BIOL 3456 A&P II Chapter 19- BLOOD

What are globulins?

(35%) Antibodies, also called immunoglobins

What is fibrinogen?

(4%) Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin

What are albumins?

(60%) Transport substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones-remember that many hormones are bound to proteins

list the three major types of plasma proteins

- albumins -globulins -fibrinogen

identify the five types of white blood cells

-neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils -monocytes -lymphocyctes

identify the composition of the formed elements in blood

-red blood cells -white blood cells - platelets

How many polypeptide chains are associated with each Heme group of Hb?

1 polypeptide chain per heme group

A centrifuged sample of blood shows 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. What percent of the blood is composed of leukocytes and platelets?

1%

How much of the formed elements of blood are made up of WBC's and platelets?

1%

Basophils

1% WBCs; migrate ti injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate in the damaged tissue

What is the cascading order for blood clotting?

1) Prothrombinase (through intrinsic or extrinsic pathways) 2) Prothrombin > Prothrombinase + Ca2 > Thrombin 3) Fibrinogen > Thrombin + Ca2 > Fibrin

What are the three steps for formation of a platelet plug?

1. Platelelet adhesion 2. Platelet release 3. Platelet aggregation

Explain the function of platelets.

1. Release important clotting chemicals 2. Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls 3. Actively contract tissue after clot formation

What are the functions of blood?

1. Transport dissolved materials to and from cells (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, immune system components, waste products. 2. Regulation of pH and ions in ISF 3. Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites 4. Defense against toxins and pathogens 5. Stabilization of body temperature

. Define the 3 general functions of your blood.

1. Transportation of oxygen/carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones 2. Regulation of pH, temperature, and osmotic pressure 3. Protection - clotting and WBC providing immunity

What are the three ways to prevent hemorrhages, a critical homeostatic responsibility?

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug 3. Fibrin clot

3 major types of plasma proteins are in the blood?

1. albumins 2. globulins 3. fibriogen

list the three primary functions of platelets

1. release chemicals important to the clotting process 2. form a temporary path in the walls of damaged blood vessels 3. reduce the size of a break in the vessel wall

list five major functions of blood

1. transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes 2. regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids 3. restricting fluid losses at injury sites 4. defending against toxins and pathogens 5. stabilizing body temperature

Major functions of blood?

1. transports dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones and waste 2. regulated pH 3. restricts fluid losses through damaged vessels or injury sites 4. defends against toxins and pathogens 5. stabilized body temp

Hemostasis consists of 3 phases?

1. vascular phase 2. platelet phase 3. coagulation phase

Describe the process of hemostasis. List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting.

1. vascular spasm - In the first step of blood vessel repair, the damaged blood vessels respond to injury by constricting (vasoconstriction), triggers include direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets, and reflexes initiated by local pain receptors. 2. Platelet Plug Formation - the second step of blood vessel repair, platelets play a key role in hemostasis by aggregating (sticking together), forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall 3. Coagulation - The third step in blood vessel repair, blood clotting, reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a "molecular glue" for the aggregated platelets

List the steps involved in the process of hemostasis?

1. vascular spasm; 2. platelet phase; 3. coagulation; 4. retraction; 5. fibrinolysis

Life span of a erythrocyte

100-120 days

What is the temperature of blood?

100.4 F

What is required for clooting?

12 protein factors Ca2 Vitamin K

How long do RBC live?

120 days

RBCs travel 700 miles in how many days before they rupture?

120 days

j. Average life span of RBCs.

120 days

How many platelets are there approximately in the human body?

150,000-400,000 per micro liters

. Number of platelets per mm3 of blood

150000 - 400000

What type of chains make up the globin in Hb for a fetus?

2 alpha and 2 gamma

What type of chains make up the globin in Hb for adults?

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

Eosinophils

2-4% WBCs; attack objects that are coated with antibodies; ALLERGIES

What are Eosinophils? What percent of circulating WBC's are Eosinophils and what is their main function?

2-4%; Attack large parasite and objects coated with antibodies; are sensitive to allergens that cause allergic reactions and increase in number

Monocytes

2-8% WBCs; marcophages are aggressive phagocytes, attempting to engulf items as large as or larger than themselves

What are Monocytes? What percent of circulating WBC's are Monocytes and what is their main function?

2-8%; stain in circulation only 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues and become macrophages; secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibrocytes to injured areas

Lymphcytes

20-30% WBCs; continuously migrate from the bloodstream through peripheral tissues and back to the blood stream.

What are Lymphocytes? What percent of circulating WBC's are Lymphocytes and what is their main function?

20-30%; are part of the body's specific defense system

Blood temperature is approximately____, and blood pH averages___?

38*C; 7.4

What makes up the protein (globin) in Hb?

4 polypeptide chains

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of?

4 protein chain and 4 heme groups

g. Average range of blood volume in females.

4-5L

What is the average volume of blood in a person?

4-6 L

. Normal range of RBCs/mm3.

4.8 to 5.4

e. Percentage of blood formed by RBCs, WCBs, and platelets.

45%

Approximately how many WBC are there in a person?

5,000-10,000 per micro liter

f. Average range of blood volume in males.

5-6L

How long does Erythropoieses take?

5-7 days

Life span of platelets

5-9 ays

How long do platelets live?

5-9 days

Neutrophils

50-70% of the circulating WBCs; very mobile - first to arrive at injury site - specialize in attacking and digesting bacteria that have been marked with antibodies

Normal range of WBCs/mm3 of blood.

5000 - 10000

How much of the blood is plasma?

55%

d. Percentage of blood formed by liquid portion

55%

Plasma contributes approximately ___ percent of the volume of whole blood and water accounts for ___ percent of the plasma volume?

55%; 92%

How much of plasma is composed of water?

92%

How much of the formed elements in the blood are RBC's?

99%

. Antibodies in type B blood.

A

Antigen(s) in type A blood.

A

If a patient has a parasitic infection, you would expect an elevated __________ count. A.eosinophil B. basophil C.erythrocyte D.T lymphocyte

A

The first step of hemostasis is __________. A. vascular spasm B. coagulation C. thrombolysis D. platelet plug formation

A

The percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes is called A. hematocrit B. plasma C. formed elements D. buffy coat

A

The process by which a blood clot dissolves is called __________. A. thrombolysis B. coagulation C. anticoagulation D. clot retraction

A

Which of the following blood types is considered the universal donor? A. type O- B. type O+ C. type AB- D. type AB+

A

Which of the following blood types is considered the universal recipient? A. AB+ B. AB- C. 0- D. 0+

A

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of platelets? A.They are incapable of oxidative catabolism. B.They do not have a nucleus. C.They are cell fragments. D.They contain granules with clotting factors and enzymes.

A

What is leukemia? How does it interfere with blood cell production?

A cancer of the bone marrow that produces too many WBC creating a traffic jam

blood

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

Describe the vascular phase.

A cute triggers vascular spasm that lasts 30 minutes; three steps 1. Endothelial cells contract (expose casal lamina to blood stream) 2. Endothelial cells release(stimulate smooth mmuscle contraction and cell division)3. Endothelial plasma membranes become "sticky" (cell off blood flow)

Sickle cell anemia

A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape

granulocytes

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing

A laboratory examination of blood yields information that can be used to evaluate a person's current state of health

histamine

A substance that increases the flow of gastric juices in the stomach and dilates the walls of small blood vessels.

Blood types an A+ person could donate to

A+ or AB +

What are the 4 ABO blood types?

