Biology 102 Final Review (PRACTICE F1)
Select the correct statement about the immune system. Antibodies are secreted by T cells. All antigen receptors produced by a single B cell or T cell are identical and bind to the same epitope. Adaptive immunity is characteristic of invertebrates and vertebrates
All antigen receptors produced by a single B cell or T cell are identical and bind to the same epitope.
Select the correct statement about osmoregulation. All osmoconformers are marine animals. All marine invertebrates are stenohaline. The less the gradient between an animal's internal osmolarity and its external osmolarity (that of its surroundings), the higher the cost of osmoregulation.
All osmoconformers are marine animals.
How does an antihistamine reduce allergy symptoms? An antihistamine binds pollen antigens, preventing them from provoking an allergic reaction. An antihistamine kills mast cells, blocking an allergic reaction. An antihistamine blocks receptors for inflammatory chemicals released from granules within mast cells.
An antihistamine blocks receptors for inflammatory chemicals released from granules within mast cells.
Because antigen receptor genes are randomly rearranged, some immature lymphocytes produce receptors specific for epitopes on the organism's own molecules. Why doesn't the immune system attack these molecules on the body's cells and tissues? The body's cells are immune to such attack. Only a very few lymphocytes produce receptors that attack the body's own molecules, so it's not a problem. B and T cells with receptors specific for the body's own molecules are destroyed by apoptosis.
B and T cells with receptors specific for the body's own molecules are destroyed by apoptosis.
Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____. macrophages ... B cells and T cells B cells ... macrophages B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells helper T cells ... plasma cells T cells ... B cells
B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells
Which of the following pairs of proteins shares the most overall similarity in structure? B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors T-cell receptors and antibodies B-cell receptors and antibodies antibodies and antigens
B-cell receptors and antibodies
The figure shows B cell antigen receptors and T cell antigen receptors. Each person makes more than 1 million different B cell antigen receptors and more than 10 million different T cell antigen receptors. How is such diversity in antigen receptors generated? By combining variable elements, the immune system assembles many different receptors from a much smaller collection of parts. Genes for individual antigen-binding sites have a very high rate of mutation, generating great diversity. A large percentage of the vertebrate genome is devoted to genes for individual antigen-binding sites.
By combining variable elements, the immune system assembles many different receptors from a much smaller collection of parts.
What is the role of recombinase in generating lymphocyte diversity? Early in B cell development, recombinase links one light-chain V gene segment to one J gene segment. Recombinase splices RNA to produce variable transcripts. Recombinase combines DNA from human and viral origin.
Early in B cell development, recombinase links one light-chain V gene segment to one J gene segment.
_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages. B cells Bacterial cells Helper T cells Epithelial cells Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste product that accumulates during normal physiological functions in vertebrates? I) ammonia II) uric acid III) urea only I and III I, II, and III only I and II only II and III Submit
I, II, and III
Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen. I) Pathogen is destroyed. II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III) Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V) Only memory cells remain. III → IV → II → I → V II → I → IV → III → V I → III → II → IV → V IV → II → III → I → V
III → IV → II → I → V
What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity? It allows for the destruction of antibodies. It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens.
It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.
Tissues are immunogically "typed" before an organ transplant to make sure that the donor and recipient match as closely as possible in their _____. T cells B cells MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins antibodies
MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells? One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor). T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph. T cells are activated by membrane-bound antigens.
One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity.
Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane. An input of energy is required for transport.
Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.
Select the correct statement about osmolarity. Osmolarity measures the moles of solute per liter of solution. The contents of an animal cell are hyperosmotic. If two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water flows by osmosis from a hyperosmotic solution to a hypoosmotic one.
Osmolarity measures the moles of solute per liter of solution.
Select the correct statement describing the osmolarity of mammalian urine. The osmolarity of mammalian urine varies little between species Mammalian urine is always hyperosmotic to blood. The osmolarity of mammalian urine may vary over time.
The osmolarity of mammalian urine may vary over time.
Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates? The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys. The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones.
The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys.
