Biology 1222 Exam 2

Besides sending messages to and from the brain, the spinal cord has another important function: Reflexes. In fact, in very simple animals, that is the main function of the cord. In higher animals, reflexes are important because they provide (Check all that apply)

-protection from sudden or unexpected environmental harms. -objective physical evidence of neurological injury. -maintenance of life-sustaining processes such as breathing and heart beat, even while sleeping or unconscious.

The skeleton of vertebrates serves several important functions. Among these are (Check all that apply)

-support and locomotion. -blood formation. -protection of organs and soft tissues. -calcium homeostasis.

An accurate characterization of calcium's role in muscle contraction would state that (Check all that apply)

-the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is stimulated by a nerve impulse. -Ca2+ ultimately allows contractions to occur by facilitating the binding of actin and myosin.

Triglycerides are stored primarily in this type of tissue.

Adipose

Compare and contrast glial cells and neurons by distinguishing the unique and shared features of each.

All nerve cells: nucleus, plasma membrane, cell body Neurons: dendrites, axons Glia: Oligodendrocyte-produced myelin, Schwann cell-produced myelin, capable of mitosis

Assess the merits of each action potential analogy; select the representation that corresponds most accurately.

An action potential happens like a row of dominoes falling; the signal has constant velocity and constant strength no matter how long the row of dominoes may be.

Determine the division of the skeleton to which each bone belongs.

Appendicular skeleton: radius, clavicle, ilium, patella, phalanges Axial skeleton: cranium, vertebrae, sternum, ribs

What is the primary cause of an ulcer?

Bacteria

How does basal metabolic rate relate to energy?

Basal metabolic rate describes the total amount of energy expended during resting.

Which situations are most likely an example of a reflex? (Check all that apply)

-A man pulls back his hand after touching a hot stove. -A woman's pupils constrict when a bright light is shined into her eyes. -A deer darts away after a nearby branch falls to the ground.

A person who quits smoking reduces his or her risk of which outcomes? Check all that apply.

-A shortened predicted lifespan -Lung cancer, -Stroke -Heart attack -Pancreatic cancer -Bladder cancer

A member of your family has been recently diagnosed with impaired kidney function. As someone who cares, you want to educate yourself and your relative on things to avoid so that the remaining kidney function can be best preserved. What should you caution your relative to be especially mindful of as sources of potential kidney damage? Check all that apply.

-Allergies -Bacterial infections -Kidney stones -Toxins -Diabetes

Which organisms have a CNS? (Check all that apply)

-Amphibians -Reptiles -Humans

Which is/are true statement(s) about transport and surface area to volume ratio? (Check all that apply)

-As surface area:volume ratio increases, the speed and efficiency of the transport of materials increases. -Larger cells have a lower surface area:volume ratio. -Smaller cells are more efficient at molecular transport because they have a higher surface area:volume ratio.

Which of the following physiological variables are usually maintained with a certain homeostatic range? (Check all that apply)

-Bodily fluid pH -Glucose levels -Blood pressure -Oxygen concentration

Indicate which of the following statements is true regarding the process of hemodialysis. (Check all that apply)

-Dialysis tubing is very permeable to most solutes but relatively impermeable to protein. -In the dialyzer, small solutes diffuse out of the blood and into the dialysis fluid until equilibrium is reached. -Blood and dialysis fluid flow in opposite directions through the dialyzer.

As a lab technician, you are charged with analyzing the urine specimens of patients. The technician working alongside you becomes very concerned about the urine of a patient that she is analyzing. What might she detect in the urine that would be a cause for concern? Check all that apply.

-Glucose -Red blood cells -Large proteins -Amino acids

In the postabsorptive state, how can vertebrates increase their blood glucose levels? Check all that apply.

-Glycogenolysis -Gluconeogenesis

What are some of the advantages of having an exoskeleton? (Check all that apply)

-Hard, outer layer that protects internal organs -Attachment site for muscles -Prevents dessication

What causes heartburn? Check all that apply.

-Incomplete closure of sphincter muscle -Pregnancy -Overeating -Acidic Food

Check all of the reasons that temperature regulation is important for organisms. (Check all that apply)

-It affects the rate of biochemical reactions. -It affects the fluidity and rigidity of plasma membranes. -Proteins can become denatured at very high temperatures.