A, B, AB, O

The ABO blood group is based on which antigen(s)? A.antigens A and B B.antigen Rh C.antigen D D.antigen O

A. antigens A and B

What vitamin is necessary for certain clotting factors to operate during coagulation? A. vitamin K B.vitamin E C.vitamin C C.vitamin D

A. vitamin K

What cells are categorized as a Agranulocytes? A.lymphocytes and monocytes B.reticulocytes and erythrocytes C.eosinophils and basophils D.neutrophils and basophils

A.lymphocytes and monocytes

Platelets are cell fragments formed from A.megakaryocytes B.lymphocytes C.myeloblasts D.monoblasts

A.megakaryocytes

Antibodies in type O blood.

AB

Antigen(s) in type AB blood.

AB

. Universal Recipient

AB positive

What occurs during the Platelet release phase of a platelet plug formation?

Adhesion activates platelets - Platelets extend projections and interact with one another - Platelets release granules - Platelets release serotonin and thromboxane A2 which cause vasodilation

When does a monocyte become phagocytic?

After it leaves circulatory system and becomes a wandering or fixed macrophage

. Group of WBCs lacking these granules

Agranular

What is the difference between granulocyte and agranulocyte.

Agranulocyte doesn't have any visible granules, while granulocytes do.

What plasma protein is most important for the blood's colloid osmotic pressure?

Albumin

e. Plasma proteins helping to regulate pH and osmotic pressure of the blood.

Albumin

60%; MOST abundant plasma proteins - osmotic pressure of plasma; transfer fatty acids, thyroid hormones and steroid hormones

Albumins

What are the most abundant plasma proteins?

Albumins

b. Most abundant plasma proteins

Albumins

What are the three major plasma proteins?

Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen

What are the proteins in blood plasma?

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

What are formed elements?

All cells and solids

What do pluripotent cells give rise to?

All the formed elements of blood plus macrophages, reticular cells, mast cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, muscle

What are the three types of Globulins?

Alpha, Beta and Gamma

Explain Rh factors and pregnancy. What happens if Rh- mother becomes pregnant with a second Rh+ child?

An Rh- mother and Rh+ child will have no problems during pregnancy. However, in childbirth the Rh+ blood of the child will mix with the mother and she will become sensitized and develop anti Rh antibodies which can cross the placenta and cause problems if a second Rh+ child is conceived.

What do Eosinophils phagocytize?

An-Ab complexes

. Too few RBCs in count

Anemia

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

B, T and killer cells

Blood types an B- person could receive.

B- or O-

All red blood cells in an adult originate in the A.heart B.red bone marrow C.liver D.spleen

B.red bone marrow

How are platelets removed?

By macrophages in the spleen and liver

19. Which one is a WBC? a. A b. B c. C d. Both B and C e. All of the above

C

Type A blood contains __________ A. A antigens and anti-A antibodies B. B antigens and anti-B antibodies C. A antigens and anti-B antibodies D. B antigens and anti-A antibodies

C

What cell gives rise to all formed elements? A. erythroblast B. proerythroblast C. hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) D. reticulocyte

C

When fibrin levels increase, thrombin production is inhibited. This is an example of a __________. A.positive feedback loop B.vascular spasm C.negative feedback loop D.fibrinolysis

C

Which of the following is NOT one of the formed elements in blood? A. erythrocytes B. platelets C. plasma D.leukocytes

C

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of blood? A. to maintain body temperature B. blood clotting C. to protect vital organs D. to transport and exchange gases

C

Normal blood pH should fall between A.6.95 and 7.15 B.7.15 and 7.25 C.7.35 and 7.45 D.7.65 and 7.85

C. 7.35 and 7.45

How much blood does the average adult have? A.1.5 L B.3 L C.5 L D.7 L

C.5 L

What percentage of the blood is composed of plasma? A.15% B.45% C.55% D.75%

C.55%

What is CO2 used for in Hb globin formation?

CO2 binds the amino acids together

. Electrolyte required for clotting to occur

Calcium

___ and ___ affect almost every aspect of the clotting process?

Calcium and Vitamin K

alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin then bind carbon dioxide forming?

Carbaminohemoglobin

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Carries oxygen; with low oxygen (peripheral capillaries) hemoglobin releases oxygen; binds to carbon dioxide and carries it to the lungs

Carboaminohemoglobin

Carrying CO2

Oxyhemoglobin

Carrying oxygen

Explain the structure of platelets.

Cell fragments involved in human clotting system

What attracts WBC to leave the circulatory system to go to a site of infection?

Chemicals released called chemotaxis

What is it called when fibrin dries in a blood clot and pulls the edges of the torn vessle together?

Clot retraction

. Substance released by platelets and damaged tissues that starts clotting process

Clotting factors

What is ABO blood type an example of?

Codominance and multiple Alleles

What are the two families of cytokines that stimulate WBC production?

Colony Stimulating Factors and interleukins

What are some of the things Eosinophil's are responsible for doing?

Combating histomines in allergic reactions, defense against parasitic worms,

What is heme?

Complex of 4 pigment molecules each containing 1 iron. -Oxygen binding site -each iron carries and oxygen

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Complex quaternary structure; 4 globular protein subunits: each with one molecule of heme and each here contains one iron ion; iron ions

a. Shape of erythrocytes.

Concave

What kind of tissue is blood?

Connective Tissue (plasma is matrix)

What Hemopoietic Growth Factor is a glycoprotein produced by cells from red bone marrow, WBC's, fibroblasts, endothelium, and macrophages?

Cytokines

What is a paracrine or autocrine that can increase the immune system reaction? (WBC formation)

Cytokines

An example of a waste product from the breakdown of hemoglobin is__________. A.transferrin B. jaundice C.hemoglobin S D.biliverdin

D

During the first step of platelet plug formation, the chemical produced by endothelial cells at the site of injury is called __________. A. thrombin B. fibrinogen C. tissue factor D. von Willebrand factor

D

Platelets form from large cells called __________. A.macrophages B.lymphoblasts C.thrombocytes D. megakaryocytes

D

The hormone released by the kidneys in the figure is __________. A. adrenalin B.vitamin K C.hemoglobin D.erythropoietin

D

Where are anti-Rh antibodies produced? A. in every Rh+ person, even if they have not been previously exposed to Rh antigen B. in every Rh- person, even if they have not been previously exposed to Rh antigen C. in an Rh+ person who has been previously exposed to Rh antigen and sensitized D. in an Rh- person who has been previously exposed to Rh antigen and sensitized

D

Which of the following is a plasma protein? A. tissue factor B. electrolytes C. hemoglobin D. albumin

D

You are observing a blood slide under the microscope and you see a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and light blue cytoplasm. You identify this cell as a __________. A.basophil B.lymphocyte C.neutrophil D.monocyte

D

Select the appropriate pathway for the steps of hemostasis. A. vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, thrombolysis, clot retraction B. vascular spasms, coagulation, platelet plug formation, clot retraction, thrombolysis C. platelet plug formation, vascular spasms, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis D. vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis

D. vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis

During a transfusion, incompatible antigens can be introduced. Antibodies can bind to foreign antigens, causing them to clump together, or __ A.granulate B.activate C.coagulate D.agglutinate

D.agglutinate

Which of the following must occur first during hemostasis? A. clot retraction B. thrombolysis C.formation of fibrin D.formation of thrombin

D.formation of thrombin

What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis? A. liver B.spleen C.pancreas D.kidney

D.kidney

The function of red blood cells is to A. phagocytize bacteria B.stop blood loss from an injured blood vessel C.transport nutrients to the body's cells and tissues D.transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

D.transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the cause of anemia?

Decrease in O2 holding capacity of blood

What triggers the negative feedback release of Erythropoietin?

