are spontaneous actions of the nervous system
Reflexes are spontaneous actions of the nervous system.
Which structure is highlighted? - Roots of lumbar plexus - Roots of brachial plexus - Roots of coccygeal plexus - Roots of sacral plexus - Roots of cervical plexus
Roots of brachial plexus.
Which structure is highlighted? - Roots of brachial plexus - Roots of lumbar plexus - Roots of coccygeal plexus - Roots of sacral plexus - Roots of cervical plexus
Roots of cervical plexus.
Which structure is highlighted? - Roots of brachial plexus - Roots of coccygeal plexus - Roots of thoracic plexus - Roots of lumbar plexus - Roots of cervical plexus
Roots of lumbar plexus.
Which structure is highlighted? - Roots of brachial plexus - Roots of coccygeal plexus - Roots of sacral plexus - Roots of lumbar plexus - Roots of cervical plexus
Roots of sacral plexus.
Nerves that serve the leg comes from the: - Sacral plexus - Brachial plexus - Lumbar plexus - Both the sacral and lumbar plexuses
Both the sacral and lumbar plexuses.
Match the component of gray matter in the spinal cord with its description. 1. House cell bodies of somatic motor neurons 2. Serves as a communication route between left and right sides 3. House axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons 4. House cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons - Anterior horns - Lateral horns - Posterior horns - Gray commissure
1. Anterior horns 2. Gray commissure 3. Posterior horns 4. Lateral horns
From superficial to deep, put the following meninges and their related spaces in the correct order. - Dura mater - Pia mater - Arachnoid mater - Subdural space - Subarachnoid space
1. Dura mater 2. Subdural space 3. Arachnoid mater 4. Subarachnoid space 5. Pia mater
There are __________ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column. - 24 - 16 - 42 - 31
31.
Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury? - A fracture of vertebra C2 - A fracture of vertebra C6 - A fracture of vertebra T5 - A fracture of vertebra T12 - A fracture of vertebra L4
A fracture of vertebra L4.
A mixed nerve consists of both __________ and __________. - Myelinated; unmyelinated fibers - Glial cells; nerve cells - Afferent; efferent fibers - Association; integration neurons - Spinal; cranial fibers
Afferent; efferent fibers.
Reflexes function in: - Removing the body from painful stimuli - Keeping the body from falling - Maintaining blood pressure - Maintaining blood CO2 levels - All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct.
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the __________. - Dural sheath and dura mater - Dural sheath and vertebral bones - Dura mater and arachnoid mater - Arachnoid mater and pia mater - Dura mater and pia mater
Arachnoid mater and pia mater.
This figure shoes a detail of the spinal cord, meninges, and spinal nerves. What does "4" represent? - Gray matter - White matter - Dura mater - Arachnoid mater - Pia mater
Arachnoid mater.
After an injury, a patient has difficulty contracting his deltoid muscle. This indicates possible damage to the __________ nerve. - Axillary - Median - Radial - Ulnar
Axillary.
Local anesthetics block conduction of action potentials in sensory neurons by: - Inhibiting the release of acetylcholine - Binding to potassium channels - Binding to sodium channels - Binding to calcium channels
Binding to sodium channels.
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were to be cut, the individual would: - Have no motor responses for that nerve - Have no sensory perception from that nerve - Have no reflexes involving that nerve - Both have no sensory perception from that nerve and have no reflexes involving that nerve are correct
Both have no sensory perception from that nerve and have no reflexes involving that nerve are correct.
This figure shows a dermatome map. A patient with no sensation in the left thumb would probably have a nerve damaged in: - T1 - T5 - C5 - C6 - L3
C6.
Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they: - Can be used to check for motor function - Locate the position of cranial nerves - Can be used to help locate nerve damage - Indicate what muscles are innervated by each spinal nerve - Can be used to detect cranial nerve damage
Can be used to help locate nerve damage.
The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the: - Medullary cone - Cauda equina - Lumbar enlargement - Cervical enlargement - Spinal cord
Cauda equina.
What does "D" represent? - Spinal nerves - Conus medullaris - Cervical enlargement - Filium terminate - Cauda equina
Cauda equina.
The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain: - Axons of motor neurons and interneuron cell bodies - Axons of sensory and motor neurons - Cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons - Axons of sensory neurons and interneuron cell bodies - Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.
