BioLab 128 - Final Exam Spring 2024
Urine is stored in the bladder before being released
.Where is urine stored before being released to the exterior?
pulmonary capillaries
An exchange of gases takes place across the thin walls of ___ _____. In the lungs, CO2, leaves the blood and O2, enters the blood.
the water and salt balance and the acid-base balance of the blood stays within normal limits.
As the kidneys produce urine, they also regulate the volume and the composition of the blood so that what can occur?
They are generated by rods and cones and travel via the optic nerve.
How do nerve impulses reach the brain from the eye?
By adding pressure to venous blood and pushing it towards the heart
How do skeletal muscle contractions in the limbs assist in blood circulation?
A sensory receptor is stimulated, generating nerve impulses that pass through sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron to the effector.
How does a spinal reflex work?
Changes in temperature or pH can push the enzyme out of its functional range, causing it to change shape and preventing it from binding to the substrate.
How does an envorinmental factor, such as a change in temperature or pH affect enzymes?
Through arteries and arterioles
How does blood move away from the heart?
Hepatic portal system (Hepatic parteiven)
How does blood pass from the intestinal capillaries to the capillaries of the liver?
Its contraction (heartbeat) keeps the blood moving in the arteries and arterioles, which take blood to the capillaries
How does the heart contribute to homeostasis?
The heart is divided by the septum, creating a right and left side.
How is the heart divided?
In fetal pigs, the uterus is partially divided into uterine horns
How is the uterus structured in a fetal pig compared to humans?
Twelve
How many pairs of cranial nerves project from the brain?
31
How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord?
ejaculation (Vocab 17.1)
In males, the urethra also transports sperm during ____
Occipital lobe
Interprets visual input and integrates visual images with other sensory experiences. Optic nerves split and enter opposite sides of the brain at the optic chiasma in the diencephalon.
vasa deferentia; urethra
Just prior to ejaculation, sperm leave the ___ ____ and enter the ____, which eventually passes into the penis
umbilical cord (female)
LABEL #1
Urogenital sinus (female)
LABEL #2
Scelra
LOCATION: Outer layer of eye; FUNCTION: Protects and supports eyeball
Cornea
LOCATION: Transparent portion of sclera FUNCTION: Refracts light rays
Retina
LOCATION: inner layer of eye FUNCTION: contains receptors for sight
Choroid
LOCATION: middle layer of eye FUNCTION: absorbs stray light rays
Kidney (MALE)
Label #1
urinary bladder (female)
Label #3
urethra
Label #4
Ureter
Label #5
kidney (FEMALE)
Label #6
Posterior Vena Cava (MALE)
Label 2
ureter (MALE)
Label 3
Urinary Bladder (MALE)
Label 4
Urethra (MALE)
Label 5
Penis (MALE)
Label 6
aorta (MALE)
Label 7
mouth - (salivary glands) - esophagus - stomach - Pyloric Sphincter - (small intestine) duodenum - jejunum - ileum - (large intestine) cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum -anus
List the Food Pathway of Digestion.
corena - aqueous - pupil - lens - - viterous humerous - photoreceptors in the retina
List the structures light passes from outside the eye to the retina
Pharnyx, glottis, larynx
List the thee organs of the nasal passageway
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
List the three organs of the lungs
Cerebellum (vocab)
Located posterior to the cerebrum, resembling a butterfly with two lobes. Internally structured like a tree in cross-section. Coordinates equilibrium and motor activity for smooth movements.
Diencephalon
Location of the third ventricle in the brain. Houses the hypothalamus and thalamus.
Cone cells
Location: Concentrated in fovea centralis Function: make color vision possible
Ciliary body
Location: Extension from choriod Function: Hold lens in place; functions in accommodation
Optic nerve
Location: Extension from posterior of eye Function: transmits impulses to occipital lobe of brain
Rod cells
Location: In retina Function: Make black and white vision possible
Lens
Location: Interior of the eye between cavities Function: Refracts and focuses light rays
Iris
Location: More anterior extension of choroid Function: regulates light enterance
Fovea centralis
Location: Special region of retina Function: makes acute vision possible
Humors (aqueous and vitreous)
Location: fluid media in anterior and posterior compartments, respectively of eye Function: transmit and refract light rays; supports eyeball
Pupil
Location: middle of the Iris Function: Admits light
liver (def. 15)
Major metabolic organ that among other functions; produces bile for emulsification of fats and detoxifies
sperm; eggs
Male testes produce ___ whereas female ovaries produce ____.