Decreased oxygen, hypoxia

What are Natural killer Cells?

Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers) and are responsible for immune system surveillance to detect abnormal cells

What are B cells?

Differentiate into plasma cells which synthesize antibodies so they do not have to make actual contact; humoral immunity

List eight functions of blood.

Distribution 1.Delivering oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells. 2.Transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites 3.Transporting hormones from the endocrine organs to their target organs. Regulation 4.Maintaining appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage heat loss. 5.Maintaining normal pH in body tissues. Many blood proteins and other blood-borne solutes act as buffers to prevent excessive or abrupt changes in blood pH 6.Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. Salts (sodium chloride and others) and blood proteins act to prevent excessive fluid loss from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. Protection 7.Preventing blood loss •Plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation 8.Pre venting infection •Antibodies •Complement proteins •WBCs

Why do blood banks covet O negative blood?

Does not produce any antibodies and there is considered the universal donor.

Collective term for inorganic ions in the blood plasma.

Electrolytes

What are the other solutes in blood plasma?

Electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones, enzymes, and waste products

What is a condition resulting from lodging of embolus in bv called?

Embolism

What is a blood clot or air bubble that travels in bv called?

Embolus

This granulocyte has a bilobed nucleus with red cytoplasmic granules

Eosinophil

What granulocyte WBC is selectively phagocytic?

Eosinophil - Phagocytosis of an An-Ab complex

. WBCs that neutralize histamine

Eosinophils

Destroy parasitic worms.

Eosinophils

These granulocytes target parasitic worms and release anti-inflammatory substances in allergic reactions

Eosinophils

Red blood cells that transport oxygen?

Erythrocytes

Name the process that produces erythrocytes

Erythropoieses

What is stimulated by the hormone EPO?

Erythropoiesis

List the stages of RBC production. What is a reticulocyte?

Erythropoiesis - occurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in adults; stem cells mature to become RBCs

f. Hormone-stimulating RBC production

Erythropoietin

What are the three Hemopoietic Growth Factors?

Erythropoietin/EPO, Thrombopoietin/TPO, Cytokines

What is the major differences between the extrinsic pathway and the intrinsic pathway?

Extrinsic begins in the vessel wall outside bloodstream damaged cells release factors that cause clotting; Intrinsic begins with circulating enzymes with in bloodstream that cause more clotting

What is the name of the pathway that triggers a blood clot when there is damage to the outside of the tissue?

Extrinsic pathway

Which pathway is faster, intrinsic or extrinsic?

Extrinsic pathway

Platelets can undergo mitosis and perform repairs if damaged. True/False

False

What is carried at the center of each heme group in Hb?

Fe (iron)

What must Fe bind to in order to be stored in tissues?

Ferritin

Threadlike strands forming a blood clot

Fibrin

How does the localiztion of a blood clot become a mechanism for homeostasis?

Fibrin absorbs the thrombin and there's dispursion of the clotting factors

Fibrinogen 4% of plasma proteins; functions in clotting

Fibrinogen

d. Plasma protein converted into fibrin.

Fibrinogen

What is the homeostatic mechanism for preventing a clot from continuing to develop that has uses an inactive enzyme called plasminogen?

Fibrinolysis

What are some of the homeostatic mechanisms that the body uses for preventing continued growth of a clot?

Fibrinolysis Localization of the clot Substances in the blood

. Cells that enter clot to form new connective tissue and repair damage

Fibroblasts

What is the composition of plasma?

Fluid consisting of water, dissolved proteins, and other solutes

. Functions of platelets

Form platelet plug

blood cells and cell fragments that are suspended in plasma; (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Formed elements

What are platelets?

Fragments of megakaryocytes

Whats another name for an antibody?

Gamma globulin

What is a Megakaryocyte?

Giant cells in bone marrow; manufacture platelets from cytoplasm

What is the protein portion of a hemoglobin molecule consisting of four polypeptide chains called?

Globin

After 120 days, what RBC breakdown products are reused?

Globin's amino acids and Iron

35% of plasma proteins; antibodies and transport globulins

Globulins

c. Plasma proteins that are antibodies.

Globulins

What are located on the surface of RBC and are responsible for ABO and Rh blood groups?

Glycolipids

. Responsible for blood groups.

Glycoproteins

What accounts for various blood groups like ABO and Rh factor?

Glycoproteins on the plasma membrane of RBC

. Group of WBCs with cytoplasmic granules.

Granular

List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes

Granulocyte - Are all roughly spherical in shape. They are larger and much shorter lived (in most cases) than erythrocytes. They characteristically have lobed nuclei (rounded nuclear masses connected by thinner strands of nuclear material). Functionally, all granulocytes are phagocytes to a greater or lesser degree. Neutrophil - 50-70%, multilobed nucleus, Acute infection Eosinophil - 2-4%, bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules, Parasites Basophil - 0.05 - 1%, bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules, Inflammatory Infections Agranulocyte - lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Although they are similar structurally, they are functionally distinct and unrelated cell types. Their nuclei are typically spherical or kidney shaped. Lymphocyte - 25-45%, large spherical nucleus, Immunity Monocyte - 3-8%, kidney-shaped nucleus, Chronic Infection

Which WBC do not return to the blood vessles once they've left the circulatory system?

Granulocytes and monocytes

What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?

Hemaglobin

What is the total % of blood volume occupied by RBC called?

Hematocrit

The waste product bilirubin is formed from

Heme

What is the non protein portion of hemoglobin; the red pigment of hemoglobin called?

Heme

d. Iron-containing portion of hemoglobin.

Heme

95% of intracellular proteins

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that carries a maximum of 4 oxygens is called?

Hemoglobin

b. Red pigment in erythrocytes.

Hemoglobin

What is the result of premature RBC destruction?

Hemolytic anemia

Caused by maternal anti-Rh antibodies binding with Rh antigens on fetal RBCs

Hemolytic disease

Formed elements are produced by

Hemopoiesis

What is the name for the formation of blood cells?

Hemopoiesis

What is the name for the hormones that regulate the differation and proliferation of progenitor cells?

Hemopoietic Growth Factors

What prevents blood loss in a broken vessel

Hemostasis

What is a resonsibility of platelets?

Hemostasis - stop blood loss

What are some of the things the Basophil's are responsible for doing?

Heparin (anti-coagulent), histamine, serotonin (vasoconstrictor) for allergic reactions. Intensifies inflammation

Thrombopoietin

Hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation

For the first few weeks after birth, where is Erythropoietin manufactured?

In the liver

Where are most of the plasma proteins (except gamma globulins) made?

In the liver by hepatocytes

Where is red bone marrow found?

In the spongy bone of axial skeleton (sternum, ribs, and vertebrae), petoral and pelvic girdles, and epiphyses of long bones (especially epiphysis of humerous and femur)

What occurs during the Platelet Aggregation phase of a platelet plug formation?

Increased stickiness of platelets creates platelet plug

What is the job of ATP and ADP during a platelet plug?

Increases platelets stickiness

What is the function of Thrombopoietin and where is it made?

Increases thrombocyte/platelet production and is made in the liver

. What is the cause and significance of leukocytosis and leukipenia?

Infection leads to increased count or leukocytosis A decrease, leukiopenia, is a major sign of immune system being compromised.

What is a blood clot made of?

Insoluble fibers with trapped formed elements

What is the name of the pathway that triggers a blood clot when there is damage to the inside of the bv?

Intrinsic pathway

Where are the activators for blood clotting are in the blood?

Intrinsic pathway

Anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin?

Iron deficiency anemia

What must be consumed for the normal production of RBC?