What does "E" represent? - Central canal - Ventral root - Dorsal root ganglion - Spinal nerve - Dorsal root
Central canal.
The brain and spinal cord comprise the: - Central nervous system - Peripheral nervous system - Peripheral ganglia - Spinal nerves
Central nervous system.
Which of the following spinal nerve groups is incorrect? - Cervical - 7 - Thoracic - 12 - Lumbar - 5 - Sacral - 5
Cervical - 7
What does "A" represent? - Spinal nerves - Conus medullaris - Cervical enlargement - Filium terminate - Cauda equina
Cervical enlargement
Which structure is highlighted? - Sacral region - Cervical enlargement - Lumbar region - Thoracic region - Lumbar enlargement
Cervical enlargement.
The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord is the location where nerves that supply the upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord, and the __________ enlargement is the location where nerves that supply the lower limbs enter and leave the spinal cord. - Lumbar, sacral - Cervical, caudal - Cervical, lumbosacral - Foramen magnum, lumbosacral
Cervical, lumbosacral.
Direct motor pathways are involved in: - Regulating muscle tone - Maintaining posture - Unskilled reflexive movements - Consciously contracting skeletal muscle
Consciously contracting skeletal muscle.
Because most pathways decussate, each side of therein processes information from the __________ side of the body. - Contralateral - Ipsilateral
Contralateral.
What does "C" represent? - Spinal nerves - Conus medullaris - Cervical enlargement - Filium terminate - Cauda equina
Conus medullaris.
The area of the skin that is supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves is called a __________. - Dermatome - Desmosome - Neurosome - Epitheliatome
Dermatome.
__________ carry motor commands from the brain along the spinal cord. - Both anterior and posterior roots - Ascending tracts - Spinal nerves - Cranial nerves - Descending tracts
Descending tracts.
Which structure is highlighted? - Ventral rootlets - Dorsal root ganglion - Ventral ramus - Dorsal root - Dorsal ramus
Dorsal ramus.
What does "B" represent? - Central canal - Ventral root - Dorsal root ganglion - Spinal nerve - Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion.
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as: - Anterior root - Dorsal root - Efferent root - Ventral root - Lateral root
Dorsal root.
What does "A" represent? - Central canal - Ventral root - Dorsal root ganglion - Spinal nerve - Dorsal root
Dorsal root.
The thickest of the meninges is the: - Pia mater - Arachnoid mater - Subdural space - Subarachnoid space - Dura mater
Dura mater.
Epidural anesthesia is introduced to the epidural space between the __________ to block pain signals during pregnancy. - Dural sheath and dura mater - Dural sheath and vertebral bones - Dura mater and arachnoid mater - Arachnoid mater and pia mater - Dura mater and pia mater
Dural sheath and vertebral bones.
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth? - Subarachnoid space - Subdural space - Epidural space - Epipial space
Epidural space.
Damage to the __________ nerve may result in difficulty extending the knee as in kicking a ball: - Femoral - Popliteal - Sciatic - Obturator
Femoral.
What does "E" represent? - Spinal nerves - Conus medullaris - Cervical enlargement - Filium terminate - Cauda equina
Filium terminate.
The spinal cord extends from the level of the __________ to the level of the __________. - Cervical enlargement, lumbosacral enlargement - Foramen magnum, first lumbar vertebra - Brain, film terminate - Cervical enlargement, cauda equina
Foramen magnum, first lumbar vertebra.
The spinal cord extends from the level of the ___________ to the level of the __________. - Cervical enlargement, lumbrosacral enlargement - Foramen magnum, second lumbar vertebra - Brain, filum terminale - Cervical enlargement, cauda equina
Foramen magnum, second lumbar vertebra
Which of the following is an ascending tract of the spinal cord? - Lateral tectospinal tract - Medial reticulospinal tract - Ventral corticospinal tract - Vestibulospinal tract - Gracile fasciculus
Gracile fasciculus.
Neurosomas of the anterior root are located in the __________. - Gray matter - Posterior root ganglion - White matter - Anterior rootlets - Anterior root ganglion
Gray matter.
Neuron cell bodies are located in the __________ matter, and myelenated axons are located in the __________ matter. - White, gray - Gray, white - White, white - Gray, gray
Gray, white.