Tympanic membrane and ossicles
Medium: Air Function: Amplify sound waves
Pinna
Medium: Air Function: collects sound waves
Auditory tubule
Medium: air Function: equalizes air pressure
Auditory canal
Medium: air Function: filters air
vestibule (contains utricle and saccule)
Medium: fluid Function: Gravitational equilibrium
Cochela (spiral organ)
Medium: fluid Function: Hearing
semicircular canals
Medium: fluid Function: rotational equilibrium
ovaries, oviducts, uterus, uterine horns, vagina
Name the organs that the Female Reproductive system consists of
What are the cranial nerves largely concerned with?
Nervous communication between the head, neck, facial regions, and the brain
What do nerves contain?
Only axons
pharynx (def 15.)
Passageway for food to enter esophagus
Esophagus (def. 15)
Passageway for food to enter the stomach
Ovary
Produces eggs and sex hormones
Pancreas (def 15.)
Produces pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes and sends it via ducts to the small intestine
Teste (Table 17.1)
Produces sperm and sex hormones
Vagina
Receives penis during copulation (sexual intercourse) and serves as birth canal
lens, corena, and humeros
Refraction is the bending of the light rays so that they can be brought to a single focus. Which of the structures listed in Table 19.2. aid refracting and focusing light rays?
salivary glands (def. 15)
Secrete saliva that contains digestive enzymes for carbohydrates
stomach (def. 15)
Secretes pepsin for protein digestion and acid to maintain stomach acidity; chums to encourage digestion and sends food to small intestine
What do motor nerve fibers do in the nervous system?
Send impulses to effectors (muscles and glands) for a response to stimuli
Photoreceptors located in Retina
Specifically, what are the sensory receptors for sight and where are they located in the eye?
Superior/Inferior Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → LUNGS→ pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve (OR mitral valve) → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → body -> Oxygen leave -> Vein Systemic
State the Path of Blood flow through the heart and lungs
Glomerulus - Bowman's capsule (glomerular capsule) - Proximal tubule - Loop of Henle (Loop of nephron) - distal tubule - collecting duct - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder - urethra
State the Pathway of Kidney Filtration.
nose/mouth - pharynx - epiglottis - glottis - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveolus/alveoli
State the air passageway
Gallbladder (def 15); the removal of the gallbladder can send the livers function in overdrive.
Stores bile from liver and sends it via ducts to the small intestine. How does the removal of the gallbladder effect the liver?
Mouth (def 15.)
Teeth chew food; tongue tastes and pushes food for chewing and swallowing
Urinary system and reproductive system
Urinary system and reproductive system
You heart is beating faster after you execerise
We would expect a person to have lower blood pressure readings at rest than after exercise. Why?
Arterioles are smaller vessels branching from arteries that lead to capillary beds
What are arterioles and where do they lead?
Enzymes are molecules (typically proteins) that catalyze chemical reactions.
What are enzymes?
Olfactory c in the nasal cavities
What are smell receptors called?
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are the accessory organs?
The heart, blood vessels, and blood
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
The pulomary circuit involves the lungs whereas the systematic circuit involves the rest of the body.
What are the differences between the pulmonary and systemic circuit?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
What are the digestive tract organs?
peptides (Lab 15)
What are the end products of digestion?
glycerol & fatty acids (Lab 15)
What are the end products of fat digestion?
The heart has two upper, thin-walled atria and two lower, thick-walled ventricles.
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, uterine horns, vagina
What are the main components of the female reproductive system?
The testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, urethra, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
What are the main components of the male reproductive system?
Testes; ovaries
What are the male gonads in mammals? What are the female's?
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
What are the parts of the large intestine?
Arteries
What are the smaller branches that come off arteries and lead to specific locations or organs?
Capillaries
What are the smallest blood vessels where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with tissues?
Retains: water, oxygen, glucose, amino acids, nutrients. Removes: water, CO2, and wastes
What are the substances that the capillaries retain and the substances that it execretes?
The ventricles fill with blood
What happens when the atria contract?
Blood enters the attached arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk)
What happens when the ventricles contract?
An involuntary and predictable response to a given stimulus that allows a quick response without involving the brain.
What is a reflex?
The process where the body's cells take nutrients from tissue fluid and return waste molecules to it, while tissue fluid exchanges molecules with the blood.
What is capillary exchange?
