BIOL 2404 - CH 15 - Digestive System

The human liver is divided into two main lobes, the _________ lobe and the _________ lobe.

Blank 1: left Blank 2: right

Select all that apply Which of these statements are TRUE regarding the esophagus? -It adds digestive enzymes to the food that has been swallowed -It descends posterior to the trachea, passing through the thoracic cavity -It penetrates the diaphragm -It plays no role in chemical digestion -It is continuous with the intestine

-It descends posterior to the trachea, passing through the thoracic cavity -It penetrates the diaphragm -It plays no role in chemical digestion

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are TRUE about the alimentary canal of the digestive system? -It passes through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. -It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, and anus. -It extends only from the mouth to the stomach. -It includes the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

-It passes through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. -It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, and anus.

Place the phases of the swallowing mechanism in order from beginning to end: -Soft palate elevates and closes nasopharynx -Epiglottis covers larynx -Tongue seals oral cavity -Esophagus opens and receives bolus

-Soft palate elevates and closes nasopharynx -Epiglottis covers larynx -Esophagus opens and receives bolus -Tongue seals oral cavity

(Q) Obesity may be caused by hormones. metabolism. social factors. All apply.

All apply.

(Q) What serves to emulsify fats? HCl Bile Mucus Intrinsic factor

Bile

The duodenum of the small intestine receives products from the ____________, _____________, and __________ via one main duct.

Blank 1: gallbladder Blank 2: pancreas Blank 3: liver

The wall of the alimentary canal consists of four layers. Beginning with the innermost tissues, the layers are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and ______________ layers

Blank 1: serosa or adventitia

The __________ __________ receives secretions from the pancreas and liver as well as completes digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Blank 1: small Blank 2: intestine

Circular folds, villi and microvilli all serve to increase the ___________ _________ of the small intestine.

Blank 1: surface Blank 2: area

Gradual disintegration of the stomach lining leading to open sores will result in a(n) ___________

Blank 1: ulcer or gastric ulcer

(Q) Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine? Jejunum Ileum Cecum Duodenum

Cecum

Identify the first structure that is superior to the liver. Stomach Diaphragm Gallbladder Lungs

Diaphragm

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels. Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

_____ molecules are those the body cannot make and therefore must be consumed. Essential Non-essential

Essential

True or false: Obesity is defined as being 10% or more above the ideal weight for a person's height.

False

True or false: Periodontitis is most common in young adults.

False

When chyme is regurgitated into the esophagus at a high frequency the individual may develop ______. GERD peptic ulcers diverticulitis hiatal hernia

GERD

(Q) __________ is liver inflammation that can be caused by the use of unsanitary needles. Cirrhosis Hepatitis Jaundice

Hepatitis

Describe the location of the stomach. In the middle portion of the abdominal cavity (umbilical region) In the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity In the lower middle portion of the abdominal cavity (hypogastric region) In the left lower quadrant of the abdominal cavity In the right lower quadrant of the abdominal cavity

In the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity

Describe the location of the liver. In the lower left section of the abdominal cavity In the upper left section of the abdominal cavity In the lower right section of the abdominal cavity In the upper right section of the abdominal cavity

In the upper right section of the abdominal cavity

(Q) Which of the following minerals is NOT correctly matched with its major function? Calcium - building strong bones and teeth Chloride - aids in acid-base balance Iodine - helps wounds to heal Sodium - needed for nerve impulse transmission

Iodine - helps wounds to heal

(Q) Which of the following is the largest internal organ in the body? Pancreas Gallbladder Liver Gastric gland

Liver

(Q) Which of the following is NOT a feature of the large intestine? Is shorter and larger in diameter than the small intestine Contains pouches called haustra Moves waste by segmentation Absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins

Moves waste by segmentation

(Q) Which layer of the digestive tract wall contains epithelial cells including goblet cells that secrete mucus? Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa

Mucosa

Organize the layers of the wall of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost: Muscularis Serosa Submucosa Mucosa

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa

(Q) Which of the following is the correct order for the tissues of the digestive tract from external to internal? Muscularis, mucosa, submucosa, serosa Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa Submucosa, mucosa, muscularis, serosa

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Select all that apply Select the ways in which the digestive system helps to maintain homeostasis. Muscles cells use nutrients processed by the digestive system. The digestive and urinary systems remove wastes from the body. Minerals absorbed by the digestive system are used by the nervous system. The digestive system maintains oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

Muscles cells use nutrients processed by the digestive system. The digestive and urinary systems remove wastes from the body. Minerals absorbed by the digestive system are used by the nervous system.

