BIOL2730 CH.1-7 STUDY GUIDE

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as:

Spontaneous generation

Define Metabolism:

Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

What kind of reaction is it when reactants are combined to form a product?

Synthesis reaction

Different combinations of the common ______ lead to the creation of a wide variety of protein molecules.

amino acids

What is an ion?

an atom that either gains or loses and electron making it no longer neutral

Pore-forming membrane proteins that specifically allow water molecules to pass through the membrane are called _____________.

aquaporins

The ______ ________ is distinguished by the number of protons in the nucleus

atomic number

____________ are single-celled prokaryotes. They have rigid cell walls that contain peptidoglycan, and move using flagella.

bacteria

What are the 3 Domains of Living Organisms?

1) Bacteria 2) Archaea 3) Eukarya

What 2 parts can metabolism be separated into?

1) Catabolism 2)Anabolism

What are the 5 bacterial shapes of bacteria?

1) Coccus (spherical) 2) Rod or bacillus (cylindrical) 3) Vibrio (short, curved rod) 4) Spirillum (long spirals) 5) Spirochete (long spiral-shaped)

List 3 commercial benefits of microorganisms:

1) Food Production -fermented milk 2) Biodegradation -bioremediation 3) Valuable Products -antibiotics

What are 4 types of Eukaryotes?

1) Fungi 2) Algae 3) Protozoa 4) Helminths

List 3 examples of semi-critical instruments:

1) GI endoscope 2) Endotracheal tube 3) Thermometer `

Where are algae most likely to be found?

1) Moist terrestrial habitats 2) Surface of oceans, lakes, and streams

Consider the Human Microbiome Project begun in 2007. The term microbiome has which two overlapping meanings?

1) The microbial community itself 2) The total genetic content of a microbial community

Describe the chemical composition of Viruses, Viroids, and Prions:

1) Viruses- nucleic acid packaged within a protein coat 2) Viroids- consist of only a single, short piece of RNA 3) Prions- misfolded proteins

The proteins embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane have various functions. What do they include?

1) allowing the cell to monitor and adjust to its surroundings 2) allowing nutrients to enter and waste products to exit the cell

The prokaryotic cell envelope consists of which of the following?

1) capsule 2)cell wall 3)cytoplasmic membrane

Bacterial cells use the energy of proton motive force in several ways. What are they?

1) transport molecules into the cell 2) synthesize ATP 3) some forms of motility

What 4 molecules can freely pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

1) water 2) CO2 3) small hydrophobic compounds 4) O2

O2 forms as the result of two oxygen atoms, each sharing two of its electrons with the other. Based on this information, what can be concluded?

1)A single oxygen atom needs two electrons to fill its outer shell. 2)A double covalent bond forms between the two atoms.

What are the two different types of energy? Define them.

1)Potential: stored energy 2)Kinetic: energy of motion

From a bacterium's perspective, what are 3 advantages of endospore formation?

1)The endospore is more resistant to disinfectants. 2)Endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat. 3) The endospore withstands dry conditions.

How are Aldehydes used to destroy microorganisms? What else can they be used for?

1)They inactivate proteins and nucleic acids. 2)Used to kill bacteria and inactivate viruses for certain vaccines 3)Used to preserve biological specimens

In a redox reaction, the reactant that loses the electron is _____1_____ and the one that gained it is ____2______.

1)oxidized 2)reduced

List 2 examples of critical instruments:

1: needles 2: scalpels

The ________ ______________ __________ used DNA sequencing technologies to characterize the microbial communities that inhabit the human body.

Human Microbiome Project

How does ionizing radiation destroy or remove microorganisms?

It destroys DNA and damages cytoplasmic membranes

What is Catabolism?

It is a process that degrades compounds to release energy

__________ is the study of microorganisms

Microbiology

_______ is credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flasks.

Pasteur

What is the significance of the Lipid A part of a lipopolysaccharide?

Recognized by the immune system as a sign of invading Gram-negative bacteria.

What is the "Old Friends" Hypothesis?

That early exposure to certain common microorganisms helps the immune system learn to distinguish "friendly" microbes from those that can cause severe disease.

What is Anabolism?

The assembly of subunits of macromolecules.

what is spontaneous generation?

The theory that life comes from nonliving material

Define binary fission:

The way bacteria multiply. The dividing cells stick to each other, forming characteristic arrangements depending on the planes of division.

What are ionic bonds?

bonds that form between anions and cations because of the attraction between the positive and negative charge

A ______________ is a distinct and gelatinous layer on the outside of the cell. Most are composed of polysaccharides but some are made of polypeptides.

capsule

Some scientists were skeptical of Pasteur's work on spontaneous generation because they ______.

could not reproduce his results

How did Francesco Redi help challenge the idea of spontaneous generation?

covered meat with gauze that prevented flies from depositing their eggs, worms did not appear on the meat

_____________ are heat resistant forms of bacteria.

endospores

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn discovered __________.

endospores.