Iron, protein, folic acid, vitamin B12, and Erythropoietein

Explain hemostasis.

Is the cessation of bleed consists of 3 phases (Vascular; Platelet; Coagulation)

What does the nucleus of the neutrophil look like?

It has lobes

What happens to the globin that is in the Hb when the RBC ruptures?

It is recycled for Globin to form more AA (to make more proteins)

What is required for Fe to be released from the heme in Hb that is in a ruptured RBC?

It must bind to a transport protein to prevent cellular damage

What is the job of PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) during a platelet plug?

Its a hormone that causes the proliferation of endothelium, smooth muscles and fibroblasts

. Organs releasing the hormone that stimulates RBC production

Kidney

What organ is important in an adult hemopoiesis?

Kidney (makes EPO)

What are neutrophils? What percent of circulating WBC's are neutrophils and what is their main function?

NSD; 50-70%; engulf and kill bacteria with lysosomal enzymes and bactericides

What is the job of Ca2 during a platelet plug?

Needed for clotting reaction and release of granules

What kind of feedback mechanism is in place for Erythropoietin?

Negative

Name the most common leukocyte

Neutrophil

These granulocytes are the defenders; they kill bacteria

Neutrophil

This granulocyte has 3-5 lobes in its nucleus and does not have a stain in its cytoplasmic granules

Neutrophil

What granulocyte WBC is an agressive phagosytosis?

Neutrophil

What WBC can leave the circulatory system but undergo no change?

Neutrophil, Basophil and Eosinophil

. First WBCs attracted from blood into damaged tissues

Neutrophils

What WBC are called Granulocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophil and Basophil

. Two major phagocytic WBCs.

Neutrophils, Monocytes

Types of WBCs

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

What are the white blood cells in blood?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils (NLMEB)

. Portion of heme that is excreted.

Non-iron

. Antigen(s) in type O blood.

None

Antibodies in type AB blood.

None

What is the antibody of AB blood?

None

Deoxyhemoglobin

Not carrying oxygen

What do Lymphocytes look like?

Nucleus makes up 90% of the cell. Very small, like RBC

. Lack these two organelles

Nucleus, Mitochondria

. Universal Donor

O negative

which blood type can be safely transfused into a person with type O blood

ONLY type O blood

c. Primary function of RBCs is transport of.

Oxygen

What is a hematocrit? What are the normal ranges?

Packed cell volume, PCV; percentage of formed elements of which 99.9% are RBCs in centrifuged whole blood. Male:40-54 Female: 37-47

Lack of mature red blood cells (erythrocytes) caused by the inablility to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

Perinicious Anemia

Liquid extracellular matrix, made up of water (90%), plasma proteins (8%), and solutes (1%)

Plasma

What is the composition of blood?

Plasma (water, dissolved plasma proteins, other solutes); Red Blood Cells; White Blood Cells; Platelets

What are the two main components of blood?

Plasma and formed elements

What is the name for a B cell (lyphocyte) thats actively making antibodies?

Plasma cells

What plays a major role in defense, transport, and homeostasis?

Plasma proteins

What are the three ways platelets create hemostasis?

Platelet plug, vascular spasm, or blood clotting

Formed elements that temporarily plug break in damaged blood vessel.

Platelets

What occurs during the Platelet Adhesion phase of a platelet plug formation?

Platelets stick to collagen and endothelium of damaged bv

small, membrane bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to the process of clotting

Platelets\

What are the mesonchyme stem cells in bone marrow called?

Pluripotent

Too many RBCs in count.

Polycythemia

What is it called when someone has too many RBC?

Polycythemia

What type of feedback loop is a blood clot?

Positive feedback

1. Which is NOT a major function of the blood? a. Transportation of nutrients b. Regulation of blood pH c. Protection against disease infection d. Transportation of heat e. Production of oxygen

Production of Oxygen

What are some of the substances in blood that can slow or stop a blood clot?

Prostacyclin Heparin Antithrombin Activated protein C (APC)

What does Hb consist of?

Protein (globin) + 4 pigment molecules (heme)

What is globin?

Protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains each associated with a heme molecule. -Co2 binding site -each carries 1 CO2

What are two plasma proteins made by the liver which is needed for blood clotting?

Prothrombin and Fibrinogen

What is produced during a blood clot after the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways stage?

Prothrombinase (catalyst)

Draw a flowchart of the process of coagulation.

Prothrombinase coverts Prothrombin to Thrombin. Thrombin converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin

4. The hematocrit is composed of a. WBC b. Platelets c. RBC d. plasma e. proteins

RBC

Hemolytic:Anemia.

RBC are destroyed

Why are RBC able to carry Oxygen without consuming it themselves?

RBC lack organelles and a nucleus so they have no mitochondria to consume oxygen

What cells originate from the pluripotent myeloid stem cells?

RBC, platelets, WBC, eosinophils, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte

What WBC's do Myeloid stem cells give rise to?

RBC, platelets, mast cells, eosisnophils, basophils, neutraphils and monocytes (which become macrophages)

most abundant blood cells; essential for transport of oxygen in the blood

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

What are the components of formed elements?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Where does hemopoiesis occur after 6 mos of gestation and in adults?

Red bone marrow

Where can Fe-Transferrin get taken to?

Red bone marrow for RBC production or storage in tissues

What cells produce the glycoprotein Hemopoietic Growth Factor, Cytokines?

Red bone marrow, WBC's, fibroblasts, endothelium, and macrophages

What is the multipotent myeloid stem cell called if it ejects its nucleus to become a RBC?

Reticulocyte

. Antibodies in Rh- blood of person sensitized to the Rh antigen

Rh

Platelet phase

The attachment of platelets to sticky endothelial surfaces, to the basal lamina, and to exposed collagen fibers marks that start

What converts prothrombin totrombin and what converts fibrinogen to fibrin

The common pathway - enzymes convert them to complete the clotting process

Where is the Hemopoietic Growth Factor Erythropoietin primarily made and what is its function?

The kidneys, made to increase production of RBC

Name some blood disorders that become more common with age

The most common blood diseases that appear during aging are chronic leukemias, anemias, and clotting disorders

. Mary's blood type is A, Rh-. She is at the hospital for delivery of her second child, and her first child is Rh+. The attending physician wants blood available in case the baby exhibits erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease) upon delivery. What blood type should he order? Explain

The mothers own immune system can attack the baby's RBC cause severe anemia in the child. Probably use O- the universal donor.

Describe how leukocytes are produced

The production of white blood cells, is stimulated by chemical messengers. These messengers, which can act either as paracrines or hormones, are glycoproteins that fall into two families of hematopoietic factors, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors, or CSFs. are named for the leukocyte population they stimulate

17. Alan, a college professor, is in the Swiss Alps studying astronomy during his sabbatical leave. He has been there for two days and plans to stay the entire year. However, he notices that he is short of breath when he walks up the steps and tires easily with any physical activity. His symptoms gradually disappear, and after two months he feels fine. Upon returning to the United States, he has a complete physical and is told that his hematocrit is higher than normal. Explain this finding. Will it remain at a higher than normal level?