(Q) Which region of the pharynx serves only the respiratory system? Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx

Nasopharynx

(Q) Which of the following is NOT true of digestive enzymes? They are pH dependent. They are hydrolytic enzymes. One enzyme can catalyze several reactions. They use water as a reactant.

One enzyme can catalyze several reactions.

(Q) What structures of the tongue help to handle food and contain the taste buds? Frenulum Papillae Uvula Palates

Papillae

Select all that apply Of these six groups of nutrients, which three groups provide energy to sustain life processes? Water Vitamins Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates

Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates

(Q) What is the last section of the large intestine? Rectum Cecum Ascending colon Sigmoid colon

Rectum

Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of the liver? Allows fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K to be released in the small intestine Breaks down plasma proteins into amino acids Removes and detoxifies poisons Removes and stores nutrients Regulates glucose levels

Removes and detoxifies poisons Removes and stores nutrients Regulates glucose levels

(Q) Where does protein digestion occur? Mouth and stomach Stomach and small intestine Stomach and pancreas Mouth and small intestine

Stomach and small intestine

Select all that apply Identify the functions of the liver: Storage of glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D, E and K Secretion of bile Formation of new red blood cells Detoxifies poisons Produces plasma proteins

Storage of glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D, E and K Secretion of bile Detoxifies poisons Produces plasma proteins

(Q) What is gluconeogenesis? The creation of glucose molecules from amino acids and fatty acids The breakdown of glycogen into glucose The formation of glycogen from glucose The creation of pyruvate from glucose

The creation of glucose molecules from amino acids and fatty acids

Select all that apply Which of these events take place during the swallowing reflex? Food is mechanically broken down in the mouth The epiglottis covers the larynx Soft palate raises, closing of the nasopharynx Muscles in the laryngopharynx relax, opening the esophagus

The epiglottis covers the larynx Soft palate raises, closing of the nasopharynx Muscles in the laryngopharynx relax, opening the esophagus

(Q) Which characterizes diverticulosis? An infection of the vermiform appendix Regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus The formation of pouches in the wall of the colon A decrease in the production of intrinsic factor in the stomach

The formation of pouches in the wall of the colon

Choose the correct statement about the digestive system. Breathing is possible because the respiratory and digestive systems share the trachea. Urea is produced by the kidney and eliminated by the digestive system. The gastrointestinal tract is also a part of the endocrine system.

The gastrointestinal tract is also a part of the endocrine system.

What is the primary function of the large intestine? To complete the absorption of most nutrients. To absorb water; compact, store, and eliminate feces. To rid the body of toxins. To house gas-producing bacteria.

To absorb water; compact, store, and eliminate feces.

True or false: The large intestine does not secrete digestive enzymes.

True

True or false: The pharynx is a passageway that connects the nasal cavity to the oral cavity and the larynx.

True

___________ are organic compounds (other than carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) required in small amounts for normal metabolism, that cells can not synthesize in adequate amounts.

Vitamins

Which of the following statements concerning vitamins is true? Vitamins are essential nutrients. Vitamins are required in large amounts. Vitamins are inorganic compounds.

Vitamins are essential nutrients.

Select all that apply Untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease can result in ______. pernicious anemia diaphragmatic hernia an increased risk of esophageal cancer Barrett's esophagus

an increased risk of esophageal cancer Barrett's esophagus

Match the three large paired salivary glands with their description: a) Parotid glands b) Sublingual glands c) Submandibular glands -The largest salivary glands located anterior and inferior to each ear, between the skin and the masseter muscle; secrete a fluid, rich in salivary amylase -The smallest of the major salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue; produce mainly mucus -Glands located in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the lower jaw; produce watery saliva that contains very little mucus

a) The largest salivary glands located anterior and inferior to each ear, between the skin and the masseter muscle; secrete a fluid, rich in salivary amylase b) The smallest of the major salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue; produce mainly mucus c) Glands located in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the lower jaw; produce watery saliva that contains very little mucus

90% of nutrients are ____ by the small intestines. discharged absorbed released secreted

absorbed

Select all that apply Some molecules that are considered to be essential, in that the body must consume them and cannot make them on its own, are ______. amino acids nucleic acids fatty acids carbohydrates

amino acids fatty acids

Initial digestion of starches begins in the mouth by an enzyme called salivary _________

amylase

Emulsification of fats in the small intestine is accomplished by the action of __________ salts.

bile

Hemoglobin in red blood cells is broken down into a yellowish-green bile pigment known as ______. bilirubin biliverdin iron bile salts

bilirubin

During swallowing, the esophagus opens to receive a morsel of the chewed food known as a(n) __________.