Motor signals to maintain posture and balance pass through a(n) __________ pathway - Indirect - Pyramidal - Corticospinal - Corticobulbar
Indirect.
Match the disorder with its description - Pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg - Stiffness in the neck and headache - Inflammation of a nerve - Pain along a nerve tract - Loss of sensation Neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve.
Match the nerve to the correct function. - Provides motor innervation to the biceps brachii - Innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles - Innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb - Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles - Innervates the triceps brachii Median nerve
Innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb.
Match the nerve to the correct function. - Provides motor innervation to the biceps brachii - Innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles - Innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb - Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles - Innervates the triceps brachii Axillary nerve
Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles.
Match the nerve with the appropriate description. - Innervates the iliopsoas, sartorial, and quadriceps femoris - Innervates muscles of the pelvic floor - Innervates the muscles that adduct the thigh - Innervates the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg - Branches to form the medial and lateral plantar nerves Femoral nerve
Innervates the iliopsoas, sartorial, and quadriceps femurs.
Match the nerve with the appropriate description. - Innervates the iliopsoas, sartorial, and quadriceps femoris - Innervates muscles of the pelvic floor - Innervates the muscles that adduct the thigh - Innervates the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg - Branches to form the medial and lateral plantar nerves Obturator nerve
Innervates the muscles that adduct the thigh.
Match the nerve to the correct function. - Provides motor innervation to the biceps brachii - Innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles - Innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb - Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles - Innervates the triceps brachii Radial nerve
Innervates the triceps brachii.
Match the nerve to the correct function. - Provides motor innervation to the biceps brachii - Innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles - Innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb - Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles - Innervates the triceps brachii Ulnar nerve
Innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles.
Conus Medullaris - Anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx - Is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement - Marks the exit of nerves to the upper extremity - Is inferior to the cauda equine
Is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
Match the disorder with its description - Pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg - Stiffness in the neck and headache - Inflammation of a nerve - Pain along a nerve tract - Loss of sensation Anesthesia
Loss of sensation.
A man was in an accident and severed his spinal cord between C6 and C7. Which of the following would NOT occur? - Loss of sensation in the trunk below the shoulders, the lower limbs and portions of the arms - Loss of use of the phrenic nerves and paralysis of the diaphragm - Loss of movement in the lower limbs - Loss of the use of the intercostals nerves, and breathing would be affected because the intercostals muscles would be paralyzed - Loss of sensation and movement in the jaw
Loss of use of the phrenic nerves and paralysis of the diaphragm.
Damage to the T11 and T12 spinal nerves could result in loss of movement in the __________ and __________ but would not affect the movement of the __________. - Diaphgram, lower limbs, hips - Upper limbs, intercostals muscles, diaphragm - Shoulders, neck, lower limbs - Lower limbs, hips, upper limbs
Lower limbs, hips, upper limbs.
After a fall from a ladder, a patient presents numbness in both lower legs (below the knee) and feet. Based on your knowledge of the relationship between dermatomes and the associated spinal nerves, which spinal cord nerves possibly suffered damage as a result of this fall? - Lumbar nerves - Cervical nerves - Thoracic nerves - All of these choices are correct
Lumbar nerves.
Reflex arcs: - Require the actions of the brain - Do not utilize somatic motor nerves - Generally rely on the actions of the hypothalamus - May have a single synapse
May have a single synapse.
Label component "A" on the reflex arc. - Sensory receptor - Effector organ - Sensory neuron - Motor neuron - Interneuron
Motor neuron.
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following? - The diaphragm - Intercostal muscles - Muscles of the arm and forearm - Muscles of the lower limb - Abdominal muscles
Muscles of the arm and forearm.
A __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous __________. - Nerve fiber; nerves - Nerve fiber; axons - Nerve; axons - Nerve fiber; neurosomas - Nerve; neurosomas
Nerve; axons.
Gray matter contains: - Glial cells, axons of motor neurons, and Schwann cells - Glial cells and myelinated fibers - Neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons - The distal part of axons of lower order motor neurons - Glial cells only
Neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons.
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains: - Only sensory fibers - Only motor fibers - Only afferent fibers - Both sensory and motor fibers - A ganglion
Only motor fibers.