The phase of the heartbeat when a chamber relaxes
What is diastole?
at or below 120/80
What is normal blood pressure?
The phase of the heartbeat when a chamber contracts
What is systole?
The active site of an enzyme has a shape that fits its substrate.
What is the active site of an enzyme?
renal pelvis
What is the cavity-like space in a kidney called?
central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord; whereas the Perphineral Nervous System contain the rest of the body's nerves
What is the difference between the central nervous system and the perhineral Nervous System?
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
What is the equation for vital capacity?
Nutrient molecules
What is the final product of digestion in the small intestines that enters the blood?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
What is the function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?
To emulsify fat
What is the function of bile in the small intestines?
To allow exchange of molecules with tissue fluid
What is the function of capillaries?
They are the photoreceptors for sight.
What is the function of rod cells and cone cells in the human eye?
The heart valves keep the blood flowing in one direction and prevent backflow from the ventricles to the atria.
What is the function of the heart valves?
Produce eggs
What is the function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
Birth canal and female organ of sexual intercourse
What is the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
Veins transport blood toward the heart
What is the function of veins in the cardiovascular system?
Aorta
What is the main artery that receives blood from the heart?
To pump blood throughout the body
What is the main function of the heart?
The kidneys produce urine and regulate the volume and composition of blood.
What is the main function of the kidneys?
Systemic capillary exchange
What is the process that allows for the exchange of gases and nutrients in the body?
Transport eggs to the uterus
What is the role of the oviducts in the female reproductive system?
Peridcardium (pericardical sac)
What is the tissue surrounding the heart called?
The combination of the urinary system and reproductive system
What is the urogenital system?
semicircular canals, vestibule and cochela
What makes up the inner ear?
tympanic membrane and ossicles and auditory tube
What makes up the middle ear?
Pinna and Auditory canal
What makes up the outer ear?
bile (Lab 15)
What molecule emuslifies fats in the small intestines
During a heartbeat, first the atria contract and then the ventricles contract.
What occurs during a heartbeat?
gallbladder (Lab 15)
What organ stores bile
bladder
What organ stores urine?
epiglottis, glottis, larynx, trachea, and nasopharnyx
What parts consist of the pharynx?
testes and ovaries (Review 17)
What reproductive structures produce sex hormones in the male and in the female?
trachea (Review 17)
What respiratory structure has cartilaginous rings that keep the airway open?
Capillaries facilitate exchanges that help maintain homeostasis.
What role do capillaries play in maintaining homeostasis?
Touch, pain, temperature, and pressure
What stimuli do sensory receptors in human skin respond to?
villi (Lab 15)
What structures absorb the products of digestion in the small intestine?
Optical nerve (answer)
What structures takes nerve impulses to the brain from the rod cells and cones cells?
Carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes
What substances enter the blood in body tissues during systemic capillary exchange?
Oxygen and nutrients
What substances exit the blood in body tissues during systemic capillary exchange?
urinary and reproductive
What two individual systems make up the urogenital system?
Venules
What type of blood vessels receive blood from capillaries and lead to the formation of veins?
Veins
What type of blood vessels take blood back to the heart?
cartilaginous rings
What type of rings hold the trachea open?
Individual receptors for touch, pain, temperature, and free nerve endings for pressure, pain, and temperature
What types of sensory receptors are present in human skin?
urethra (Review 17)
What urinary structure transports both urine and sperm?
inguinal canal
When descending, what do the testes travel through to get to the scrotal sacs?
Capillary beds are present throughout the organs and tissues of the body
Where are capillary beds found in the body?
Epididymis (Review 17)
Where are sperm stored while they mature?
In the mouth
Where are taste receptors located?
In the dermis, with varying concentrations in different body parts
Where are touch receptors located in the skin?
The attached veins (venae cavae and pulmonary veins)
Where does blood enter the heart from?
uterine horn
Where, in a pig, are the embryos/fetuses located during development?
Pancreatic amylase
Which enzyme digests starch in the small intestines?
Male
Which gender is the urogenital system particularly associated with? (male or female)
dub
Which of the two sounds is louder (lub or dub)?
The blood, lungs, and kidneys.
Which organs contribute to homeostasis in the body according to the laboratory examination?
bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Which parts of the nasal passageway are in the lungs?
water, CO2, and Waste
Which substances are excreted from the capillaries during capillary exchange?
water, oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and nutrients
Which substances are retained in the capillaries during capillary exchange?
