Biology 1011 Lab Final

blue-green; yellow-red

6. Carotenoids (the carotenes and xanthophylls) absorb mostly _______ light and reflect ________ light.

violet-blue, orange-red; green

6. Chlorophyll absorbs predominantly ________ and _______ and reflect ________ light.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

6. During the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis, the plant takes up ___________ and reduces it to a carbohydrate, such as glucose (C6H12O6).

the rate of photosynthesis is greater in white light compared to green light due to minimal utilization of green light.

6. How is green light expected to affect photosynthesis as compared to white light? Explain why.

Solar Energy lab

6. In this lab, it was verified that photosynthesis releases oxygen (release of oxygen from plant indicates that the light reactions of photosynthesis are occurring). This oxygen is then taken up by plant when cellular respiration occurs. This was taken into account when the rate of photosynthesis was calculated.

Chloroplast

6. Membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane; carries out photosynthesis, producing sugars

Calvin Cycle

6. Takes place in the stroma; carbon dioxide (CO2) is reduced (bonds with electrons and hydrogen to form glucose) and solar energy is now stored in a carbohydrate (CH2O).

Light Reaction

6. Takes place in thylakoid membranes; solar energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments, water is split (oxidized), and oxygen is released.

Elodea

6. This multicellular eukaryotic plant found in freshwater ponds and lakes was used in the solar energy lab experiment to observe and measure net photosynthesis, cellular respiration, gross photosynthesis and rate of photosynthesis.

volumeter

6. This test tube was used in the solar energy lab experiment to study the role of light in photosynthesis; in it, a generous quantity of Elodea was placed with the cut end up, and 3% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was added to the solution; then a rubber stopper containing a piece of glass tubing was inserted, the tube was placed in an upright position, and the solution came to rest at about 1/4 the length of the glass tubing. The location of the water was then marked on the glass tubing with a wax pencil. NOTE: It was important to not hold the volumeter in your hands as the body heat would also drive the reaction forward.

Gross Photosynthesis

6. This was calculated in the solar energy lab experiment as follows: Net Photosynthesis + Cellular respiration = __________. (This is how far the edge would have moved upward if the Elodea had not been respiring).

Cellular Respiration

6. This was measured in the solar energy lab experiment as follows: carefully wrap the tube containing Elodea in aluminum foil; record the length of time it takes for hte edge of the solution in the tubing to move downward 1mm (our result was 2 min). Convert measurement to mm/10 min (our result was 5 mm/10min). NOTE: The edge moved downward because the plant took up oxygen.

allele

10. Alternate forms of a gene that code for different traits in the body. They are on chromosomes

T T t Tt Tt t Tt Tt Ratio: 1

10. Know how to set up and analyze a one-trait cross; ex: TT x tt. What is the ratio?

*

10. Understand how to solve one-trait genetic problems, study examples on p. 108.

*

10. Understand how to solve two-trait genetic problems, study examples on p. 112.

Neurofibromatosis

11. Autosomal dominant disorder; one of the most common genetic disorders. At birth or later an individual may have six or more large tan spots on the skin. Such spots may increase in size and number and become darker. Small beign tumors (lumps) may occur under the skin or in the muscles. These tumors are made up of nerves and other cell types.

transcription

12. An RNA molecule is formed using one of DNA strand as a template (in nucleus)

*

12. Describe the experimental procedure relating to DNA Biology and Technology

DNA

12. Double helix, sugar-phosphate backbones, hydrogen-bonded bases, complementary base pairing ensures that a purine always bonds with a pyrimidine (A with T and C with G).

Isolation of DNA

12. In what lab experiment was the following performed: cool a large test tube, add 4mL filtrate (homogenized banana), add 2 mL meat tenderizer - let stand for 10 minutes to strip proteins from DNA, Add ice-cold 95% ethanol - tilt tube and keep in ice bath, a white precipitate should form and can be collected using a glass rod. Gently wind the glass rod in one direction.