What can happen to glucose that enters the body during the absorptive state? Check all that apply.

-It can be used immediately as fuel. -It can be stored as glycogen in the liver. -It can be stored as glycogen in the muscles. -It can be converted to a triglyceride and then stored in fat cells.

What is true of the hormone glucagon? Check all that apply.

-It helps to maintain homeostatic levels of glucose. -It is synthesized in the same endocrine gland that secretes insulin.

What are the effects of hypertension and atherosclerosis? Check all that apply.

-Major cause of death. -Lost productivity. -Increased need for medication.

Your friend started an exercise program 2 years ago and has increased his muscle mass by 15%. Your friend (Check all that apply)

-has enlarged fast-glycolytic fibers. -is likely lifting weights.

Critical mechanisms regulated by the SYMPATHETIC nervous system include (Check all that apply)

-inhibition of salivation. -relaxation of airways. -inhibition of small intestine activity. -relaxation of the urinary bladder.

The sense of pain is one of the most important of all the senses. Nociception is critical to survival because (Check all that apply)

-pain triggers behavioral responses that protect from further danger.

The important function(s) of the skeletal system include (Check all that apply)

-production of blood cells. -structural support. -locomotion. -reservoir for ions.

The disease osteoporosis involves loss of both mineral and organic components from bones. Factors that may contribute to the development of osteoporosis include (Check all that apply)

-prolonged disuse of muscles. -lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. -a decline in estrogen following menopause in women.

The parasympathetic division of the nervous system (Check all that apply)

-promotes digestion. -slows the heart rate.

Distinguish between the characteristics of each muscle category.

Cardiac muscle: pumps blood, found only in the heart Smooth muscle: not striated, surrounds blood vessels, surrounds the bladder, surrounds the airway Skeletal muscle: under voluntary control, used for locomotion

Which statement correctly compares carnivores and herbivores?

Carnivores and herbivores require different enzymes to digest their food.

Which of the following lists the organization of a mammalian body from least to most complex?

Cell—tissue—organ—organ system

Glucose enters cells by

facilitated transport.

Collagen is a tough, stretch-resistant protein. You would be most likely to find collagen in which tissue type?

Connective

Imagine you are entering a darkened cavern. You are excited, but also a little nervous. Your heart rate quickens, your blood pressure rises slightly, and your digestive system activity decreases as blood is diverted to your muscles—all changes that prepare you should you need to move rapidly. This type of change is an example of

feedforward regulation.

When you spin around for 10 seconds and then suddenly stop, you experience dizziness due to the

fluid still moving in your semicircular canals.

The portion of the brain that has shown the most dramatic changes in size in the evolution of birds and mammals is the

forebrain.

A deficiency of fats might cause

hair loss and dry skin.

The part of the axon closest to the cell body is the

hillock

Which type of nutrient can pass across epithelial cells without any expenditure of ATP?

Fat

If the carbon dioxide concentration in your blood increases, your heart begins to pump more vigorously and your breathing pattern changes in order to restore the appropriate oxygen content to your blood. These changes are an example of

homeostasis

It's your birthday and you splurge with a big slice of chocolate cake, heavy on the icing. Shortly afterwards, your blood glucose levels rise until an endocrine mechanism (secretion of insulin) counteracts this rise and glucose levels decline. The initial change in blood glucose and insulin response that follows is an example of

homeostasis.

If the regulation of hunger and thirst mechanisms goes haywire, the brain region that is most likely damaged is the

hypothalamus.

Each skeletal muscle cell constitutes a single

muscle fiber.

A deficiency of proteins might cause

muscle loss and a weakened immune system.

A deficiency of carbohydrates might cause

muscle weakness and weight loss.

Blockage of the common bile duct would be expected to affect

lipid digestion.

The lacteal, a lymphatic vessel in the center of each intestinal villus, functions in digestion by absorbing

lipids.

An increase in the extracellular concentration of salts will cause body cells to

lose water and shrink.

Fluid that collects in tissues is returned to the bloodstream by the

lymphatic system.

Newborn humans face thermoregulatory challenges as do small mammals. One mechanism they use to generate heat is

nonshivering thermogenesis in "brown fat."

The neuronal pathways behind gustatory reception most closely parallel those of

olfaction.

Olfactory neurons first transmit their action potential to the central nervous system structure called the

olfactory bulb.

The region of the human brain that is critically important for controlling heart rate and breathing is the

medulla oblongata.

Vertebrates have three major brain divisions: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. These regions contain specific structures and perform specific functions. Please drag the structures and functions to the major brain divisions with which they are associated.

Forebrain: cerebrum, hypothalamus, thalamus, initiates motor function Midbrain: lies anterior to the pons, vision olfaction and hearing, Hindbrain: pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, basic reflexes such as breathing

Identify a monosaccharide that is absorbed from the digestive tract.

Glucose

One function of HCl secreted in the stomach is to convert pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin. Why don't stomach cells simply secrete pepsin instead?

If cells produced active pepsin, they would digest their own cellular proteins.

Where do you predict that the highest density of mechanoreceptors in the skin would be located?

In the hands and face

Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which major tissue type exhibits the shortening of its cells (i.e., contraction) as a major function?

Muscle

The critical function of the sodium-potassium pump of neurons is to move

Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.

Match the type of nervous system most likely found in each animal.

Nerve Ring: Sea Star Nerve Net: Jellyfish CNS and PNS: bat, a new species with sensory organs grouped in the head region, antelope, lamprey

Which of the following tissue types is specialized to conduct electrical signals?

Nervous

In negative feedback, the variable being regulated is changed in the ________ direction, while in positive feedback the variable is changed in the ________ direction.

opposite, same

Within the vestibular system of vertebrates, hair cells help detect movement when their cilia are bent by

otoliths.

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Perception is recognition of a sensation.

What is the correct sequence of structures through which air passes through on the way into the mammalian lung?

Pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Which component of the blood is most important for clotting?

Platelets

Match each symptom to the corresponding musculoskeletal disease.

Rickets: bone is deformed, most apparent in weight-bearing bones, also known as osteomalacia Osteoporosis: more common in women, most prevalent bone disease in the U.S. Muscular dystrophy: more common in men, degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle, refers to a group of diseases

For the hierarchy of skeletal muscle organization, which accurately lists the order of structures from "small" to "big"?

Sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, motor unit

Drag and drop each scenario to the appropriate animal mechanism of heat exchange with the environment.

See pic 8/16 #8

Drag and drop each characteristic to the correct cardiac ailment.

See picture

Drag and drop each characteristic to the correct portion of the cardiac cycle.

See picture

Drag and drop each structure to the correct location. human respiration

See picture

Nutrient deficiency: Consider how the following symptoms might indicate deficiency of a major class of nutrients and suggest added food sources that might remedy the deficiency.

See picture

Please label the following structures of the vertebrate eye.

See picture

Respiratory disorders. Drag and drop each item to the correct respiratory disorder.

See picture

Drag and drop each characteristic to the correct tissue type.

See picture 1

The filtration step in the formation of urine for animals sorts materials only by

overall size with cells and proteins usually being kept out of the filtrate.

Match the structures of the nervous system that are responsible for a driver's responses to a traffic signal turning green.

Seeing the light turn green: sensory neurons Time to go: central neurons Foot pushes on the accelerator: motor neurons

If you touch a hot stove and burn your hand, the pain isn't actually in your hand—it's in your head. What evidence can you provide to substantiate this claim?

Sensory neurons and interneurons carry the heat sensation to the brain where it is interpreted as painful.

Categorize each neuron example as sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent) according to its function in the CNS.

Sensory: photoreceptors of the retina, olfactory neurons, pain receptors in skin, inner ear sound detection Motor: draw hand away from flame, salivary gland response to smell, sweat gland response to temperature, diaphragm movement in breathing

When flying on a plane, traveling at 500 miles per hour, why does your vestibular system not register the extremely fast linear motion?

Since you are moving at a constant rate of speed, the fluid in your inner ear isn't moving and bending the stereocilia.

What is peristalsis?

Smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

The alimentary canal is a tube with an opening at each end and specialized regions. Match the structures of the alimentary canal to their general functions.

Smooth muscles: churn up food, mechanically break up food, moves food along the canal Epithelial cells lining the lumen: secrete enzymes, secrete hormones, absorb nutrients from the lumen

In the alveoli

oxygen diffuses into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.

Insulin is a product of the

pancreas.

The correct sequence for a sound (a vibration) traveling into the mammalian ear would be listed as

pinna, tympanum, ossicles of middle ear, oval window, basilar membrane, hair cell

The barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments in an animal is the

plasma membrane.

In the blood clotting process, platelets arrive at the site of damage and start secreting substances to attract more platelets. More platelets arrive at the site and secrete attractants to recruit more platelets. This is an example of

positive feedback.

Indicate whether each function is regulated by the somatic or autonomic nervous system.

Somatic: controls skeletal muscle, senses external environment Autonomic: regulates homeostasis, regulates organ function, detects internal body conditions

You've just had a near miss in your car. Your pulse is racing and you notice your pupils are wide open when you look in your rearview mirror. What part of your autonomic nervous system is activated?

Sympathetic

A physician has a young man as a patient who is not developing male secondary sex characteristics. Which hormone could the physician prescribe to help this issue?

Testosterone

Contrary to popular belief, stress is not usually the primary cause of ulcers, and many patients with ulcers do not over-produce acid. What Nobel prize-winning discovery demonstrated a previously unknown cause of ulcers?

The existence of a bacterial infection in the stomachs of most patients with ulcers

Why is your sense of smell diminished when you have a cold?

The molecules can't penetrate the thick mucus layer and bind to the receptors.

How is the movement of food through the esophagus most accurately characterized?

The muscular contractions are wave-like.

The primary reservoir for calcium that is released during excitation-contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle fiber is the

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The tough outer covering of the eye is referred to as the

sclera.

In a reflex arc, the correct sequence of cell types through which an electrical signal would pass would be

sensory neuron → interneuron in the CNS → motor neuron

You are out at night and hear a sound in the bushes. The electrical signal carrying this information to your brain is carried first by a

sensory neuron.

The type of muscle that typically surrounds hollow tubes and organs like the stomach is

smooth muscle.

The process of maintaining a _________ internal environment despite changes in the external environment is known as ________.

stable; homeostasis

The central nervous system of vertebrate animals consists of

the brain and spinal cord.

During inspiration (a.k.a. inhalation) of air into the lung of a mammal

the diaphragm contracts.

The synaptic cleft is most accurately described as

the narrow extracellular space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at the synapse.

The period following an action potential during which a neuron cannot be stimulated to generate another action potential is referred to as

the refractory period.

An endocrine gland is

the site at which hormones are produced and released into the blood.

Our sense of balance depends most directly on

the vestibular system.

Our ability to respond to moderate heat and cold is due to

thermoreceptors.

Humans are susceptible to scurvy because

they cannot synthesize vitamin C.

The level of depolarization at which an action potential will be triggered is referred to as the

threshold potential.

You turn on the shower and check the water temperature with your hand. Your brain is able to monitor increasing temperature because the thermosensitive neurons in your skin

transmit action potentials at a greater rate when the water warms up.

The development of hypertension in humans is associated with obesity, smoking, age, and kidney disease.

true

An organ must contain at least:

two different tissue types.

When joint movement is the result of antagonistic muscle pairing,

two muscles pull on the joint in opposite directions.

In general, the vessels that return blood to the heart in a closed circulatory system are referred to as

veins.

What are some of the disadvantages to having an exoskeleton?

vulnerability during molting

In osmosis:

water moves from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

What is considered the most critical function of erythrocytes?

The transport of oxygen

In order to create a superhero with the ability to detect infrared radiation, which type of sensory receptor would need to be added or enhanced? (Check all that apply)

Thermoreceptors

Your physician has requested a test that involves radioactive iodine. This material will be injected and monitored to watch for normal rates of uptake. Test results reveal that the rate of uptake is abnormal. Which hormone would you predict to be outside of a homeostatic range?

Thyroid hormone

If the lymphatic system was no longer able to return fluid to the circulatory system, what do you predict would be the most immediate effect?

Tissues would swell.

What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions?

To bind with troponin, changing its shape so that binding sites on the actin filament are exposed

During hibernation, a bear would be expected to be in the postabsorptive state in terms of nutrient utilization.

True

Insulin's effect on reducing blood glucose levels is counteracted by glucagon, which increases blood glucose.

True

Often one is not acclimated to the cold after having moved from a warm to cooler climate. Similarly, individuals may have difficulty adjusting to the heat after having moved from a cold to warm region. This difficulty in acclimating to different temperatures most likely requires adjustments in thyroid gland activity.

True

The nervous system integrates with the endocrine system to control hormone secretion.

True

The use of androgens by athletes can cause the testes to shrink.

True

Vitamin D is a hormone produced in part by exposure to sunlight.

True

The pulmonary vein carries blood that is rich in oxygen back to the heart. Is there anything unexpected about the name of this vein?

Veins usually carry blood that has been depleted of oxygen.

Neurons can be categorized into three types: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. As with most physiological relationships, structure determines function, and neurons hold true to this convention. Please answer the following true/false questions regarding the three types of neurons.

a. Sensory neurons send signals away from the CNS and elicit some type of response. False b. Motor neurons are efferent neurons that leave the CNS and act on distant cells. True c. Interneurons tend to have very few dendrites and very long axons. False d. Sensory neurons receive a stimulus either directly or from a specialized sensory receptor cell, and pass the signal on to the CNS. True e. Motor neurons can cause the secretion of hormones from endocrine glands in addition to affecting the movement of muscles. True f. Transmission of sensory signals along the long axons of sensory neurons is very slow. False

Atherosclerosis is a pathophysiological process resulting from the

accumulation of plaque in blood vessels.

The neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions (where the neuron meets skeletal muscle) in vertebrates is

acetylcholine.

A digestive cavity in which food enters an opening at one end and passes through the animal in one direction as it is digested is called the

alimentary canal.

Saltatory conduction is a term applied to the "jumping" movement of action potentials

along myelinated axons.

Salivary glands secrete _________ to start the digestion of _________.

amylase; polysaccharides

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid

are all nitrogenous wastes.

While shopping at your local drugstore, you stop at the blood pressure machine. It measures your blood pressure as 115/75 (good—that's healthy!). This number means that

arterial pressure is 115 mm Hg when the ventricles contract and 75 mm Hg in between ventricular contractions.

In general, the vessels that carry blood away from the heart in a closed circulatory system are referred to as

arteries.

Duct tape is to its cardboard roll as the myelin sheath is to the________ .

axon

The respiratory centers that control ventilation of the lungs in mammals are located in the

brainstem.

Arthropod exoskeletons are composed primarily of

chitin.

Odor molecule receptors are located on the ________ extending from olfactory receptor cells in the human nose.

cilia

To mobilize more glucose during fasting,

cortisol, epinephrine, and glucagon will all increase.

Damage to the cerebellum could result in

decreased ability to balance.

Increasing the flow of Na+ ions into a neuron at rest (−70 mV initially) would trigger

depolarization

All of the following are methods used to exchange heat with the environment except

diffusion.

Fill in the correct type of receptor for each statement below.

-Mechanoreceptors transduce mechanical energy such as touch, pressure, stretch, movement, and sound. -Thermoreceptors detect cold and heat. -Nociceptors detect pain, extreme heat, cold, and pressure, as well as certain molecules such as acids. -Electromagnetic receptors sense electric fields. -Photoreceptors are electromagnetic receptors that detect visible light energy. -Chemoreceptors recognize specific compounds such as odor molecules or blood-borne compounds.

The CNS performs a myriad of specific functions. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate structures for each function listed.

-Medulla oblongata and pons: coordinates breathing, heart rate, and digestion. -Cerebellum: fine-tunes complex body movements; maintain balance. -Thalamus: filters irrelevant sensory information; involved in pain perception and mental arousal. -Hypothalamus: controls functions of pituitary gland; regulates thirst, appetite, and body rhythms. -Epithalamus: produces CSF; contains pineal gland; plays role in food/water intake. -Basal nuclei: involved in planning, fine-tuning, initiating, inhibiting, and learning movements. -Limbic system : influences formation and expression of emotions; perception of odors. -Cerebral cortex: involved in voluntary motor control, generation of speech, conscious thought.

What are functions of circulating blood? Check all that apply.

-Movement of O2. -Movement of CO2. -Movement of nutrients. -Movement of waste.

Complete the sentences describing vision with the correct terms.

-Patterns of light emitted from an image are transmitted though the pupil, a small opening, and then through the lens, to a sheetlike layer of photoreceptors called the retina at the back of the eye. -The activation of photoreceptors triggers electrical changes in neurons. -The neurons pass out of the back of the eye, through the optic nerve to the brain, where the image is interpreted.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term.

-Perception is the awareness of a stimulus. -Sensation is the detection of a stimulus. -An odor contacting your olfactory cells would be a sensation . -The neural interpretation of the odor as pleasant would be a perception .

The following is a list of potential effect(s) on digestion that would result from the ABSENCE of a structure in the vertebrate digestive system. What missing structure would result in the given effect on digestion?

-Small intestine Products of digestion not absorbed into blood -Liver Dietary fat would remain largely inaccessible to digestive enzymes. -Salivary glands Initial processing of food would be hindered. -Large intestine Excess salts and water would remain in feces. -Stomach Emptying into small intestine would be unregulated. -Stomach Ingested bacteria could thrive. -Rectum & anus Elimination of feces would be unregulated. -Oral cavity Food could not be obtained from environment. -Pancreas Chyme acidity would damage intestinal epithelium. -Pharynx & esophagus Swallowing would be impossible. -Gallbladder Bile secretion would no longer be timed to a meal. -Stomach Protein digestion would be hindered. -Small intestine Surface area of human GI tract would be reduced by 300 m2.

You are describing the role(s) muscle plays in the movement of joints. What does an accurate description include? (Check all that apply)

-Tendons connect muscle to bone. -Muscles may pull bones away from or toward one another. -The movement of one muscle can be counteracted by the movement of another muscle.

Why are reflex arcs so rapid? (Check all that apply)

-There are only a few neurons involved. -There is no "decision making" process about the response.

Drag and drop each item to the correct condition.

-Vasodilation: radius of artery increases, CO2 causes immediate response, increases blood flow, increases O2 delivery -Vasoconstriction: decreases blood flow, increases blood pressure

What are the functions of the mammalian kidney? Check all that apply.

-Water retention -Filtration of blood -Excretion of nitrogenous waste -Regulation of salt balance in the blood

The Nodes of Ranvier (Check all that apply)

-are areas of unmyelinated axon. -increase the speed of an action potential.

Muscle samples are taken from two groups of men. One group performs regular intense aerobic exercise. The second group is sedentary and does not exercise. When you compare their muscle samples at the microscopic level, you expect to find that the exercising men show greater (Check all that apply)

-capillary density. -numbers of mitochondria.

Complete the sentences about blood clots with the correct terms, and place these events in the correct order, from the earliest event to the last event.

1. An injury ruptures a blood vessel. 2. Platelets stick to each other and to collagen fibers. 3. Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps RBCs and platelets, forming a clot.

To build a neuron from scratch, you must first match up the major parts of a typical neuron with their function in order to replicate each component. Pair the neuron structures with their appropriate function below.

1. Cell Body 2. Axon 3. Axon Terminal 4. Dendrite

Place the components of a homeostatic control system in order, from first to last.

1. Homeostatic Challenge 2. Sensor 3. Integrator 4. Effector 5. Response

Indicate whether the following statements regarding the importance of dietary iodine and iodide to the function of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones are true or false.

1. Humans rely on iodine in the diet for the production of thyroid hormones. True 2. The human body maintains a one-year supply of thyroid hormones in case iodine is not available in the diet. False 3. As a consequence of iodine deficiency, the pituitary ceases its production and secretion of TSH. False 4. As a consequence of iodine deficiency, the thyroid enlarges. True 5. Goiters are observed in humans as well as reptiles and birds. True

Begin by filling in the missing terms in this description of muscle structure, and then place the sentences in the correct order, from the smallest structure to the largest structure.

1. The filaments form the foundation of muscle structure. The thin filament is actin, and the thick filament is myosin. 2. One complete sequence of arranged filaments is a unit called a sarcomere. 3. Repeated units of arranged filaments occur across the length of the myofibril. 4. A muscle cell is also known as a muscle fiber . 5. A bundle of muscle cells is known as a fascicle.

Complete the sentences describing the sense of hearing with the correct terms and then put them into the correct chronological order.

1. The outer ear collects sound waves and causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate. 2. The tympanic membrane causes the ossicles to vibrate, which then vibrate against the oval window. 3. Pressure waves then travel to the vestibular canal and then to the tympanic canal. 4. Waves of shorter length travel through the cochlear duct and cause the basilar membrane to vibrate. 5. Waves are dissipated when they strike the round window.

Determine the type of receptor that detects each type of sensory input:

1. The wind blowing through your hair and across your skin ... Mechanoreceptors 2. An increase in the amount of feces in the colon, causing the desire to defecate ... Mechanoreceptors 3. The doorbell rings ....Mechanoreceptors 4. The aroma of baked cookies coming from the kitchen .... Chemoreceptors 5. Vibrations from an electric sander ... Mechanoreceptors

In the United States, how many people suffer from kidney disease?

20,000,000

Which person is the most likely to develop osteoporosis?

A 60-year-old inactive female.

What would counteract a cause of heartburn?

A base

The "hematocrit" is a measure of the total volume of which blood constituent?

Erythrocytes

A pulp mill was established near a river, and biologists discovered strange changes in the river's fish. Some genetically-male fish had intersex anatomy, and female fish had disrupted oogenesis. What is a possible cause that the biologists would likely investigate to explain these effects?

Estrogen-mimicking chemicals entering the river.

Match each feature to the appropriate skeleton type.

Exoskeleton: may be made of chitin, characteristic of anthropods, must be shed for growth to occur Endoskeleton: present in echinoderms, characteristic of vertebrates, made of living tissue, may be made of cartilage

A problem with the action or production of this substance leads to both type I and type II diabetes mellitus.

Insulin

After you eat lunch, the nutrients in your food are released in the digestive process and eventually make their way into the blood. The rising nutrient levels quickly move beyond the standard homeostatic range. Normally, a hormone would be released at this time to regulate these nutrients. Imagine that in your case, that return to homeostatic levels does not occur. What hormone would you need to receive to return blood levels to normal?

Insulin

Imagine that your pancreatic function has been compromised. This has lead to your inability to maintain your blood glucose levels. Predict which two hormones your physician would administer to return you to homeostatic glucose levels.

Insulin and glucagon

What can be said about the transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule?

It is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluid.

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein will drain first into the

Left atrium

Imagine a red blood cell leaving the right ventricle of your heart. To which chamber of the heart will that cell return first?

Left atrium

Sardines possess a sensory system called the lateral line, which help them to school by detecting the movements of other sardines swimming around them. What type of sensory receptors do you think are present in the lateral line?

Mechanoreceptors

Connective tissue serves to support and bind other tissues. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?

Neurons

A student grabs a handout from the teacher and gets a painful paper cut. What type of receptor is responsible for this sensation?

Nociceptor

Where does perception of sensory stimuli occur?

Only in the central nervous system

If a person persisted in taking sodium bicarbonate with every meal, what would be the consequence to protein digestion?

Protein digestion would be more difficult because of the buffering action of sodium bicarbonate on stomach acid, which alters the pH of the chyme away from the optimum pH for the action of pepsin, a major protein-digester.

Please classify these substances as either being reabsorbed or secreted.

Reabsorbed: amino acids, glucose, salts (NaCl) Secreted: drugs (penicilin), ammonia (nitrogenous wastes)

Wilma claims that if you dry your tongue with a paper towel and then pour some sugar on your tongue, you won't taste the sugar. Do you agree with Wilma? Why?

Yes, the paper towel removes the saliva from your tongue, preventing the sugar from dissolving and binding to the microvilli.

Which organisms are known to have a forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain?

Yes: Parrots, alligators, elephants, lampreys (jawless fish) sharks No: Daisies, mosquitoes, sponges, bacteria

In cardiovascular disease, "M.I" refers to

a heart attack.

Surgical removal of the pancreas would

increase the acidity of the small intestine.

If you placed a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution, you would predict that its volume would ________ while the solute concentration in its cytoplasm would ________.

increase, decrease

The vision loss associated with glaucoma is most accurately explained by

intraocular pressure buildup due to poor drainage of the aqueous humor.

The metal atom bound to the heme group of hemoglobin is

iron.

The diarrhea that is a symptom of diseases like cholera is due to problems in the function of the

large intestine.

The thick filament is composed almost entirely of _____ molecules.

myosin

The two broad classes of cells in the nervous system include1) those responsible for information processing, and2) those providing mechanical and metabolic support.These two categories of specialized cells are called 1) ________ and 2) ________.

neurons / glial cells

In the stomach, food processing continues and secretions from stomach glands aid the initial digestion of

proteins.

Activities associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system include

resting and digesting.

Our sense of fullness after a big meal is due to

stretch receptors.