Biology 10-Chapter 18

repere

"to creep" is of the Latin word _ from which the word "reptile" is derived

frogs

_ are leaping, tailless amphibians which have rough, "warty" skin

hard-shell

_ turtles have a flat hardened carapace made of large keratin scales

lizards

_ which are elongated four-legged reptiles with a tapered tail, are the most numerous of the reptiles; of the 19 families; iguanas, chameleons, geckos, and skinks are probably the most common

racers rat bull king

_, _ snakes, _ snakes, and _ snakes are of greater importance to mankind, because these colubrids prey on rodents and other pests

parietal eye

a "third eye" called a _, is situated on top of top of its brain, with a hole in the skull just above it

hemotoxin

a _ (blood poison) damages blood vessels and destroys red blood cells

neurotoxin

a _ (nerve poison) affects the nervous system, which controls the functioning of the heart, lungs, and muscles

pit viper

a _ has a sensory depression, or pit, on each side of its head between the eye and the nostril

gecko

a _ is the only lizard which can make a loud noise

boid family

a more familiar family of nonvenomous snakes is the _

tympanic membranes

a turtle's _ (eardrums) are on the sides of its head

larval stage

after the eggs hatch, young amphibians usually pass through an aquatic gilled_

elapids

all _ snakes with immovable fangs in the front of the upper jaw, are poisonous

three-chambered heart

all amphibians have a _, and their skin is abundantly supplied with blood vessels through which the blood circulates

nictitating membranes

all crocodilians have _ which clean and moisten their eyes without blocking out the light

vertebrates cold-blooded dry tough skins molt tetrapods claws lungs oviparous

all true reptiles are _, are _, and have _, _ which are covered by a protective layer of scales; many species of reptiles _ several times a year when new scales form under the protective layer and loosen it; generally, all reptiles except snakes are _, having two pairs of appendages; each appendage has _ on the toes; both young and adult reptiles breathe with _; most species have two lungs, but some snakes have only one; most reptiles are _, reproducing by means of eggs

terrapins

also spend time on land and in water and are the only turtles that live in brackish waters

lungs

although all turtles have _, their ribcage cannot expand and contract for breathing as in other reptiles because the ribs are attached tot he shell and are therefore immovable

cottonmouth water moccasin

although most venomous snakes in the United States are timid and usually attack only when molested, the _ or _, is more aggressive and may attack with no apparent provocation

Draco flying dragons

although no lizards are able to fly, the _ or _, of Malaysia can glide from tree to tree by spreading out folds of scaly membrane which are supported by 5 or 6 pairs of ribs; this membrane forms a sail between their forelegs and their hind legs

limbs

although some amphibians are legless, most have two pairs of _; their feet, which are often webbed, have no claws

pythons anacondas boas

although the three largest snakes-_, _, and _-are all constrictors many constrictors are moderate or small in size

toad

although there is a family called true toads, the term _ is commonly used to refer to terrestrial members of several families which return to water only to reproduce frogs may be either aquatic or terrestrial, but most members of the ture frog family which are common in North America live in or near water

boomslang

although these rear-fanged snakes, which must chew on their victims in order to inject the venom, are usually not dangerous to man, the bite of an African _ can be fatal

poidilotherms

amphibians are _ and thus are concentrated in the tropics; however, many live in the temperate regions

Japanese giant salamander

amphibians range in size from the tiny Cuban pygmy frog measuring only 1/2 inch in length to the _ that nay measure ver 5 feet long

Cuban pygmy frog

amphibians range in size from the tiny _ measuring only 1/2 inch in length to the Japanese giant salamander that nay measure ver 5 feet long

poikilotherms

animals whose body temperatures fluctuate in this manner are referred to as _ ("varied temperature"); this term is the opposite of homeothermic, or "same temperature" the term which describes mammals and birds

amphibians

another group of coldblooded vertebrates, the _ live both on land and in water

gills

as larvae, amphibians breathe by means of external or internal _

lungs

as they become adults, most species also respire through their skin

constrictors

because these snakes overcome their prey by constriction, they are commonly called _

coldblooded

because turtles, like other reptiles, are _ most species which live in regions with severe winters "hibernate"

diversity of structure

body forms of amphibians exhibit great _ form a compact body with a fused head and trunk to an elongated trunk having a distinct head, neck, and tail

caimans

both the alligators of the southern United States and China and the Latin American _ (also spelled caymans) have broad, triangular-shaped snouts and concealed lower teeth

sidewinding movement

desert-dwelling snakes, such as the North American sidewinder and the carpet viper and horned viper of Africa, use a _ to cross loose sand; as the snake supports its body with its head, tail, and two or three other points of contact, it lifts the remainder of its body off the ground and moves it sideways

toothless

even though turtles are _ and thus cannot grind their food, they can chop their food with their sharp and powerful jaws

antitoxins

fortunately, both types of toxins can be treated by the use of _ (also known as antivenins) which are antibodies that attack the toxin molecules and neutralize their effects

crocodiles

found in the Florida Everglades, South America, Africa, and India, have narrower snouts and some protruding lower teeth; are more agile and ferocious than alligators, the American crocodiles are not man-eaters like some of the Old World crocodiles