There is less oxygen at higher altitudes so his body responded by producing more RBC thus increasing the hematocrit. This will not last as his body will adjust to the increased levels of oxygen back at sea level.

fibrinogen

a blood plasma protein that plays an essential role in blood clotting

platelet plug

a collection of platelets at the site of a damaged blood vessel that helps slow or stop blood loss

neutrophil

a common type of granular leukocyte with granules that stain pale lilac; nucleus has 2-5 lobes connected by very thin strands

anemia

a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced

a sample of red bone marrow has unusually few megakaryocytes. what body process would you expect to be impaired as a result?

a decreased number of megakaryocytes would interfere with the blood's ability to clot properly, because fewer megakaryocytes would produce fewer platelets

formed element

a general term for any of the blood cells, including the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

antigen

a glycoprotein or glycolipid that occurs in characteristic combinations on the surfaces of RBCs; also called agglutinogen

leukemia

a group of red bone marrow cancers in which abnormal WBCs multiply uncontrollably and interfere with normal blood cell production

red bone marrow

a highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue

monocyte

a large type of agranular leukocyte with a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus

erythrocyte

a mature red blood cell (RBC)

tissue factor

a mixture of lipoproteins and phospholipids released from the surfaces of damaged cells that initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting

intrinsic pathway of blood clotting

a more complex and slower series of reactions, occurring over several minutes of trauma, that is activated by chemicals that are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood

Protein C

a plasma protein that inactivates several clotting factors and stimulates the formation of plasmins

antibody

a plasma protein that reacts with the A or B antigens in a mixture of two different blood types; also called agglutinin

describe hemoglobin

a protein composed of four globular subunits, each bound to a heme molecule, which gives red blood cells the ability to transport oxygen in the blood

extrinsic pathway of blood clotting

a rapid series of reactions occurring within seconds of trauma, initiated by tissue factor (TF) that leaks into the blood from cells outside blood vessels

hemostasis

a sequence of quick, localized, and carefully controlled responses that stops bleeding

lymphocyte

a type of agranular leukocyte that helps carry out cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses; large, round, and darkly-stained nucleus

Rh blood group

a type of blood characterized by the inheritance of a specific antigen on the surface of RBCs; first discovered in the blood of a monkey

globulin

a type of blood plasma protein that includes the antibodies

basophil

a type of granular leukocyte characterized by a pale nucleus and large granules that stains blue-purple with basic dyes; the 2-lobed nucleus is often hidden by the granules

eosinophil

a type of granular leukocyte characterized by granules that stain red-orange with acid dyes and a bi-lobed nucleus

leukocyte

a white blood cell (WBC)

7. A hemocrit measures a. A. Percentage of RBC in packed blood b. B. Percentage of WBC in packed blood c. C. Percentage of platelets in packed blood d. Both a and b e. All of the above

a. A. Percentage of RBC in packed blood

16. The process of a white blood cell squeezing between cells to exit the blood vessel is called a. Emigration b. Wandering c. Adhesion d. Hempoiesis e. Phagocytosis

a. Emigration

12. Which of the following is a phagocyte a. Monocytes b. Platelet c. Lymphocyte d. Basophil e. Eosinophil

a. Monocytes

How often are RBCs replaced?

about 3 million RBCs per second

Vitamin K and Calcium ions

affect almost every aspect of the clotting process

how would the hematocrit change after an individual suffered a significant blood loss

after a significant blood loss, the hematocrit--the amount of formed elements (mostly red blood cells ) as a percentage of the total blood--will be reduced

the clumping of RBCs as a result of an incompatible blood transfusion where the antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to the antigens on the donated RBCs

agglutination

What happens if a cross reaction occurs?

also called transfusion reaction; plasma antibody meets its specific surface antigen; blood will agglutinate and hemolyze-destroy; occur if donor and recipient blood types not compatible

sickle cell disease

an inherited condition in which a person's RBCs contain an abnormal type of hemoglobin that bends the RBC into a curved shape, making them very easy to rupture

hemophilia

an inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after very minor trauma

bilirubin

an orange pigment that is one of the end products of hemoglobin breakdown in liver cells (hepatocytes) and is excreted as a waste material in bile

hematocrit is low or Hb content of the RBCs is reduced; oxygen delivery to perifpheral tissues

anemia

Carbohydrate groups on the surfaces of erythrocytes determine blood type and are known as

antigens

Nora was exposed to radiation that caused her red bone marrow to make less red blood cells. This condition is known as

aplastic anemia

22. What antigens does a person have on their RBC if their plasma has antibody A? a. A b. B c. O d. A and B e. No antigens

b. B

5. Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in disease resistance? a. Albumins b. Globulins c. Fibrinogens d. Myoglobin e. Hemoglobin

b. Globulins

8. The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called: a. Hematocritation b. Hemopoiesis c. Albumin genesis d. Immunology e. None of the above

b. Hemopoiesis

13. Which of the following reduces blood loss? a. Erythrocyte b. Platelet c. Lymphocyte d. Basophil e. Neutrophil

b. Platelet

how do basophils respond to an injury

basophils respond to an injury by releasing a variety of chemicals, including histamine and heparin. Histamine dilates blood vessels and heparin prevents blood clotting. Basophils also release other chemicals that attract esinophils and other basophils to the area

why is venipuncture a common technique for obtaining a blood sample

because superficial veins are easy to locate, the walls of veins are thinner than those of arteries, and blood pressure in veins is relatively low, so the puncture wound seals quickly

Intrinsic Pathway

begins with the activation of proenzymes Factor XII exposed to collagen fibers at the injury site

Extrinsic pathway

begins with the release of Factor III (tissue factor)

in what way would a disease that causes damage to the liver affect the level of bilirubin in the blood

bilirubin would accumulate in the blood, producing jaundice, because diseases that damage the liver, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, impair the liver's ability to excrete bilirubin in the bile

21. What antibodies does a person with type O blood have in their plasma? a. A b. B c. A and B d. No antibodies e. Not enough information to answer

c. A and B

9. A megakaryoblast will develop into a. A. Red blood cell b. B. White blood cell c. C. Platelet d. Both b and c e. Any of the above

c. C. Platelet

3. Which of the following is not a component of blood? a. Blood plasma b. Formed elements c. Carbon dioxide d. Platelets e. White blood cells

c. Carbon dioxide

6. Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting? a. Albumins b. Globulins c. Fibrinogens d. Prostaglandins e. None of the above

c. Fibrinogens

What ions are necessary for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to the coagulation cascade?

calcium ions

Main function of Erythrocytes?

carry O2 and CO2

Dehydration would?

cause an increase in the hematocrit

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that block's the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would have problems with

coagulation

Heparin

compound released by basophils and mast cells - cofactor that accelerates the activation of antithrombin III

which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut

contain a large amount of neutrophils, because these phagocytic white blood cells are the first to arrive at the site of an injury

vascular spasm

contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a damaged blood vessel to prevent blood loss

14. Which of the following promotes inflammation? a. Eosinophil b. Monocyte c. Lymphocyte d. Basophil e. Neutrophil

d. Basophil

15. Which of the following is not an agranular leukocyte? a. Monocytes b. Macrophage c. Lymphocyte d. Basophil e. All of the above

d. Basophil

20. What does this figure represent? a. Erythropoiesis b. RBC differentiation c. Emigration d. Clot formation e. Clot retraction

d. Clot formation

10. A red blood cell's function is a. Nutrient transport b. Cytokine stimulation c. Blood cell proliferation d. Gas transport e. Disease resistance

d. Gas transport

What can trigger the vascular spasm?

damage to smooth muscle, chemicals from platelets that are activated, and/or by reflexes invoving pain receptors

dave develops a blockage in his renal arteries that restricts blood flow to the kidneys. what effect will this have on his hematocrit?

dave hematocrit will increase, because reduced blood flow to the kidneys triggers the release of erythropoietin, which stimulates an increase in erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)

Hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen

deoxyhemoglobin

Coagulation Phase

doesn't start until 30 seconds or more after the vessel has been damaged

2. The normal pH range for blood is a. 7.35-8.5 b. 7.35-9.45 c. 6.35-7.35 d. 6.35-9.35 e. 7.35-7.45

e. 7.35-7.45

11. A red blood cell without a nucleus is called a a. Proerythroblast b. Cytokine c. Precursor cell d. Interleukin e. Reticulocyte

e. Reticulocyte

What is it called when WBC leave the circulatory system to go to the sit of an infection?

emigration

Anticoagulants

enzymes that inhibit clotting

3 types of formed elements

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

The process of red blood cell production is known as

erythropoiesis

The cells and fragments suspended in plasma

formed elements

vitamin K is a fat soluble, and some dietary fat is required for its absorption. how could a diet of fruit juice and water have an effect on blood clotting

fruit juice and water do not contain fats, which are required for vitamin K absorption, leading to a vitamin K deficiency. This would lead to a decreased production of several clotting factor-- most notably,, prothrombin,. As a result, clotting time would increase

What cell gives rise to all formed elements?