Guanine; Thymine; Cytosine; Adenine

12. Know the base pairing. Cytosine - ____; Adenine-____; Guanine-____; Thymine____

*

12. Understand the purpose of each step of the experimental procedure relating to DNA Biology and Technology

Net Photosynthesis

6. This was measured in the solar energy lab experiment as follows: turn on lamp, as soon as the edge of the solution in tube begins to move, time the reaction for 10 min then mark the edge of the solution and measure in millimeters the distance the edge moved upward. (Our result was 9 mm/10 min). This is a measurement that does not take into account the oxygen that was used up for cellular respiration. NOTE: The edge moved upward because of the release of oxygen.

beaker with water

6. This was used in the solar energy lab experiment and placed closely between the Elodea tube and lamp to serve as a heat absorber.

lamp

6. This was used in the solar energy lab experiment as the white (sun) light so that photosynthesis and cellular respiration could take place.

Green Light

6. This was used in the solar energy lab experiment to demonstrate that the photosynthetic pigments absorb certain colors of light better than others; this is only one part of white light.

White (sun) Light

6. This was used in the solar lab experiment; this light contains different colors of light, as is demonstrated when it passes through a prism. This light is the best for photosynthesis because it contains all the colors of light.

Carbon Dioxide Uptake Experiment

6. What experiment involved the temporary removal of the elodea from the test tube, addition of phenol red solution (diluted to a faint pink by adding water to the solution if it was too dark), blowing lightly on the surface of the solution, cease blowing as soon as the surface color changed to yellow, then shake the test tube until the rest of the solution turned yellow?

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O) + SUNLIGHT -> CARB (CH2O) + OXYGEN (O2)

6. What is the general formula for photosynthesis?

net photosynthesis + cellular respiration = gross photosynthesis (mm/ 10 min); multiply gross photosynthesis (mm/10 min) by 6 to get mm/hr to get the rate of photosynthesis.

6. What was measured in the solar energy lap experiment?

Because cellular respiration occurs in a plant at all times

6. Why can we not measure Gross Photosynthesis directly?

Photosynthesis takes in the carbon dioxide which changes the acidity of the solution, and thus changes the color of the Phenol red which is a pH indicator that turns yellow in an acid and red in a base.

6. Why would the solution change color when Elodea resumes photosynthesis in the carbon dioxide uptake experiment?

Blowing onto the solution adds carbon dioxide, which when combined with water forms carbonic acid and, thus changes the color of the Phenol red which is a pH indicator that turns yellow in an acid and red in a base.

6. Why would the solution change color when blowing into the tube for the carbon dioxide uptake experiment?

Glucose (simplest form of sugar) was easiest to ferment; 2nd place was fructose (also a monosaccharide) and 3rd place was sucrose (which is glucose + fructose = a disaccharide).

7. Explain the expected results of the fermentation lab

the gas bubble increases as carbon dioxide is released

7. Explain why the gas bubble increases in size if fermentation takes place

CO2 and alcohol b

7. Fermentation - yeast ferments sugars to ______________.

Less efficient (2 vs. 38 ATP produced from one glucose)

7. Is fermentation more or less efficient than cellular respiration?

respirometer for fermentation

7. The _____ was set up by placing a small tube inside a large tube, then holding the small tube in place while the entire apparatus is rotated and an air bubble formed inside the small tube.

carbon dioxide

7. The ease of sugar fermentation correlates with the amount of _________ given off within a certain time limit.

GLUCOSE (C6H1206) + OXYGEN (6O2) ->CARBON DIOXIDE (6CO2) + WATER (6H2O) + ATP

7. What is the general formula for cellular respiration?

Prophase I; 2n

9. Phase of Meiosis (I or II?) when nuclear envelope breakds down and homologues pair up (called synapsis). 2n or n?

Prophase II; 2n

9. Phase of Meiosis (I or II?) when nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle apparatus forms. 2n or n?

Telophase I; 2n

9. Phase of Meiosis (I or II?) when poles have one chromosome from each pair of homologues. Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromsomes and cytokenisis occurs. 2n or n?

Metaphase I; 2n

9. Phase of Meiosis (I or II?) when tetrads (homologues pairs) are at metaphase plate. 2n or n?

Telophase II; n

9. Phase of Meiosis (I or II?) when the nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes & cytokinesis occurs. 2n or n?