marine turtles

found in warm seas throughout the world, _ are the largest living turtles

soft-shelled turtles

have a round, flat carapace covered with flexible, leathery skin

blind snakes

herpetologists have identified several hundred species of _, sometimes called worm snakes, which are tiny, harmless snakes usually 6 or 7 inches long

nictitating membrane

in addition to the upper and lower eyelids, turtles, like most other reptiles as well as birds, have a _ which helps to lubricate and protect the eye

alligator

is a term derived from a Spanish phrase (el lagarto) meaning "the lizard"

crocodilians

large, thick-skinned, long-tailed, aquatic reptiles, the _ are the largest living reptiles; crocodiles, alligators, and caimans, and gavials, the three groups belonging to the order Crocodilia, all live in tropical and subtropical regions

blindworm

legless lizards such as the glass snake and the _ lizard of Europe and eastern Asia, are true lizards and not snakes because except for their lack of legs they have the structural characteristics which separate all lizards from snakes

kraits

less familiar and less aggressive are the _ of Asia

Mexican beaded lizard

living in Mexico and Central America are very similar

collared lizards

many of these, such as the _ living mainly in the rocky areas of the south-western United States, may never grow a new tail

marine iguanas

many species are good swimmers, but only the - of the Galapagos Islands are actual sea animals

rectilinear

many thick-bodies snakes, such as African puff adders and Asian pythons, use _ (straight line) _ when stalking prey; the snake alternately stretches and shortens segments of tis body in order to creep forward in a straight line

oviparous

most amphibians are _

viperids

most venomous snakes of the temperate regions are _, which have long, movable fangs attached to the front of the upper jaw

blind snake

one of the smallest snakes, a _, may grow from 5 to 6 inches long and weigh only a fraction of an ounce

brushmaster fer-de-lance copperheads rattlesnakes

other common pit vipers include the _ and _ of tropical America and the North America _ and _

sea snakes

over 50 species of _ all of which are venomous are aquatic elapids

colubrids

over two thirds of all snakes are _ making it the largest group of living snakes

dinosaurs

probably the most famous of all extinct creatures are the _ a large group of extinct creatures that resemble reptiles in some ways; although the word (Greek deinos "fearfully great" or "awe-inspiring"+sauros "lizard") would imply that they were indeed true reptiles, there are actually many important differences between dinosaurs and reptiles there are actually many important differences between dinosaurs and many important differences between dinosaurs and reptiles; for this reason, dinosaurs are sometimes placed in a separate group (Dnosauria) instead of the class Reptilia

fangs

scientists group poisonous snakes according to their _-hollow or grooved venom-injecting teeth

skinks

several other kinds of lizards, including about 600 species of _ readily discard their tails

concertina movement

snakes often use _ to move across smooth surfaces or to climb through trees; the snake moves the front part of its body forward, coils it slightly to anchor it, and then pulls the back part forward

garter water hognose ringneck

some familiar colubrids of North America, including _ snakes, _ snakes, _ snakes, and _snakes, have little economic importance

rat snake

some snakes, such as the _, use rectilinear movement to climb trees; the scales catch on the bark as the snake creeps up

estivation

some species survive hot, dry periods by _, a state of summer dormancy or limited activity

anole

the "American chameleon" or _ is not a true chameleon, but belongs to the iguanid family

spitting cobra

the - of Africa defends itself by squirting venom from its fangs

king cobra

the 18-foot-long _ is the largest venomous snake (although the eastern diamondback rattlesnake of the United States may be heavier)

python anaconda

the Asian _ and the South American _, or water boa, are the largest known snakes

chameleon

the _ a common family of about 100 species of lizards are noted for their ability to change color and blend with their surroundings; the _ has an extraordinarily long tongue with which it snares insects

leatherback

the _ a giant measuring up to eight feet long and weighing as much as 1500 pounds, differs from other sea turtles in that it is covered with leathery skin instead of scales

glass snake

the _ a legless lizard of the eastern United States, has an extremely brittle tail which is twice the length of its body

coral snake

the _ an elapid of North and South America, does not strike its prey but approaches slowly, sliding its head over its victim

turtle

the _ is a reptile with a shell and toothless jaws; although this and tortoise are commonly used interchangeably, this term refers to all the members of Chelonia whether aquatic or terrestrial

banded gecko

the _ is common in the desert regions of the southwestern United States

mambas

the _ of Africa are known as aggressive elapids with a highly potent venom

frilled lizard

the _ of Australia rears on its hind legs, unfolds a large frill which encircles its head, and hisses through its open mouth, thus appearing several times larger and more fierce than it actually is

upper shell

the _ of a turtle, called the carapace, is fused to the turtle's ribs and thoracic vertebrae; the turtle's lower shell, which is fused to the clavicles, is the plastron; no turtle can be removed from its shell without killing it

giant tortoise

the _ of the Galapagos Islands, measuring 4 feet and weighing 600 pounds, is one of the world's largest living land turtles

horned lizard horned toad

the _ of the southern and southwestern United States has unusual scales which produce a horned lizard has a short tail and a face which resembles a toad, it is sometimes called a _; the ability to squirt drops of blood from its eyes for a distance of 3 feet

sphenodon

the _ the only species in a family and order of its own, is commonly known as the tuatara a word which means "spiny"