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

a non-protein pigment complex

heme

Destruction of blood (breakdown of red blood cells with release of hemoglobin).

hemolysis

The stoppage of bleeding is known as

hemostasis

why can't a person with type A bloody safely receive blood from a person with type B blood

if a person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood, which contains anti-A antibodies, the red blood cells will agglutinate (clump), potentially blocking blood flow to various organs and tissues

which specific plasma protein would you expect to be elevated during a viral infection

immunoglobins (antibodies)

Pro=

inactive

Erythropeoitin directly stimulates RBC formation by

increasing rates of mitotic division in erythroblasts; speeding up the maturation of RBCs; accelerating the rate of hemoglobin synthesis

A difference between the A,B,O blood types and the Rh factor is

individuals who are Rh- do not carry agglutinins to Rh factor unless they have been previously sensitized

what would be the effect of a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins

it would lower plasma osmotic pressure, reduce the ability to fight infection, and decrease the transport and binding of some ions, hormones, and other molecules

What forms the majority of blood?

leukocytes platelets buffy coat plasma

Vascular spasm

local contraction of the vessel

What is the 2nd most common leukocyte

lymphocyte

Which type of leukocyte may produce antibodies?

lymphocyte

Name the 2 types of agranulocytes

lymphocyte and monocyte

Describe the chemical composition of hemoglobin.

made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment. Globin consists of four polypeptide chains—two alpha and two beta —each binding a ringlike heme group. Each heme group bears an atom of iron set like a jewel in its center . A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen because each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen. A single red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, so each of these tiny cells can scoop up about 1 billion molecules of oxygen

What is the job of clotting factors found in platelets?

needed for fibrin clots

What is the most common type of leukocyte in a healthy adult?

neutrophil

What is the antigen of O blood?

none

Gen=

not in final state yet

clotting factor

one of the chemicals activated in a sequence that triggers a cascade of reactions that ultimately produce a large quantity of fibrin

each heme unit holds an iron ion in such a way that the iron can interact with the oxygen molecule forming?

oxyhemoglobin

What is the pH of blood?

pH 7.35-7.45

Basic function of WBCs is defense against.

pathogens

b. Liquid portion of blood

plasma

what two components make up whole blood?

plasma and formed elements

Serum is?

plasma minus fibrinogen

17. Which methods provide hemostasis? . vascular spasm, clotting, polycythemia b. hemolysis, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation c. emigration, clotting, hemolysis d. platelet plug formation, vascular spasm, clotting e. anemia, hemogenesis, platelet plug formation

platelet plug formation, vascular spasm, clotting

define thrombocytopoiesis

platelet production

Hemostasis is mediated by platelets erythrocytes monocytes lymphocytes

platelets

explain the difference between platelets and thrombocytes

platelets are non nucleated cell fragments in mammalian blood, whereas thrombocytes are nucleated platelets in non mammalian vertebrate blood

What is the job of the enzymes released during a platelet plug?

production of Thromboxane A2, increases the stickiness of platelets and causes vasoconstriction

T cells

responsible for cell mediated immunity; specific defense mechanism against invading foreign cells and tissues

B cells

responsible for humoral immunity; a specific defense mechanism that involves the production of antibodies

Natural Killer Cells

responsible for immune surveillance - detection and subsequent destruction of abnormal tissue cells (preventing cancer)

Discuss the composition and functions of plasma.

straw-colored, sticky fluid Although it is mostly water (about 90%), plasma contains over 100 different dissolved solutes, including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and products of cell activity, ions, and proteins. Function of Plasma 1.Carries nutrients including glucose which is the primary source of energy for cell metabolism. 2.Hormones are transported around the body in plasma attached to plasma proteins. 3.Contains inorganic ions which are important in regulating cell function and maintaining homeostasis. 4.Contains clotting agents and on exposure to air it will form a clot. Aids healing and stops bleeding. 5.Contains antibodies (gammaglobulins) to help resist/fight off infections.

what is the function of surface antigens on RBC's

surface antigens on RBC's are glycoproteins or glycolipids in the plasma membrane, they determine blood type

unless chemically treated, whole blood will coagulate in a test tube. This clotting process begins when Faction XII becomes activated. which clotting pathway is involved in this process

the activation of Factor XII initiates the intrinsic pathway

which type of cell would you find in elevated numbers in a person who is producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus

the blood of a person fighting a viral infection would contain elevated numbers of lymphocytes, because B lymphocytes produce circulating anti-antibodies

hematocrit

the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs

phagocytosis

the process where neutrophils and macrophages ingest bacteria and dispose of dead matter

blood transfusion

the transfer of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow

DURING THE 2ND STAGE OF BLOOD CLOT FORMATION ____ IS FORMED

thrombin

a. Alternate name for platelets.

thrombocytes

Stem cells responsible for lymphopoiesis are located in?

thymus; spleen; lymph nodes; red bone marrow

What is the simplest form for preventing hemorrhages, a critical homeostatic responsibility?

vascular spasm

Vascular Phase

vascular spasm lasts about 30 minutes, a period

What is the job of serotonin during a platelet plug?

vasoconstriction

The most abundant component of plasma is water ions proteins gases

water

Proenzmes

when converted to active enzymes, direct essential reactions in the clotting response

a. pH range of the blood

~7.4

What happens to RBC when they rupture after 120 days?

They are consumed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver

. Enzyme converting fibrinogen into fibrin

Thrombin

What is another word for the platelets in blood?

Thrombocytes

What is it called when someone has a decreased number of platelets?

Thrombocytopenia

What is a condition in which clotting occurs in undamaged/uninjured bv?

Thrombosis

What is a fixed blood clot called?

Thrombus

How do the new blood cells enter the circulation from the bone marrow?

Through sinusoids

What is the activator in extrinsic pathways when there is a blood clot?

Tissue factor/thromboplastin

Function of anticoagulants

To inhibit coagulation

What plasma protein does free iron bind to in the blood?

Transferrin (for transport)

What are the three functions of blood?

Transport - O2, CO2, nutrients, waste and hormones Regulation - pH, body temp, OP/ion and protein concentration Protection - Clotting, phagocytic WBC's, antibody production

bind small ions, hormones, and compounds that might otherwise be lost at the kidneys or that have very low solubility in water

Transport globulins

What is the role of Alpha and Beta Globulins?

Transport proteins

The universal blood donor is O- since this blood type lacks the A, B, and Rh antigens. True/False

True

What does the nucleus of the eosinophils look like?

Two big feet with large belly (red color)

What are surface antigens and antibodies?

Type A = A antigens B antibodies Type B = B antigens A antibodies Type O = Neither A nor B antigens A and B antibodies Type AB = A and B antibodies Neither A nor B antibodies

Explain ABO blood typing.