*

9. Review your handouts for Lab 9

Meiosis

9. Sexually reproducing organisms utilize this form of nuclear division.

Meiosis

9. Special type of cell division used only for sexual reproduction. Halves the chromosome number prior to fertilization.

diploid, haploid

9. _______ contains pair of chromosomes called homologues. ______ contains only one of each pair of homologues.

homologue

9. a pair of chromosomes that have same size and shape.

Klinefelter Syndrome

A male with this syndrome has two or more X chromosomes in addition to a Y chromosome. The extra X chromosomes become Barr bodies. The testes and prostate glands are underdeveloped and facial hair is lacking. May exhibit some breast development. Affected individuals have large hands and feet and very long arms and legs. Karyotype: 47 XXY

Karyotype

A photopgraph of all of an organism's chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs according to size (largest to smallest). Can be used to diagnoes and treat disorders.

Tuner Syndrome

An XO individual has only one sex chromosome, an X; the O signifies the absence of a second sex chromosome. The nucleus does not contain a Barr body. Females are short, broad chest and widely spaced nipples. Low posterior hairline and neck webbing. Ovaries, oviducts, and uterus are very small and underdeveloped. Karyotype: 45 XO

Thymine, Uracil

In RNA _______ is replaced with ______.

Down syndrome (or Trisomy 21)

One of the most common causes of mental retardation is due to an extra chromosome 21. Results in a number of characteristic features, such as short stature, broad hands, stubby fingers and toes, a wide rounded face, large protruding tongue that makes speech difficult and mental disabilites. High incidence of respirtory infections, heart defects and leukemia. Karyotype: 47XX or 47XY with 3 of the chromosomes # 21

Patau Syndrome

Trisomy 13 - extra chromosome 13 - causes severely abnormal cerebral functions and virtually leads to death in early infancy. Baby has clefts of lip and palate, broad nose, polydactyly (extra fingers and toes), small cranium and nonfunctional eyes. Heart defects and severe mental disabilites. Karyotype: 47XX or 47XY with 3 of the chromosome 13.

Edward's Syndrome

Trisomy 18 (an extra chromosome 18) produces severe mental disabilities and a highly characteristic pattern of malformations such as elongated skull, very narrow pelvis, rocker bottom feet, malformed heart and a grasping of the two central fingers by the thumb and little finger. Ears are often low set and mouth and teeth are small. Nearly all babies born with this die in early infancy. Karyotype: 47XX or 47XY wityh 3 chromosomes on #18

Anaphase I; 2n

9. Phase of Meiosis (I or II?) when homologues separate and move toward poles. 2n or n?

sperm; ova or eggs

9. Name of gamete in males is ______ and in females is ____.

Anaphase II; from 2n to n*

9. Phase of Meiosis (I or II?) when centromeres separate and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles. 2n or n?

Metaphase II; 2n

9. Phase of Meiosis (I or II?) when chromosomes become arranged on metaphase plate & attach to spindle. 2n or n?

fermentation lab

7. Which lab was setup as follows: Use a wax pencil to mark off a small test tube at 2/3 full level. Use this tube to mark off 3 other small tubes at same level. Label the small tubes and fill with 1. glucose solution, 2. fructose, 3. sucrose, and 4. distilled water. Re suspend a yeast solution each time and fill all 4 tubes to the top with yeast suspension. Slide the large tubes over the small tubes and invert them - this will mix the yeast and sugar solutions. Place them in a tube rack, measure initial height of air space in the rounded bottom of the small tube. Place in an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Then measure final height of the gas bubbles and calculate the net change.

To find which is a better food source for yeast when they ferment and to compare the ease of fermentation

7. Why were three different sugars tested in the fermentation lab?

Because sucrose is a disaccharide while glucose and fructose are monosaccharides

7. Yeast was expected to ferment sucrose less efficiently than glucose or fructose in the fermentation lab. Explain why

Yeast

7. _______ leavens bread by fermenting sugar, producing carbon dioxide, CO2, as a waste product. Some of the carbon dioxide is trapped by the dough and forms small "air" pockets that make the bread light.

Plant cells form a cell plate that separate the two new cells. In animal cells a cleavage furrow forms on outside surface indicating two new cells are forming.