If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration? bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible bottled water kept at room temperature a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes caffeinated beverages
a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes
Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production? a vampire bat a marine bony fish a shark inhabiting the Mississippi River a salmon in fresh water
a marine bony fish
Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species? a river otter a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest a mouse species living in a desert Submit
a mouse species living in a desert Submit
Aldosterone is _____. triggers the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin II is released in great quantities when ethanol intoxication takes place a steroid hormone that reduces the amount of fluid excreted in the urine a protein hormone that decreases blood pressure without changing blood volume decreases water reabsorption in the kidneys
a steroid hormone that reduces the amount of fluid excreted in the urine
Freshwater fish excrete nitrogenous wastes as _____. proteins ammonia guano uric acid urea
ammonia
Clonal selection is an explanation for how _____. macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged
an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies
Extracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in body fluids are attacked by _____. helper T cells cytotoxic T cells complement proteins antigens antibodies from plasma cells
antibodies from plasma cells
A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely _____. lack innate immunity have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors be unable to differentiate and mature T cells
be unable to differentiate and mature T cells
The role of active cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____. complement proteins extracellular viruses and bacteria circulating antibodies body cells that have been infected circulating proteins
body cells that have been infected
Helper T cells are part of _____. innate immunity the complement system cell-mediated immune responses a group of phagocytic white blood cells the first cells to bind to antigens
cell-mediated immune responses
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick. The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with _____. class II MHC molecules antibodies a complement class I MHC molecules
class I MHC molecules
The structural component(s) of the mammalian nephron where the transcytosis of water increases due to the action of anti-diuretic hormone is/are the _____. afferent and efferent arterioles collecting duct glomeruli nephrons Bowman's capsules
collecting duct
Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria? macrophages complement protein plasma cells major histocompatibility complex proteins
complement protein
The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____. the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated
differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient
A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will _____. thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life risk becoming overhydrated within twelve hours excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload
excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion
Which process in the nephron is LEAST selective? reabsorption active transport secretion filtration
filtration
Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of _____. H+ pumping to control pH secretion along the distal tubule reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule filtration from the glomerular capillaries
filtration from the glomerular capillaries
Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to _____. gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation Submit
gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints
In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle _____. are not in contact with interstitial fluid are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes are the largest epithelial cells in the body have plasma membranes of low permeability to water
have plasma membranes of low permeability to water
If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would _____. decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma
increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma
An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from _____. injection of interleukin-1 injection of antibodies to the toxin injection of interferon vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin
injection of antibodies to the toxin
An antigen _____. is a protein attacked by an invading microorganism is a protein molecule that helps defend the body against disease induces development of white blood cells in the bone marrow could be an invading bacterium is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte
is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte
The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _____. transfers large molecules as easily as small ones results from active transport is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred
is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus
Ammonia _____. has low toxicity relative to urea is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects is soluble in water is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea
is soluble in water
Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are _____. hypoosmotic hyperosmotic isoosmotic hyperosmotic and isoosmotic
isoosmotic
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment isoosmotic; saltwater hypoosmotic; saltwater hyperosmotic; saltwater isoosmotic; freshwater
isoosmotic; saltwater
Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more _____. juxtamedullary nephrons podocytes ureters urinary bladders
juxtamedullary nephrons
Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _____. freshwater bass kangaroo rats frogs humans
kangaroo rats
An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the _____. flame bulb system of flatworms protonephridia of rotifers kidneys of vertebrates Malpighian tubules of insects
kidneys of vertebrates
Urea is produced in the _____. bladder from uric acid and water liver from glycogen liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids
liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide
Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include _____. a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish
lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish
Vaccination increases the number of _____. lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen major histocompatability (MHC) molecules that can present an antigen macrophages specific for a pathogen epitopes that the immune system can recognize
lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen
Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium? macrophage plasma cell cytotoxic T cell helper T cell B cell
macrophage
Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules _____. regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance
maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids
Osmoregulation and excretion are _____. ways that animals control their external environment chemical processes that completely stop during torpor and hibernation mechanisms that maintain volume and composition of body fluids mechanisms for the homeostatic control of body temperature mechanisms that require continual water loss
mechanisms that maintain volume and composition of body fluids
If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response? cytokines defense against bacteria memory lysozymes
memory
A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over twenty years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell? memory cell plasma cell macrophage thyroid cell
memory cell
Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response? cytokines cytotoxic T cells memory cells macrophages
memory cells
A primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that _____. mutation in the influenza virus is frequent immunity typically disappears one month after recovery from a disease the first infection with influenza weakens the immune system the influenza virus might proliferate in different tissues during each subsequent year, and immune memory is limited to those tissues initially infected influenza is a disease that causes the apoptosis of all memory cells
mutation in the influenza virus is frequent
