BIOL Chapter One

The internal state of the body is best described as a(n) __________ equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

Dynamic

What type of equilibrium occurs when there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point?

Dynamic

A structure that responds to a stimuli is called a(n)----

Effector

What is the cell or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called?

Effector

Prefix for "above" or "on top"

Epi-

What is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce quick reactions called?

Excitability

Of the following, which one is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known? Theory, Fact, Scientific Method, or Hypothesis

Hypothesis

What is an educated speculation based upon observations that can be tested by experimentation called?

Hypothesis

Which method of reasoning begins with a hypothesis or question and then tries to answer that question?

Hypothetico-deductive method

Blood pressure is fueled by a __________ feedback mechanism.

Negative

When some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This would be an example of what type of feedback?

Negative

Purged eponyms from terminology and included only Latin terms. Devised in the late 1800s.

Nomina Anatomica

What describes the integration center of a feedback mechanism?

Process information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be

An example of a well-designed experiment would have a(n) ______ group, which would receive a placebo, and a(n) ______ group, which would receive the intervention (i.e. treatment) being tested.

control, experimental

The study of individual cells is called ___________

cytology

The "duct of Santorini" is an example of the use of a(n) ______.

eponym

A change in the genetics in a population over a period of time is called ______.

evolution

______ surgery is the practice of diagnosing illness by opening the body.

exploratory

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment is known as ___________

homeostasis

Part of a hip bone is an ______, while the final portion of the small intestine is the ______.

ilium, ileum

What is a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon called?

law of nature

Most exploratory surgery has been replaced with ______.

medical imaging techniques

Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe what?

microorganims

What is an example of an organelle?

mitochondria

What is an anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called?

organ

What is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

organ system

Which of the following describes a single complete individual? Organism Organ Organ system Atom Organelle

organism

A(n) ______ review is the method of evaluating results by other experts in that field.

peer

Differences in sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, environment, among other things are important what?

physiological variations

What type of feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction?

positive

The subdiscipline of physiology that is concerned with the mechanisms of disease is ___________

psychophysiology

The name for a structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus is a(n) ______

receptor

Experimenter bias is defined as?

the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data

What does the term dissection refer to?

the process of carefully separating tissue to reveal anatomical relationships

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n) ________

tissue

Acronyms are terms that do which of the following?

use the first letter of a series of words

Who was the first anatomist to publish an atlas of anatomy?

vesalius

Charles _________ is best known for his theory of natural selection.

Darwin

Whats the process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function called?

Differentiation

Which method is used to control experimental bias where neither the subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving the treatment and which are receiving the placebo?

Double-blind method

Without the use of energy, matter and energy tend to flow ______.

Down Gradients

Who was the physician to the Roman gladiators that wrote one of the most influential medical textbooks of his era?

Claudius Galen

What is the study of more than one species in order to observe their structural similarities and differences called?

Comparative Anatomy

In which of the following does a surgeon learn a procedure on animals before practicing on humans?

Comparative physiology

What is the plural form of cortex?

Cortices

A physician's assistant devises a treatment plan based on the patient's age, lab results, economic status, perceptions, and emotions. What type of treatment is this?

Holism

Which of the following states that some individuals have hereditary advantage over their competitors?

Natural Selection

True or false: The work of Galen is considered the birth of experimental physiology.

False

Foramen means hole and magnum means large. Which is correct anatomical terminology using these words?

Foramen Magnum

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a physiological _________

Gradient

Which languages are most medical terms are derived from?

Greek, Latin

What is an increase in the size of a cell or organism called?

Growth

Rene Descartes and Francis _____________ revolutionized the philosophy of science, arguing for a more systematic enterprise aimed at new discoveries

Bacon

____________ is the study of body structures

Anatomy

Who was the anatomist that taught anatomy to medical students using cadavers in the 1500s?

Andreas Vesalius

Who was the first to observe and describe microorganisms using a microscope?

Anthony van Leewenhoek

Which philosopher believed that not only could disease have supernatural causes, but natural causes as well, and argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components?

Aristotle

What are the levels of structural hierarchy of the body in order of complexity, from smallest to largest?

Atom, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

A physician who is listening to your heart beat is utilizing which diagnostic procedure?

Auscultation

The "Galen of Islam" whose influential textbook was the leading authority in European medical schools for 500 years is ______.

Avicenna

Who was the Muslim scholar that wrote the book called The Canon of Medicine?

Avicenna

What is the ability to walk upright on two feet called?

Bipedalism

Which of the following is an example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism? -- Contractions during delivery, Blood clotting cascade, Body Temperature?

Body Temperature

What is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life?

Cell

A practice of opening the body to diagnose an illness is known as what type of surgery?

Exploratory Surgery

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called which of the following?

Fact

T/F: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.

False

True or false: Statistical tests help scientists establish statements of absolute truth.

False

Without the expenditure of energy, the net movement of matter in a physiological gradient will always be from a region of ______ concentration to a region of ______ concentration.

Higher, Lower

Who was the Greek physician considered to be "the father of medicine"?

Hippocrates

The ______ oath is a code of ethics for physicians.

Hippocratic

The study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials, is called ________

Histology

The ______ method of study is the process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation. It is a specific tool within the scientific method.

Inductive

A molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein, is called a(n) _________

Macromolecule

Proteins and DNA are which of the following? Minerals, Macro-molecules, Co-factors, Monomers

Macromolecules

Who was the jewish physician who wrote 10 medical books and numerous books on diseases?

Maimonides

Who suggested that all organisms are composed of cells?

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Who was the famous Jewish physician who served in the court of the sultan, Saladin?

Miamonides

The inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on what?

Observation

When a doctor feels for a swollen lymph node, what action is she using in her exam?

Palpation

A ____________ is the name of a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment.

Placebo

What is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?

Peer-review

What is the act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds called?

Percussion

Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as ______ effects.

Physchomatic

Placebos are often given to avoid what kinds of effects?

Physcosmatic

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result from failure to consider which of the following?

Physiological Variation

_____ is the study of the function of a biological organism

Physiology

Who improved the microscope and was the first to observe and describe cells?

Robert Hooke

The number of animals/people used in an experimental study is called the _________ size.

Sample

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

Scientific Method

What is gross anatomy?

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Which of the following are statistical tests? T-test, Chi-Square Test, Litmus Test.

T-test, chi-square test

Included Latin and commonly used English terms. Devised in 1998.

Terminologica Anatomica

In the word cardiology, the root is ______.

cardi-

Who was the Englishman from the 1500s known for his study of physiology, especially of the heart?

William Harvey

The term "PET" scan refers to a Positron Emission Tomography scan. This is an example of anatomical terminology described as a(n) ______________

acronym

What are features that have evolved in response to environmental pressures called?

adaptations

In anatomical terminology, the adjective comes ______ the noun.

after

What is the smallest particle of matter with a unique chemical identity?

atom

The receptors located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as ________

barorecptors