Match the disorder with its description - Pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg - Stiffness in the neck and headache - Inflammation of a nerve - Pain along a nerve tract - Loss of sensation Neuralgia
Pain along a nerve tract.
Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening? - Median nerves - Phrenic nerves - Lumbar nerves - Sciatic nerves - Radial nerves
Phrenic nerves.
This figure shoes a detail of the spinal cord, meninges, and spinal nerves. What does "1" represent? - Anterior horn - Anterior root of a spinal nerve - Posterior root of a spinal nerve - Posterior horn - Spinal nerve
Posterior root of a spinal nerve.
Each half of the gray matter is organized into horns, which are the: - Superior, inferior, and lateral horns - Posterior, anterior, lateral - Ventral, dorsal, superior - Medial, superior, inferior
Posterior, anterior, lateral.
Match the nerve to the correct function. - Provides motor innervation to the biceps brachii - Innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles - Innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb - Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles - Innervates the triceps brachii Musculocutaneous nerve
Provides motor innervation to the biceps brachii.
Which nerve of the sacral plexus is the largest and longest nerve in the body? - Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve - Sciatic nerve - Common fibular nerve - Pudendal nerve
Sciatic nerve.
Which nerve of the sacral plexus is the largest and longest nerves in the body? - Posterior femoral cultaneous nerve - Sciatic nerve - Common fibular nerve - Pudendal nerve
Sciatic nerve.
Which of the following nerves originates in the lumbosacral plexus? - Axillary - Sciatic - Phrenic - Ilioinguinal - Obturator
Sciatic.
This figure shows neuron pathways and nuclei locations. What type of nuclei does number 2 indicate? - Somatic motor nuclei - Autonomic motor nuclei - Visceral sensory nuclei - Somatic sensory nuclei - None of the choices is correct
Somatic motor nuclei.
This figure shows neuron pathways and nuclei locations. What type of nuclei does number 1 indicate? - Somatic motor nuclei - Autonomic motor nuclei - Visceral sensory nuclei - Somatic sensory nuclei - None of the choices is correct
Somatic sensory nuclei.
What does "C" represent? - Central canal - Ventral root - Dorsal root ganglion - Spinal nerve - Dorsal root
Spinal nerve.
Which structure is highlighted? - Ventral ramus - Gray ramus communicans - White rams communicants - Dorsal ramus - Spinal nerve
Spinal nerve.
What does "B" represent? - Spinal nerves - Conus medullaris - Cervical enlargement - Filium terminate - Cauda equina
Spinal nerves.
Match the disorder with its description - Pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg - Stiffness in the neck and headache - Inflammation of a nerve - Pain along a nerve tract - Loss of sensation Meningitis
Stiffness in the neck and headache.
The space containing cerebrospinal fluid is the __________ space. - Subdural - Epidural - Subarachnoid - Suprarachoid
Subarachnoid.
Second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the: - Thalamus - Dorsal root ganglion - Spinal cord - Cerebral cortex - Medulla oblangata
Thalamus.
Many upper motor neruons synapse with lower motor neurons in: - The posterior horns - The anterior horns - The posterior column - The anterior column - The posterior root ganglion
The anterior horns.
The upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles begin with a soma in: - The posterior horn of the spinal cord - The anterior horn of the spinal cord - The motor association cortex of the cerebrum - The postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum - The precentral gyrus of the cerebrum
The precentral gyrus of the cerebrum
The ventral rami of the spinal nerves form nerve plexuses in all regions except: - The thoracic region - The brachial region - The cervical region - The lumbar region - The sacral region
The thoracic region.
A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a/an: - Nerve - Bundle - Tract - Neuron
Tract.
Which structure is highlighted? - Ventral rootlets - Dorsal root ganglion - Dorsal root - Ventral ramus - Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus.
What does "D" represent? - Central canal - Ventral root - Dorsal root ganglion - Spinal nerve - Dorsal root
Ventral root.
Which structure is highlighted? - Ventral rootlets - Dorsal root ganglion - Ventral root - Dorsal root - Dorsal rootlets
Ventral root.
The three columns of the white matter are the: - Ventral, dorsal, and lateral columns - Superior, inferior, and medial - Anterior, posterior, medial - Caudal, equinal, lateral
Ventral, dorsal, and lateral columns.