Reflexes do not involve the brain in formulating the response, making them automatic and rapid.
Why are reflexes considered involuntary?
They help maintain homeostasis
Why are the exchanges across capillaries important?
Arteries carry blood under high pressure when the heart contracts
Why do arteries have thicker walls than veins?
The right side of the heart sends blood through the lungs, and the left side sends blood into the body, making it a double pump.
Why is the heart considered a double pump?
The heart's contraction (heartbeat) keeps the blood moving in the arteries and arterioles.
Why is the heart vital to homeostasis?
Gray matter
a central, butterfly-shaped area composed of axons of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neuron cell bodies.
Renal cortex
a granular region.
peritoneal cavity
a membrane that anchors peritoneum to the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity
Glomerulus
capillary network that exists inside the glomerular capsule; small molecules move from inside the capillary to the inside of the glomerulus during glomerular filtration.
veins
carries oxygen poor blood
Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule):
closed end of the nephron pushed in on itself to form a cuplike structure; the inner layer has pores that allow glomerular filtration to occur; substances move from the blood to inside the nephron.
Cerebrum
communicates with and cooridnates activities of the other parts
Olfactory bulb
communicates with olfactory cells in nasal passages and transmits nerve impulses to the temporal lobe.
Oviduct (fallopian tube)
conducts or transports egg toward uterus
renal medulla
contain nephrons (excretory tubules) in the kidneys
medulla oblongata
contains reflex centers for regulartory heartbeat, breathing, and vaso constriction; it also has reflex center for head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli
Renal medulla
contains the renal pyramids.
Frontal lobe
controls motor functions and permits voluntary muscle control; it also is responsible for abilities to think, problem solve, speak, and smell
Hypothalamus (table)
help maintain homeostasis
Cerebellum (TAble)
help produce smooth/involuntary, cooridnates movments
Ventricles
interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as a reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain.
penis (VOCAB 17.2)
is the male organ of sexual intercourse
spinal cord
is the part of the central nervous system which lies between the middorsal region of the body and is protected by vertebrae.
Testes (sing., testis
produce sperm
kidneys (Vocab 17)
produces urine
Parietal lobe; central suleus
receives information from sensory receptors located in the skin and also the taste receptors in the mouth. A groove called the ____ ____ separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
Thalamus (table)
recieves sensory inputs, except smell and passes much of it to the cerebrum
homestasis
refers to maintaining the stability of the body's internal environment.
pons (table)
relay station between the cerebellum and rest of CNS; helps maintain medulla Ob. regulate breathing rate and certain reflexes
midbrain (table)
relay station that has centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses
Distal convoluted tubule
second convoluted section that lacks microvilli and functions in tubular secretion; substances move from blood to inside nephron.
Efferent arteriole
small vessel that conducts blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular ca network.
Afferent arteriole
small vessel that conducts blood from the renal artery to a nephron.
rectum (def. 15)
stores and regulates elimination of feces
Epididymis
stores sperm as they mature
Peritubular capillary network
surrounds the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of the nei the distal convoluted tubule.
Venule
takes blood from the peritubular capillary network to the renal vein.
epididymides (sing., epididymis)
which store sperm before they enter the vasa deferentia (sing., vas deferens)
ureters (Vocab 17)
which transport urine to the urinary bladder
scrotal sacs: inguinal canal
The testes begin their development in the abdominal cavity, just anterior and dorsal to the kidneys. Before birth, however, they gradually descend into paired ___ ____within the scrotum, suspended anterior to the an sac is connected to the body cavity by an ____ ____
Seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)
These three terms add fluid to semen after sperm reach the urethra
The reaction substantially slows down to the point of not being functional.
What happens to a reaction when an enzyme is pushed out of its functional range?
urinary bladder (Vocab 17)
where urine is stored
during systole a chamber contractions and diastole a chamber rests.
Blood pressure is highest just after ventricular systole (contraction), and it is lowest during ventricular diastol (relaxation). Why?
Afferent arteriole (Table)
Brings arteriolar blood to the glomerulus
Peritubular capillary network (Table)
Capillary tuft enveloped by glomerular capsule
Artries (vocab)
Carry oxygen rich blood
Which cellular process produces CO, in the body?
Cellular respiration
Uterus
Houses developing fetus
Vas deferens
Conducts and stores sperm
Urethra
Conducts sperm
Thalamus
Consists of two connected lobes situated in the roof of the third ventricle. Acts as the primary brain region to receive sensory impulses before the cerebrum. Regulates the transmission of received impulses to the cerebrum, often referred to as the 'gatekeeper to the cerebrum.'