Indian cobra

the _ which has the largest most spectacular hood, takes the lives of thousands of people each year in India

scarlet king snake

the _ which is nonvenomous, closely resembles the coral snake with bands of black, red, and yellow; however black borders the red bands

racerunner

the brightly striped _ lizard of North and South America has seasonal color changes

ovoviviparous

the eggs of some snakes and lizards are retained in the oviducts of the female and are hatches within its body; these reptiles which bear their young alive are called _ (meaning to bring forth alive from eggs)

black mamba

the fastest known snake is the _ a large (up to 14 ft.), extremely venomous snake of Africa; estimates of its top speed over a short distance range from 7 to 20 miles per hour

gavials

the fish-eating (gharials) of southern Asia have extremely long, narrow snouts containing large numbers of teeth

Indigo snake

the largest snake of North America, the _, has been measured at over 9 feet long

lateral undulation

the majority of snakes move by _ (sideways) _; the snake bends into a series of curves as it keeps its body flat on the ground

Gila monster

the obese-looking, slow-moving, belly dragging _ living in the southwestern United States and much of Mexico

coral cobras vipers pit

the proportions of each type of venom vary according to the family; elapids, such as _ snakes, and _, have mostly neurotoxins, while the venom of _ and _ vipers consists mainly of hemotoxins

back

the scarlet king snake which is nonvenomous, closely resembles the coral snake with bands of black, red, and yellow; however _ borders the red bands

quadrate bone

the snake's lower jaws are not attached directly to the skull but are attached to a separate _ which loosely attaches the skull to the lower jaw on each side

skin

the soft, scaleless, glandular _ of an amphibian, which is thin and porous and therefore susceptible to drying out, must remain moist in order for the amphibian to remain alive

tuatara

the sphenodon the only species in a family and order of its own, is commonly known as the tuatara a word which means "spiny"

tortoise

the term _ is generally reserved for land turtles with feet and claws suitable for terrestrial life

frogs toads

the three orders of living amphibians which are usually recognized include _ and _; the largest order with more than 2500 species

salamanders

the three orders of living amphibians which are usually recognized include _; which have over 300 species

caecilians

the three orders of living amphibians which are usually recognized include _;with about 160 species

shields

the tough, horny outer layer of the shell, made of keratin produced by epidermal skin cells, is divided into sections called _, which are arranged in a symmetrical pattern

western coral snake

the two North American coral snakes have dark snouts and colored bands around their bodies in the same sequence of black, yellow, red, and yellow-_ borders each red band (the _, found in the southwestern states and northern Mexico, may have white bands instead of yellow)

yellow

the two North American coral snakes have dark snouts and colored bands around their bodies in the same sequence of black, yellow, red, and yellow-_ borders each red band (the _, found in the southwestern states and northern Mexico, may have white bands instead of yellow)

carapace

the upper shell of a turtle, called the _, is fused to the turtle's ribs and thoracic vertebrae; the turtle's lower shell, which is fused to the clavicles, is the plastron; no turtle can be removed from its shell without killing it

lower shell

the upper shell of a turtle, called the carapace, is fused to the turtle's ribs and thoracic vertebrae; the turtle's _, which is fused to the clavicles, is the plastron; no turtle can be removed from its shell without killing it

plastron

the upper shell of a turtle, called the carapace, is fused to the turtle's ribs and thoracic vertebrae; the turtle's lower shell, which is fused to the clavicles, is the _; no turtle can be removed from its shell without killing it

semi-terrestrial

these _ turtles include the box turtle and the red-eared slider

gopher tortoise

they may also have flattened front limbs to help them dig burrows like the _

Komodo dragon

they range in size from reef gecko to the 300-pound _ of the Indonesian Islands, which may attain a length of 12 feet

reef gecko

they range in size from the tiny _ only inches long and weighing a fraction of an ounce to the Komodo dragon

cold-blooded

unlike mammals and birds, reptiles are considered _ animals because they regulate their temperature by external factors, such as lying in the sun when their body temperature is too low or cooling off in the shade when their temperature is too high; as a result, their body temperature fluctuates with the temperature of their surroundings, cooling greatly at night and rising during the day

alligator snapping turtle

weighing up to 200 pounds, the _ is the heaviest freshwater turtle and lures fish near its mouth by moving its tongue about to simulate a worm

Jacobson's organ

when the snake retracts its tongue, these scent particles are carried to the _-two tiny cavities in the roof o fits mouth which contain nerve endings that are extremely sensitive to odor

chuckwalla

when under attack, the _ of the southwestern United States and Mexico hides in a crevice and inflates its body with air to twice its normal size, so that it is nearly impossible for a predator to remove the lizard from the crevice

herpetologists

zoologists who study reptiles and amphibians, have identified several hundred species of blind snakes, sometimes called worm snakes, which are tiny, harmless snakes usually 6 or 7 inches long