True or false: Cytoplasmic membranes are rigid, static structures that lend stability to cells.

false

Alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets are secondary structures of proteins; they are held together by __________ bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids.

hydrogen

_____________ bonds are formed when a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule is attracted to a electronegative atom in the same or another polar molecule.

hydrogen

The antibiotic penicillin prevents cell wall formation in some bacteria, causing the cells to burst. The bursting indicates that the bacteria live in a(n) ______.

hypotonic

Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ______.

composed of cells

An ________ ________ _________ is an infectious disease that has become more common in the last several decades.

emerging infectious disease (EID)

what are prions?

infectious misfolded versions of normal cellular proteins found in the brain

Prions are _______ that cause a number of diseases in _______.

infectious proteins; animals

A vegetative cell is one that ______.

is a typical multiplying cell

How does 60-80% of ethyl alcohol destroy microorganisms?

it denatures essential proteins and damages membranes

The Golden Age of Microbiology is the period in which ______.

many disease-causing microorganisms were discovered

The ____ ______ is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

mass number

Some bacteria have small rigid structures characterized by a semi-permeable protein shell. The type that contains enzymes required for certain metabolic reactions are called bacterial __________.

microcompartments

A ______________ Bond forms when electrons are shared equally

non-polar covalent

chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to the other are called _____________.

oxidation-reduction reactions

A(n) __________________is a circular DNA molecule that is smaller than the chromosome and typically encodes non-essential characteristics that can be advantageous to a cell.

plasmid

A_____________Bond forms when electrons are shared unequally

polar covalent

___________ are misfolded versions of normal cellular proteins that cause misfolding of the normal verisons.

prions

Cells that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called ______________ cells.

prokaryotic

Atoms have no electrical charge because they contain equal numbers of __________ and __________ .

protons electrons

In bacterial cells, the electron transport chain creates a proton motive force by moving _______.

protons out of the cell

Although archaea and bacteria differ in a number of important characteristics, it was ultimately significant differences in their __________ that provided the basis for separating the two groups of prokaryotes into different domains.

ribosomal RNA sequences

The function of a protein relates to the protein's ______.

shape

Based on the chemical properties of their _______, amino acids can be subdivided into three main groups.

side chains

Atoms with the maximum amount of electrons in the outermost shell are _______.

stable

Purines have a _________1________, while pyrimidines have a _________2________

1) double-ring structure 2) single-ring structure.

Triglycerides are composed of a single molecule of ____1____ bound to three _____2_____.

1) glycerol 2) fatty acids

If you interfere with a bacterium's ability to make a sex pilus, that bacterium will no longer be able to ______.

1) join to another bacterium 2) use a specific mechanism to transfer its DNA

Which two macromolecules are the major components of cytoplasmic membranes?

1) proteins 2) lipids

List 2 examples of non-critical instruments:

1) stethoscopes 2) BP cuff

___________ have the ability to grow in extreme environments.

Archaea

what are anions?

Atoms that gain an electron and become negatively charged

Which of the following structures is external and can protect the bacterial cell from various host immune responses?

Capsule

The genus name Escherichia originates from ______.

the name of the scientist

Teichoic acids are negatively charged polymers that are found within ____________.

the peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria

what is biogenesis?

theory that living things are produced from other living things

For facilitated diffusion to occur, the cell requires _______.

transporter proteins, but not energy

What kind of reaction is it when reactants are separated to make multiple products?

Decomposition reaction

The experiments of ______ ________ supported the idea of spontaneous generation, while those of Lazzaro Spallanzani did not.

John Needham

The experiments of ________ _________ disproved spontaneous generation and supported what is now known as the theory of biogenesis.

Louis Pasteur

Redi first disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by showing that ______.

worms only appear on decaying meat that has been exposed to flies

Endospore formation is triggered when certain cells experience limiting amounts of what nutrients?

nitrogen and carbon

In prokaryotes, the cell's chromosome is found in a region of the cytoplasm called the ____________

nucleoid

viroids only cause infections in __________.

plants

viroids consist of a small piece of ________

rna

The species names of Escherichia coli and Escherichia vulneris reflect the ___________

site where the organisms may be found

The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria contain _______, which may act as reservoirs for various cations such as Mg2+.

teichoic acids

What is a synthesis reaction?

the combination of two or more reactants to form a larger product

True or false: Because polysaccharides are generally chains of glucose, most are structurally similar.

False

How does Fungi harvest energy from organic materials?

They secrete enzymes that degrade the organic material and then take in the nutrients that are released

what percentage range of ethyl or isopropyl alcohol kills vegetative bacteria and fungi?

60-80%

________________ made a glass lens microscope that allowed him to make observations of microbes

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Which of the following describe the function of pili that are often called fimbriae?

Attachment to a surface

What the difference between archaea and bacteria regarding their cell walls?

Bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls whereas archaea do not.

ATOMS THAT LOSE AN ELECTRON AND BECOME POSITIVELY CHARGED ARE CALLED ________.

CATIONS

What is the significance of the O antigen part of a lipopolysaccharide?

Used to distinguish among different species or strains of bacteria.

When lactose enters an E. coli cell, an H+ enters at the same time. Based on this information, which mechanism does the cell use to transport lactose?

active transport using proton motive force