Temporal Lobe
Contains sensory areas for hearing and smelling.
seminal vesicles
Contributes secretions to semen
Prostrate gland
Contributes secretions to semen (term)
bulbourethral glands
Contributes secretions to semen (term2)
What is included in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
What parts of neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord?
Dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminal
From the heart to the lungs and back
Describe the path of blood in the pulmonary circuit.
From the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart
Describe the path of blood in the systemic circuit.
What is the function of sensory receptors in the nervous system?
Detect changes in environmental stimuli
ciliary bodies (answer)
During accommodation, the lens, rounds up to aid in viewing near objects or flattens to aid in viewing distant objects. WHich structure holds the lens and involved in accommodation?
Hypothalamus
Forms the floor of the third ventricle. Contains control centers for appetite, body temperature, pleasure, reproductive behavior, hostility, and pain.
Residual Volume
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
The brain and spinal cord
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
blood and tissue fluid.
The internal environment consists of ___ and ____
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
What are the two major circuits of blood flow in the heart?
thalamus and hypothalamus
What are the two parts of the diencephalon?
Closure of valves between ventricles and arteries
What causes the dub sound in the heart?
Closure of valves following atrial systole
What causes the first heart sound (lub)?
Information must be sent up the spinal cord to the brain before consciousness of the stimulus can occur.
What causes the lag between stimulus and awareness in reflexes?
Closure of the valves between atria and ventricles
What causes the lub sound in the heart?
Closure of valves following ventricle systole
What causes the second heart sound (dub)?
Molecules in the air and water
What do taste buds respond to?
Sperm; Oocytes that become eggs
What do the testes produce? What do the female gonads in mammals produce?
pyloric sphincter
What does food travel through to enter the duodenum when leaving the stomach?
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
What does the peripheral nervous system contain?
Lipase
What enzyme digests fat in the small intestines?
oviducts / fallopian tubes
What female reproductive system structures transports eggs to the location where embryos/fetuses develop?
O2 and nutrients exit the blood, while CO2 and metabolic wastes enter the blood
What gases and nutrients are exchanged in the body tissues across the thin walls of systemic capillaries?
CO2 leaves the blood and O2 enters the blood
What gases are exchanged in the lungs across the thin walls of pulmonary capillaries?
large intestines (def. 15)
absorbs water and salt to form feces
Midbrain
anterior to the pons, the midbrain serves as a relay station for sensory input and motor output. It also contains a reflex center for eye muscles.
peritoneum
are reddish organs covered by this
White matter
masses of long fibers that lie outside the gray matter and carry impulses up and down the spinal cord. In living animals, white matter appears white because an insulating myelin sheath surrounds long fibers.
Vital Capacity
maximum amount of air moved in and out upon deep breathing
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
maximum amount of inspired air (deep breathe out)
Spirometer
measures air capacity in mL (measures the vital capacity)
nephrons (excretory tubules)
microscopic organs that produce urine
Loop of the nephron:
nephron narrows to form a U-shaped portion that functions in water reabsorption.
Penis
organ of copulation
renal cortex
outermost region of the kidney; shows many small striations perpendicular to the outer surface.
Brain stem
part of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. Because it includes the pons and edulla oblongata, it contains centers for the functioning of internal organs. Based on its location, it eves as a relay station for nerve impulses passing from the cord to the brain. Therefore, it helps keep e rest of the brain alert and functioning
Proximal convoluted tubule
the inner layer of this region has many microvilli that allow tubular reabsorption to occur; substances move from inside the nephron to the blood.
Medulla oblongata; medulla
the most posterior portion of the brain stem. It controls internal organs; for example, blood pressure, cardiae, and breathing control centers are present in the ___. Nerve impulses pass from the spinal cord through the medulla to and from higher brain regions.
Tidal Volume
the normal amount of air moved in and out of the lungs when relaxed, is usually 500 mL
Pons
the ventral, bulblike enlargement on the brain stem. It serves as a passageway for nerve impulses running between the medulla and the higher brain regions.
urethra (Vocab 17)
transports urine to the outside of the body.
The testes begin their development in the abdominal cavity and before birth, they gradually descend into paired scrotal sacs within the scrotum
where do the testes develop and where are they located before birth?
Renal pelvis
where urine collects.