An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of _____. one C region and one V region two C regions and two V regions three H regions and one L region one H region and one L region
one C region and one V region
Which of the following statements about epitopes are correct? I) B-cell receptors bind to epitopes. II) T-cell receptors bind to epitopes. III) There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. IV) There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope. only II and IV only II, III, and IV only I and III only I, II, and III
only I, II, and III
Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions? I) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen. II) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. III) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. IV) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated. only I, II, and IV only II and IV only I and III only II, III, and IV
only I, II, and IV
Lymphocytes mature in the _____. I) spleen II) thymus III) bone marrow only I and III only II and III only I and II I, II, and III
only II and III
What type of immunity is associated with breast feeding? passive immunity active immunity innate immunity cell-mediated immunity
passive immunity
The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response. interleukin-2 ... humoral antibodies ... humoral antibodies ... antibody-mediated perforin ... cell-mediated perforin ... humoral
perforin ... cell-mediated
Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from the _____. ingestion of interferon placental transfer of antibodies absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes injection of vaccine
placental transfer of antibodies
B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____. macrophages plasma cells helper T cells cytotoxic T cells antigens
plasma cells
Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies? macrophages helper T cells bacterial cells plasma cells cytotoxic T cells
plasma cells
In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____. starch and cellulose proteins and nucleic acids triglycerides and steroids phospholipids and glycolipids
proteins and nucleic acids
Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because _____. the flu can generate anaphylactic shock surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases
rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells
Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by a(n)_____. RNA polymerase epitopase recombinase reverse transcriptase
recombinase
The fact that there are about a million different antigen receptors possible in human B cells is based on _____. the capacity of memory cells to produce antibodies constant changes in the splicing pattern of receptor genes after the differentiation of the B cell recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells having one million different immunoglobulin genes temporary changes in the ways that RNA is spliced in the B cells
recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells
Birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, which _____. reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but is highly toxic reduces energy use compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but is highly toxic to animals that produce it is much more soluble in water than other nitrogenous wastes, but is energetically costlier than other nitrogenous wastes to synthesize is not very toxic compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires the loss of a lot of water with its excretion reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires more metabolic energy to produce
reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires more metabolic energy to produce
Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____. can be reused by birds as a protein source is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass is readily soluble in water
requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass
The fluid with the highest osmolarity is _____. plasma in mammals seawater in a tidal pool distilled water plasma in birds
seawater in a tidal pool
The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the _____. reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate expulsion of urine from the body formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids
selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? selective reabsorption filtration excretion secretion
selective reabsorption
Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of _____. vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen large quantities of the antigen initially recognized
short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _____. sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity eating a small sugary snack drinking lots of pure water blood pressure becomes abnormally high
sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity
Immunological memory accounts for _____. the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe disease than others the human body's ability to distinguish self from non-self
the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased
When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from _____. denaturation of the antibodies disulfide bridges between the antigens the antibody having at least two binding regions bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules
the antibody having at least two binding regions
The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____. the concentration gradient; ATP transmembrane pumps; electron transport phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP the concentration gradient; ADP
the concentration gradient; ATP
What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____. electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus
the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes
Urea is _____. the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds insoluble in water the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another class of antibody that is responsive to the same antigen is due to _____. a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells
the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA
Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? the susceptibility to a particular virus the set of antibodies produced the set of major histocompatability (MHC) molecules produced the set of T cell antigen receptors produced
the set of major histocompatability (MHC) molecules produced
For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that _____. the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same the pathogen has only one epitope all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified the major histocompatability (MHC) molecules are heterozygous
the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same
Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in _____. the vasa recta Bowman's capsule the proximal tubule the collecting duct
the vasa recta
Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was due to the fact that _____. cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens
there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses
A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that _____. they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps they have membranes of varying permeability to water they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle
they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps
Cell-mediated immunity differs from humoral immunity in that _____. cell-mediated immunity is longer lasting a subsequent secondary immune response can occur in humoral immunity a humoral response is mounted more quickly they respond differently to invaders
they respond differently to invaders
The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that _____. urea is less toxic than ammonia urea can be exchanged for Na+ less nitrogen is removed from the body urea does not affect the osmolar gradient
urea is less toxic than ammonia
Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms? urea ammonia ammonium ions uric acid
uric acid
As a result of the non-selectivity of the kidney's filtration of small molecules, _____. the proportions of all the substances in the blood are the same as in the urine many useful substances are lost in the urine urine is always much less concentrated than blood useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed the kidneys have little control over body fluid composition
useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed