Biology 1201 Final Exam Moroney LSU
What type of linkage connects glucose in cellulose?
Beta-glycosidic linkages
What is the chemical formula of a 4 carbon structure?
C4H8O4
A cell has a diameter of 10um. What is that distance in millimeters? A. 10mm D. 0.01mm B. 1mm E. 0.001mm C. 0.1mm
D. 0.01mm
In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts?
DNA does not contain sulfur, whereas protein does and DNA contains phosphorous whereas protein does not
What enzyme links two strands of DNA together?
DNA ligase
What enzyme removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA
DNA polymerase I
The making of an exact copy of DNA is called_____.
DNA replication
When placed in a hypertonic solution, animal cells
Enlarge and perhaps rupture
When placed in a hypotonic solution, animal cells
Enlarge and perhaps rupture
What does calcium trigger?
Exocytosis of neurotransmitters
In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following is true?
G+A=C+T
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
The stage of the cell cycle that occurs immediately after DNA replication is _____.
G2
Which sequence would encode part of a protein with the sequence Ala-Leu-Arg?
GCCCUAAGA
What does the G in G-protein stand for?
GTP, which is a similar molecule to ATP
Consider three gene, A, B, and C. Genes A and C are on the same chromosome while B is on a different chromosome. Here are the recombination frequencies of the genes: A and B 50%, A and C 8%, and B and C 50%. Which statement best describes the linkage of these genes?
Genes A and C are linked and B is unlinked to the other to genes.
Which of the following represents a polar covalent bond?
H---O
What separates the two DNA strand to unwind them?
Helicase
Which are haploid
Human sperm cells
What type of structure is the genetic material in viruses?
It can be RNA or DNA and single double stranded.
What type of structure is the genetic material in viruses?
It can be RNA or DNA and single or double stranded.
You have a yeast strain that has a defect in cthe Krebs Cycle. Under what conditions, if any, could that cell grow?
It can grow by alcohol fermentation.
You accidentally leave your favorite dorm plant in the dark of thanksgiving break. To your surprise it is still alive when you return because_____.
It obtained energy from stored sugar and starch molecules produced before your vacation.
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?
It should dissolve in water
You have recently lost 15 pounds. What happened to the mass of the fat that was lost?
It was released as CO2 and H20.
What process consumes O2 and converts it into H2O?
Mitochondrial Electron Transport
What type of biological molecules are inserted into bacteria by bacteriophages to start the viral infection?
Nucleic acids only
Most RNA processing in a eukaryotic cell takes place in the _____.
Nucleus
What is a transposon?
Pieces of DNA that can shift from one part of the genome to another
Which of the following functional groups is the most basic?
R-NH2
What type of virus is HIV?
RNA retrovirus
What is a retrotransposon?
Retrotransposons are genetic (DNA) elements that can amplify themselves in a genome (using an RNA intermediate, note the 'retro-' part of the name) and are ubiquitous components of the DNA of many eukaryotic organisms.
What are Okazaki fragments?
Short lengths of single-stranded DNA made on the lagging strand.
What are the sodium and potassium concentrations like inside and outside the cell when it is at rest?
Sodium is high outside and low inside. Potassium is low outside and high inside.
One strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence 5'-ATAGGT-3'. The complementary base sequence on the other strand of DNA will be 3'-__________-5'.
TATCCA or 5' ACCTAT 3'
A bag with an unknown sucrose concentration made of an artificial membrane with pores large enough to let water pass but not sucrose was placed in a solution of .5 M sucrose. After 20 minutes the bag was removed and it had gotten bigger. Which statement is probably true?
The bag had greater than .5 M sucrose initially and a lower concentration after 20 minutes.
What types of fermentation can the brain perform?
The brain cannot do any fermentation
Describe the signal transduction pathway for the eyes.
The cell send neurotransmitters when no light is detected or it is dark, and switches off in the light
A couple has a son who has hemophilia. Neither parent has hemophilia. Which parent or parents has/have the hemophilia allele?
The mother has the allele
What is a thylakoid?
The organelle in which light dependent reactions take place.
Which of the following statements is true for endergonic reactions?
The products will have more free energy than the reactants
Where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain located?
The thylakoid membrane
What makes cells different?
They make different proteins
A codon is GCA what is the sequence of the corresponding anticodon?
UGC
How does smell work?
Uses G-coupled receptors able to sense hundreds of different odors
What is a silent mutation?
When the mutation does not affect the amino acid due to the degrease code.
What is a G-protein coupled receptor?
a cell-surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein
lysogenic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA
What are actin, myosin, m-line, and z-line?
actin is thin lines, myosin is thick, z-line is on the edge, m-line is in the middle
All of the following occur during the Krebs cycle except?
adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water (ATP FADH2 and NADH are all actually produced)
The cells in celery stalks at the store are________.
alive
Place the following in correct order from smallest to largest. These are in no particular order triglyceride, human fibroblast cell, lysosome, and amino acid
amino acide, triglyceride, lysosome, human fibroplast cell
A chemical reaction that requires energy to take place is called_____.
an endergonic reaction
A chemical reaction that requires energy to take place is called_____.
and endergonic reaction
Where is Rubisco located in the chloroplast?
chloroplast stroma
Homeostasis
competing negative feedback keeps pH at a very close range
A protein becomes damaged and the cell needs to destroy it and recover the amino acids in the protein. Which organelle will perform the function?
d. lysosome
What molecule will yield the most energy in aerobic respiration?
glucose
What process converts glucose into two molecules of pyretic acid and produces 2 ATPs?
glycolysis
Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance in humans?
height
Chromosomes that carry the same assembly of genes controlling the same traits are______.
homologous chromosomes
If a person has two identical alleles, he/she is_____ for that gene.
homozygous
A molecule that has all non polar covalent bonds would be________.
hydrophobic
What is a frameshift mutation?
insertions or deletions of DNA, causes reading frame to be moved.
blood glucose is regulated by
insulin(high blood sugar) and glucagon(low blood sugar)
The mitotic spindle is made of :
microtubules
The mitotic spindle is made of:
microtubules
What are the steps of the scientific method?
observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
litic cycle
once viral DNA is inside cell it makes more viruses immediately then destroys the cell an releases more copies into the body
ligand-gated channels
open in the presence of a specific binding substance, usually a hormone or neurotransmitter
Mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Regulation of more than one trait by a single gene defines_____.
pleiotropy
What is rhodopsin?
protein found in retina
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
proteins
What is the tyrosine kinase receptor?
receptor that serves as an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosine a.a. on a substrate protein
Chlorophyll molecules mostly absorb the _______ wavelengths of light.
red and blue
cell cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
What substance makes up the interior of a potato tuber?
starch
What is an example of primary protein structure?
the protein sequence is leu-val-gly
Which enzyme or complex is responsible for making protein during translation?
the ribosome
One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.
they are all dissacharides
The synthesis of RNA using the DNA sequence as a guide is:
transcription
What is an example of a lipid?
triglyceride
Endocrine
used for long distance signaling ex: hormones
Paracrine
used for short distance signaling ex: neurotransmitters
How many genes are actually being transcribed?
very few relative to the total number
What voltage is resting potential?
-70mV
What are the four types of channels used in Cell Signaling?
1. Ligand-Gated Sodium Channels 2.Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels 3. Ligand-Gated Potassium Channels 4. Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels
A gene on the Y chromosome produces hairy ears. If a man has this trait what are the chances his son will have hairy ears.
100%
How many CO2 molecules are needed to make one sucrose molecule?
12
Which carbon isotope or isotopes are naturally occurring?
12C 13C and 14C all are naturally occurring
Consider the isotopes of carbon, 12C, 13C, and 14C. Which of them is/are radioactive?
14C
What percentage of the genome is retrotransposon Alu?
15% about 2 million copies
How many CO2 molecules are produced when one glucose molecule is completely utilized in the process of alcohol fermentation?
2
How many CO2 molecules are release my a single acetyl-CoA molecule during aerobic respiration?
2
How many and what type of bonds does sulfur usually form in biology?
2 covalent
What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes mitosis?
2 diploid cells
How many cells are produced in mitosis?
2 diploid cells that are genetically identical. They are clones of the parent cell
How much potassium and sodium are moved at a time by NA+K+ ATPase
3 Sodium out, 2 Potassium in
Dog intestinal cells have 78 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do dog sperm cells have?
39 (or 1/2 of original)
A mRNA sequence is CGACGGAUGCCCACAGGCUGAUUUGGCAAC. How many amino acids will the open reading frame in this sequence encode?
4
The H+ concentration in a cola is 1x10^-4. What is the pH and OH- concentration of the solution?
4 and 1x10^10M
How many cells are produced in meiosis?
4 haploid cells
How many chromosomes are in a human skin cell that is in the G1 portion of the cell cycle?
46
How many CO2 molecules are released when on glucose molecule is completely utilized in the process of aerobic respiration?
6
An element has 8 protons, 9 neutrons, and 8 electrons. What are its atomic number and mass?
8 and 17
Punnett Square
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
dihybrid cross
A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene
Pedigree
A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.
Which source of energy is most directly responsible for ATP synthesis in the chloroplast?
A pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane
In aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen is directly required in ______.
Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
After two rounds of cell division of a radioactive cell there are four cells. How many are radioactive?
All four
If a white-eyed male is crossed with a homozygous red eyed female what is the phenotype of the progeny?
All of the males and all of the females will have red eyes.
What type of photosynthesis is done by sugar cane?
C4-type photosynthesis
The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula of a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
C60H102O51
One strand of DNA has the sequence ACCTCCGG. What is the sequence of the complementary strand?
CCGGAGGT
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
What is the amino acid sequence of the protein that would be produced if the following DNA sequence, 5'-GGCGCACAG-3'
Leu-Cys-Ala CUG-UGC-GCC
What is the order of activation of action potential?
Ligand NA+ opens then reaches the action potential threshold and activates voltage gated NA+ which opens. Once it has peaked NA+ channels close, and K+ channels open bringing the cell back to resting potential
An mRNA has the sequence: 5'-GGCCAUGCAGAAAUAGUCCAG-3'. What amino acid sequence can be translated from the open reading frame found in this sequence?
Met-Gln-Lys
What process takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Mitochondrial electron transport
In class I did a demonstration of the following reaction: 2H2O2 -->2H2O+O2. This reaction did not occur until the catalase was added. What did the catalase do?
The reaction is always exergonic but catalase lowered the activation energy.
Cellulose does not readily react with O2 forming CO2 and H20 at room temperature because________.
at room temperature the activation energy barrier for the reaction cannot be surmounted
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction
blood calcium is regulated by
calcitonin(high blood calcium) and parathyroid(low blood calcium)*
What does a kinase enzyme do?
catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from an ATP to a protein to deactivate the protein
What are the stages of mitosis?
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What viral cycle does herpes use?
lysogenic
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
stroma of the chloroplast
The overall 3d shape of a single polypeptide is called the ______.
tertiary structure
What is the stroma of a chloroplast?
the fluid inside the chloroplast but outside the thylakoids