8. Contrast how cytokinesis occurs in animal cells with how it occurs in plant cells.

duplicated chromosomes

8. DNA replication results in ________ that consist of two sister chromatids held together at a centromere.

1. Yes, 2. Yes, 3. starts with them, but once they separate they become daughter chromosomes, 4. No

8. Do the chromosomes have sister chromatids during these phases of mitosis (yes or no)? 1. Prohpase, 2. Metaphase, 3. Anaphase, 4. Telophase

the centromeres

8. During mitosis, _______ attach to the microtobules in the mitotic spindle by directing the formation of the kinetochore.

S

8. Growth and DNA replication phase of cell cycle

G2

8. Growth and final prepareation for division of cell cycle

G1

8. Growth phase of cell cycle

Because the sister chromatids separate to become daughter chromsomes that are identical.

8. How is it possible for each phase of mitosis and the daughter cells to have the same number of chromsomes?

9

8. If a parent cell undergoing mitosis has 18 chromsomes, each daughter cell have ___ chromosomes.

Interphase

8. Most of the time the cell is in which of htese portions of the cell cycle?

Interphase

8. Phase in cellular reproduction, the period of time between cell divisions, where the nucleus appears normal and the cell is performing its usual cellular functions. Also, the cell is increasing all of its components, including organelles such as the mitochondria, ribosomes, and cetnrioles (in animal cells). DNA replication (making an exact copy of the DNA) occurs toward the end of this phase.

Metaphase

8. Phase of Mitosis when centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate (center of fully formed spindle). Kinetochore spindle fibers attached to the sister chromatids come from opposite spindle poles.

Telophase

8. Phase of Mitosis when daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes will become indistinct chromatids.

Prophase

8. Phase of Mitosis when nucleolus has disappeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart, and spindle is in process of forming.

Anaphase

8. Phase of Mitosis when sister chromatids part and become daughter chromosomes that move toward the spindle poles. In this way, each pole receives the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Prometaphase

8. Phase of Mitosis when the kinetochore of each chromatid is attached to a kinetochore spindle fiber. Polar spindle fibers stretch from each spindle pole and overlap.

Daughter Cells

8. The __________ results from the division of the parent cells.

Parent Cell

8. The cell that divides is also called the __________.

spindle

8. The kinetochore of the duplicated chromsomes are attached to the ________ at the metaphase plate. When the _______ shortens, the chromatids move toward the poles. This explains the evolution of the _______, which was of central importance to eukaryotic cells.

M (mitosis)

8. This stage begins when interphase ends during the cell cycle

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

8. What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

Cytokinesis

8. When the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced.

Mitosis

8. nuclear division; the stage where new nuclei receive the same number of chromsomes as the parental nucleus.

Tetrad

9. Bond formed between homologues because the homologue has two chromatids.

Mitosis: 1 division, 46 chromosomes in daughter cells, 2 daughter cells; Meiosis: 2 divisions, 23 chromosomes in daughter cells, 4 daughter cells

9. Compare mitosis and meiosis. Describe similarities and differences.

gametogensis

9. In animals, meiosis is part of _______, which is the production of gametes.

oogenesis

9. In females, meiosis is a part of _____, which occurs in the ovaries and produces eggs.

spermatogenesis

9. In males, meiosis is a part of _____, which occurs in the testes and produces sperm.

disappear

Carbon Dioxide in the solution surrounding Elodea should ______ as photosynthesis takes place.

Anaphase: chromatids separate; Anaphase I: chromosome pairs separate; chromatids stay together.

Compare Anaphase of Mitosis to Anaphase I of Meiosis

Metaphase: chromosomes (paired chromatids) line up at equatorial plate; Metaphase I: Paired chromosomes (4 chromatids) line up at equatorial plate.

Compare Metaphase of Mitosis to Metaphase I of Meiosis

Prophase: chromosomes duplicate (chromatids) and they do not pair up; Prophase I chromosomes duplicate (chromatids) and like chromosomes pair up.

Compare Prophase of Mitosis to Prophase I of Meiosis

Telophase: Identical cells are formed; Telophase II: 2 nuclei or cells formed; each with one set of chromsomes as paired with chromatids.

Compare Telophase of Mitosis to Telophase I of Meiosis

crossing-over; genetic variation as a result of independent homologue separation

Why do puppies born to parents show variation? This process is called _____.