bolus

The mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine contain large _____ folds that increase surface area. longitudinal transverse oblique circular

circular

(Q) Many of the water-soluble vitamins function as digestive enzymes. chaperone molecules. cell adhesion molecules. coenzymes. growth factors.

coenzymes

(Q) The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct merge to form the _____, which empties into the duodenum. gallbladder hepatic portal vein common bile duct main pancreatic duct

common bile duct

The liver is capable of storing nutrients, regulating glucose levels, storing fat soluble vitamins and ______. breaking down plasma proteins losing iron detoxifying poisons depletes cholesterol from the blood

detoxifying poisons

The small intestine receives its name due to its small _____ in comparison to the large intestine. length diameter importance space

diameter

Salivary amylase breaks starch down into maltose, which is a(n) ______. nucleic acid disaccharide fatty acid amino acid

disaccharide

The __________ is a straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

The digestive function of the pharynx is to transport food from the mouth to the _________.

esophagus

Nutrients, such as vitamins, that the body cannot make and therefore must be consumed are called ____________ nutrients.

essential

The left and right lobes of the liver are separated by the ___. greater omentum pancreas falciform ligament

falciform ligament

(Q) Peristalsis is a process in which the entire esophagus contracts at once. food is squeezed forward through the digestive tract. food can move forward or backward. contraction can only occur when food is present. food is mechanically digested as it is repeatedly squeezed in a closed organ.

food is squeezed forward through the digestive tract

The pear-shaped sac that is found on the inferior surface of the liver, that concentrates, stores and releases bile is called the ___________

gallbladder

Select all that apply Obesity is often caused by a combination of ______. hormonal factors genetic factors having cancer metabolic factors social factors

hormonal factors genetic factors metabolic factors social factors

The head of the pancreas is located ______. attached to the stomach wall attached to the inferior surface of the liver in the loop of the duodenum

in the loop of the duodenum

(Q) The organ that absorbs water and salts and that produces and absorbs some vitamins, but does not otherwise participate in digestion, is the large intestine. stomach. esophagus. small intestine. mouth.

large intestine.

The organ responsible for protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, storage of some vitamins, blood filtering, detoxification of blood and the production and secretion of bile is the ____________.

liver

(Q) Carbohydrates are first chemically digested in the stomach. duodenum. mouth. large intestine.

mouth.

List the organs of the digestive tract from proximal to distal: esophagus stomach small intestine oral cavity large intestine pharynx

oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

The _________ is an organ located posterior to the stomach and abdominal wall.

pancreas

Rough projections on the tongue that aid in the sense of taste by housing the taste buds are called ______. tonsils uvula bolus papillae

papillae

Select all that apply Choose all of the following digestive disorders that occur more frequently in the elderly. increased sense of taste and smell increased sensations of hunger periodontitis hiatal hernia constipation

periodontitis hiatal hernia constipation

Non-digested material will move through the small intestine toward the large intestine by ______. peristalsis digestion segmentation absorption

peristalsis

The small intestine is a tubular organ that extends from the ______ sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine. hepatopancreatic lower esophageal ileocecal pyloric

pyloric

Localized contractions and constrictions that cause the mixing of chyme with the digestive juices of the small intestine is known as ______. peristalsis absorption digestion segmentation

segmentation

Digestion and absorption of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids occurs in ______. small intestine large intestine liver blood vessels stomach

small intestine

Digestion is completely finished in the ______. small intestine large intestine liver stomach pancreas

small intestine

(Q) The main digestive organ that absorbs nutrients is the pharynx. esophagus. small intestine. mouth.

small intestine.

The J-shaped, pouch-like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity is called the ____________

stomach

(Q) Nucleic acids are broken down into amino acids and phosphates. sugars, phosphates, and organic bases. nitrogen bases, sugar, and glucose. fatty acids, amino acids, and sugar. adenine, cytosol, and tyrosine.

sugars, phosphates, and organic bases

(Q) Leptin stimulates the hunger sensation. release of secretin. the feeling of fullness after eating. gastrin secretion.

the feeling of fullness after eating.

A bacterial infection may lead to the mucus cells lining the stomach to stop producing the protective layer of mucus and in turn result in a(n) ______. ulcer gall stone acid reflux hernia

ulcer

The lingual frenulum is located _____, and it connects the tongue to the _____. under the tongue; floor of the mouth on the tongue surface; roof of the mouth on the posterior surface of the tongue; throat

under the tongue; floor of the mouth

(Q) The region between the teeth, lips, and cheeks is called the gingiva. oropharynx. uvula. vestibule.

vestibule.

The tiny fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption are called ______. lacteals microvilli villi rugae mesentery

villi