Type A = B antibodies Type B = A antibodies Type O = A and B antibodies Type AB = Neither A nor B antibodies

What do Monocytes look like?

U shaped nucleus

. What is "blood doping," and why is it dangerous?

Unnaturally increase your number of RBCs. Thickens blood make your heart work harder.

. Constriction of damaged blood vessel

Vascular spasm

a. Three processes of hemostasis in order of occurrence

Vascular spasm, Platelet plug, Coagulation

. Size compared to size of RBCs.

Very small

What makes up the inside of a platelet?

Vesicles but no nucleus

Explain the main differences between RBCs and WBCs.

WBCs do not have hemoglobin; they defend against pathogens; remove toxins and wastes; attack abnormal cells

The formed elements of blood include?

WBCs, RBCs, and platelets

What are some pharmaceuticle anticoagulants?

Warfarin/Coumadin Aspirin Heparin Streptokinase Genetically engineered human tissue plasminogen (t-PA)

a. Constitutes over 90% of plasma.

Water

What is plasma made of?

Water, solutes and protein

Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use

When a patient's blood volume is so low that death from shock is imminent, there may not be time to type blood, or appropriate whole blood may be unavailable. Such emergencies demand that blood volume be replaced immediately to restore adequate circulation. Fundamentally, blood consists of proteins and cells suspended in a salt solution. Replacing lost blood volume essentially consists of replacing that isotonic salt solution. Normal saline or a multiple electrolyte solution that mimics the electrolyte composition of plasma (for example, Ringer's solution) are the preferred choices.

participate in the body's defense mechanisms

White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

plasma and formed elements

Whole blood

When is blood a brighter red, with or without oxygen?

With oxygen

When is blood a darker red, with or without oxygen?

Without oxygen

15. Chemotherapy is often used to destroy the rapidly dividing cells of a cancer. What impact would chemotherapy have on the production of blood cells? Explain.

Your bone marrow is rapidly dividing thus it would limit your ability to produce RBC, WBC, and platelets

Hemorrhagic:Anemia.

Loss of blood due to injury

What does the basophil look like?

Lots of dark purple granules

This agranulocyte has a spherical nucleus and light blue cytoplasm

Lymphocyte

What agranulocyte WBC is not phagocytic?

Lymphocyte

What WBC are called Agranulocytes?

Lymphocyte and Monocyte

. Smallest leukocytes

Lymphocytes

T cells and B cells are examples of?

Lymphocytes

What WBC's do Lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

Lymphocytes

What agranulocyte is part of the immune system?

Lymphocytes

Which WBC's constantly circulate?

Lymphocytes

What cells come from pluripotent lymphoid stem cells?

Lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

Which WBC are considered to not be phagocytic?

Lymphocytes and basophils

. Phagocytic cells destroying RBCs.

Macrophages

What organs are involved in the recycling of RBCs components?

Macrophages of liver, spleen and bone marrow

WBCs that move into tissues to complete clean-up of tissue damage

Macrophages_

. Normal Hemoglobin Count

Male 13.5-18g/100ml, Female 14-20/100mL

. Normal Hematocrit values for male and female.

Male 42-54%, Female 38-46%

What has no nucleus and is shaped like tiny biconcave disks?

Mature RBC

. What is the importance of a differential WBC count?

Measure the amounts of the different types of WBC

. Cells that fragment to form platelets

Megakaryocyte

What does the multipotent myeloid stem cell give rise to in order to make a platelet?

Megakaryocyte

18. Considering Rh blood types, which of the below situations would result in maternal antibodies attacking the fetus? Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh negative b. Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive c. Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh negative d. Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh positive.

Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive

Name the largest leukocyte

Monocyte

This agranulocyte has a U-shaped nucleus and light blue to purple cytoplasm

Monocyte

What agranulocyte WBC is phagocytic?

Monocyte

What WBC leaves the circulatory system and undergos a chaneg?

Monocyte becomes a macrophage

Largest leukocytes

Monocytes

Migrate into tissues to become macrophages.

Monocytes

What are the WBC that are characterized as being phagocytic?

Monocytes (once they become wandering or fixed macrophages) and neutrophils

What is the benefit to a RBC having a biconcave shape?

More surface area for oxygen transport

Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes. Explain what goes wrong in each disorder

Anemia "lacking blood" is a condition in which the blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity. It is a sign of some disorder rather than a disease in and of itself. Its hallmark is blood oxygen levels that are inadequate to support normal metabolism. Anemic individuals are fatigued, often pale, short of breath, and chilly. Caused by Blood loss - hemorrhagic anemia Not enough blood cells produced - Iron-deficiency anemia Pernicious anemia is due to a deficiency of vitamin B12. An autoimmune disease in which the stomach mucosa atrophies, and it most often affects the elderly Too many RBC destroyed Thalassemias "sea blood" are typically seen in people ofMediterranean ancestry, such as Greeks and Italians. One of the globin chains is absent or faulty, and the erythrocytes are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin. Sickle-cell anemia, the havoc caused by the abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS), results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule.This alteration causes the beta chains to link together under low-oxygen conditions, forming stiff rods so that hemoglobin S becomes spiky and sharp. This, in turn, causes the red blood cells to become crescent shaped when they unload oxygen molecules Polycythemia "many blood cells") is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscosity, causing it to sludge, or flow sluggishly. Secondary polycythemias result when less oxygen is available or EPO production increases. The secondary polycythemia that appears in individuals living at high altitudes is a normal physiological response to the reduced atmospheric pressure and lower oxygen content of the air in such areas. Blood doping, practiced by some athletes competing in aerobic events, is artificially induced polycythemia. Some of the athlete's red blood cells are drawn off and then reinjected a few days before the event. The erythrocytes are quickly replaced because the erythropoietin mechanism is triggered shortly after blood removal. Then,when the stored blood is reinfused, a temporary polycythemia results. risk of stroke and heart failure due to high hematocrit and high blood viscosity

immunoglobuilins; attack foreign proteins and pathogens

Antibodies

Name the 3 anticoagulants

Antithrombin 3, Heparin Sulfate, Protein C

What is the destruction of bone marrow called?

Aplastic anemia

22. Mr Chu has been scheduled for surgery to have his arthritic hip replaced. His surgeon tells him he much switch from aspirin to acetaminophen for pain control before his surgery. Why?

Aspirin is a blood thinner. You want to minimize blood loss during surgery and aspirin would not allow that.

What are T cells?

Attack foreign cells directly so they must make physical contact with pathogens; cell-mediated immunity

Which of the following donors will be suitable for a recipient with type A+ blood? A. donor with B+ blood B. donor with O- blood C. donor with AB- blood D. donor with AB+ blood

B

Produce antibodies.

B cells/plasma cells

Name the least common leukocyte

Basophil

These granulocytes secrete heparin and histamine

Basophil

This granulocyte has an S-shaped nucleus and dark purple granules

Basophil

What Granulocyte WBC is not phagocytic?

Basophil

. Become mast cells after entering tissues

Basophils

. Release histamine in allergic reactions.

Basophils

Describe Coagulation phase.

Begins 30 seconds or more after injury; clotting factors - proteins or ions in plasma require for normal clotting

Common Pathway

Begins when enzymes from either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway activate Factor X (forming prothrombinase)

Describe Platelet phase.

Begins within 15 seconds after injury; platelet adhesion (attachment) Platelet aggregation (stick together) - forms platelet plug by positive feedback

What is the term for the shape of a RBC?

Biconcave disc

What happens to the non-Fe portion of the heme group in a ruptured RBC?

Biliverdin>bilirubin>liver (into bile)

What is the event called when endothelial cells and hepatocytes produce anticoagulants?

Blood Clotting

. Location of antibodies against blood typing antigens

Blood Plasma

What is the role of fibrinogen?

Blood clotting

Coagulation

Blood clotting, involves a complex sequence of steps leading to the conversion of circulating fibrinogen into the insoluble protein fibrin

Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue.

Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste. Depending on the amount of oxygen it is carrying, the color of blood varies from scarlet (oxygen rich) to dark red (oxygen poor). Blood is more dense than water and about five times more viscous, largely because of its formed elements. Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45, and its temperature (38C or 100.4F) is always slightly higher than body temperature. Blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight. Blood is the only fluid tissue in the body. The microscope reveals that blood has both cellular and liquid components. Blood is a specialized type of connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the formed elements, are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma (plaz mah). The collagen and elastic fibers typical of other connective tissues are absent from blood, but dissolved fibrous proteins

What is Hemorrhagic anemia?

Blood loss

. Cell from which WBCs originate

Blood stem cells

. Cells from which RBCs originate

Blood stem cells

Many heart attack victims are advised to take a single aspirin every other day. Why? What are blood thinners?

Blood thinners interfere with the clotting process and thus less likely to clog your arteries and hopefully prevent a heart attack.

. What is the difference between a bone marrow transplant and a cord-blood transplant? Why undergo either procedure?

Bone marrow transplants are not your own tissue thus a possible rejection can occur. Cord blood is your own blood thus no rejection. Undergoing procedure because bone marrow is not producing up to par.

Organs where old RBCs are destroyed.

Liver and Spleen

Nutritional Anemia.

Lack of iron in diet

Where does the bile go after it leaves the liver (where bacteria can break it down)?

Large intestine where the pigments are excreted as urine and/or feces

What are Basophils? What percent of circulating WBC's are Basophils and what is their main function?

Less than 1%; small; accumulate in damaged tissue; release histamine (dilates blood vessels to increase inflammation) release heparin (prevents blood clotting)

White Blood Cells

Leukocytes

What is it called when someone has too many WBC?

Leukocytosis

What is it called when someone doesn't have enough WBC?

Leukopenia

How long do WBC live?

Life span varies from hours to years

. Organ forming most plasma proteins.

Liver

Organ where heme breakdown occurs.

Liver

Hemolyze

Rupture

In a blood clot what is the plasma minus the clotting proteins called?

Serum

h. Plasma without clotting factors

Serum

Sickle-cell Anemia.

Shape of hemoglobin make it ineffective to transport oxygen

What occurs in the hemoglobin molecule when a person with sickle-cell anemia undergoes physical exertion and does not get enough oxygen? Why is this so dangerous?

Sickle-cell anemia alters the shape of hemoglobin and thus the shape of the RBC. The RBC does not fit as easily in the capillaries and tends to get stuck. Thus you have a lower efficiency of blood flow and oxygen delivery. This is often magnified with physical exertion

Explain the structure of a red blood cell. What is the purpose of this structure?

Small and highly specialized discs; thin in the middle and thicker edge - important for high surface-to-volume ratio; quickly absorbs and releases oxygen; discs form stacks called rouleaux; discs bend and flex entering small capillaries

Erythropoietin

Stimulates the production of red blood cells

What is the job of Fibrin stabilizing factor found in platelets?

Strengthens the fibrin clots

What help to have safer blood transfusions?

Surface marker or antigens

. Location of antigens used in blood typing.

Surface of RBC

Functional classes of lymphoctyes

T cells; B cells; Natural Killer Cells

What are the 3 classes of Lymphocytes?

T cells; B cells; Natural killer cells

Name the 2 lymphocytes

T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte

Why do men tend to have a higher Hematocrit number?

Testosterone increases production of erythropoietin which increases amount of RBC production

What are damaged or missing globin chains?

Thalamassemia

Explain the basics of WBC production

• WBC Production • All blood cells originate from hemocytoblasts • Which produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells • Myeloid Stem Cells • Differentiate into progenitor cells, which produce all formed elements and WBCs (B MEN) except lymphocytes • Lymphoid Stem Cells • Lymphopoiesis: the production of lymphocytes B and NK in marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. T is produced in thymus

Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions

•Blood types has a classification which is based on two things: ABO group - depends on two antigens; antigen A and antigen B. which lie on the surface of the red blood cell (RBC) A person having an A antigen on his RBC cells will show a blood type of A A person having a B antigen on his RBC cells will show a blood type of B A person having both A & B antigens on his RBC cells will show a blood type of AB A person having neither of those antigens will show a blood type of O Rhesus factor - the rhesus factor, which depends on a single antigen; antigen D, which also lies on the surface of the RBC A person having a D antigen is called an Rh positive, e.g. A, B and D antigens' presence exhibit a blood type of AB+ (universal acceptor) A person without the D antigen is called an Rh negative, e.g. Neither A, nor B, nor D antigens' presence exhibit a blood type of O- (universal donor). Both factors combine to form the blood types as we know them today •if you transfuse type B blood cells into a type A person then that persons immune system won't recognise the type B antigens as part of the body and will attack them just as it would invading bacteria. Transfusion reactions can range from the mild such as a fever too the more serious such as lung injury and acute heamolytic reaction where donor red cell are rapidly destroyed which is bad. (life threatening medical emergency bad)

Give examples of leukocyte disorders, and explain what goes wrong in each disorder

•Leukopenia (loo_ko-pe_ne-ah) is an abnormally low white blood cell count commonly induced by drugs, particularly glucocorticoids and anticancer agents. •Leukemia, literally "white blood," refers to a group of cancerous conditions involving white blood cells. the renegade leukocytes are members of a single clone (descendants of a single cell) that remain unspecialized and proliferate out of control, impairing normal red bone marrow function. the red bone marrow becomes almost totally occupied by cancerous leukocytes and immature WBCs flood into the bloodstream. The other blood cell lines are crowded out, so severe anemia and bleeding problems also result. Other symptoms include fever, weight loss, and bone pain. Although tremendous numbers of leukocytes are produced, they are nonfunctional and cannot defend the body in the usual way. •Infectious Mononucleosis Once called the kissing disease, infectious mononucleosis is a highly contagious viral disease most often seen in young adults. Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, its hallmark is excessive numbers of agranulocytes, many of which are atypical. The affected individual complains of being tired and achy, and has a chronic sore throat and a low-grade fever. There is no cure, but with rest the condition typically runs its course to recovery in a few weeks.

Describe the structure and function of platelets.

•Platelets are not cells in the strict sense. About one-fourth the diameter of a lymphocyte, they are cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinarily large cells (up to 60 μm in diameter) called megakaryocytes •Platelets are essential for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or their lining is injured. By sticking to the damaged site, platelets form a temporary plug that helps seal the break

Give examples of hemostatic disorders. Indicate the cause of each condition

•Thromboembolic disorders-conditions that cause undesirable clot formation •Bleeding disorders-arise from abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation •Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)- involves both wide spread clotting and severe bleeding

Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes.

•small cells, about 7.5 μm in diameter. Shaped like biconcave discs—flattened discs with depressed centers—they appear lighter in color at their thin centers than at their edges. Bound by a plasma membrane but lack a nucleus (are anucleate) and have essentially no organelles. •RBC function is to transport respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide). •Blood cell formation is referred to as hematopoiesis (hem ahto-poi-e sis), or hemopoiesis (hemo, hemato = blood; poiesis = to make). This process occurs in the red bone marrow On average, the marrow turns out an ounce of new blood containing some 100 billion new cells each and every day.