Biology 1406 Exam 2 review

What are the two types of CAMs ?

Cadherins and integrins.

Glycolipid

Carbohydrate to lipid

Glycoprotein

Carbohydrate to protein

Peroxisomes

Catalyze certain reactions that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen, are found in the ER

What are the 6 jobs multicellularity gives a cell?

Cell division, cell growth, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and cell connections.

Cytosol

Central coordinating region for many metabolic activites of eukaryotic

What are the 3 types and fuctions of vaculoes?

Central vacuole- in plants for storage and support Contractile vacuole- in protists for expelling water Phagocytic vacuoles-in protists and white blood cells for degradation

What are the 2 classes of transport proteins?

Channels and transporters.

Anabolic reactions

Chemical reactions in which small molecules are joined together to form large molecules

Catabolic reactions

Chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances

Eukaryotic cell

Compartmentalized into organelles and contain a nucleus that houses thier DNA.

Tight Junctions

Composed of occludin and claudin, prevent the leakage of materials across a layer of cells with a tight seal.

Lysosomes

Contain acid hydrolases that perform hydrolysis, degrading macromolecules

The fate of a chemical reaction is determined by its ?

Direction and rate.

Glycosylation of proteins occur in the?

ER and Golgi aparatus

Most transmembrane proteins are inserted into the ?

ER membrane

Na+/K+-ATPase

Electrogenic ATP-driven pump that directs the pumping ions across the membrane.

Redox reaction

Electron removed from one molecule is added to another.

Kinetic energy

Energy associated with movement.

Chemical energy

Energy in molecular bonds.

Active transport

Energy is required, transport of a solute across a membrane against its gradient (from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration).

Exergonic

Energy realsing; usually catabolic reactions.

Endergonic

Energy requiring; usually anabolic reactions.

Isotonic

Equal solute concentration that doesnt make the cell shrink or swell.

What are the two kinds of chemical reactions?

Exergonic and endergonic

In eukaryotes, ____ and ____ are used to transport large molecules and particles.

Exocytosis and Endocytosis.

Middle lamella

First layer to form when cells divide; the cell walls of adjacent plant cells cemented together.

Channels

Form an open passageway for the direct diffusion of soultes across the membrane. (Exp: Aquaporin - allows the movement of water). Most channels are gated which allows cells to regulate the movement of solutes.

Gap Junctions

Form channels called connexons that permit the direct passage of materials between adjacent cells.

H=G+TS

H- total energy/ G- free energy/ T- absoulte temperature in kelvin (K)/ S- entropy

Hypertonic

High solute concentration, causes the cell to shink.

Chitin

Important ECM in invertebratesExoskeletons.

Synthesis of membrane componets

In eukaryotic cells, membrane phospholipids are synethesized at the cytosolic leaflet of the smooth ER membrane.

Living cells maintain a relatively constant ____ environment different from their ____ environment.

Internal and External - This involves establishing transmembrane graidents across the plasma membrane and organellar membrane.

Catabolic reactions

Involve breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones; these reactions regenerate small molecules that are used as building blocks to make new molecules or break down to make energy intermideates such as ATP and NADH.

Anabolic reactions

Involve the synthesis of large molecules and macromolecules.

Primary active transport

Involves pumps that directly use energy(ATP) to generate a solute gradient, while Secondary active transport uses a pre-exsisting gradient.

Facilitated diffusion

Involves the aid of a transport protein, moving molecules from high concentration to low concentration

What the the factors that affect fluidity of membranes ?

Length of tail, presence of double bonds, and amount of cholesterol

Cadherins

Link cells to eachother.

Intergrins

Link cells to the ECM.

Hypotonic

Low solute concentration, causes the cell to swell up.

Primary cell wall

Made largely of cellulose; develops between newly made cells and is flexible allowing for size increase.

What are the 3 important parameters in microsopy?

Magnification, resoultion, and contrast.

Exocytosis

Material inside the cell packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium.

Cell structure relies on what 4 factors?

Matter, energy, organization, and information

What are the 2 types of plant cell junctions?

Middle lamella and plasmodesmata.

Endosymbiosis Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have evolved from bacteria that took up residence in early eukaryotic cells.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)

Network of material that forms a complex meshwork outside of cells made of proteins and polysaccharides, holds cells together. Some functons involve strength, stuctural support, organization, and cell signaling.

Passive transport

No energy is required, movement of molecules through the membrane using diffusion or facilitated diffusion

Chloroplast

Only found in plant cells and carries out photosynthesis

What are the fuctions of the nucleus?

Organization and expression of the cell's genetic material, and to also assemble the ribosomes in the nucleolus.

Plasma Membrane

Perform - membrane transport, cell signaling, and cell adhesion.

Chemical must obey the two laws of Thermodynamics. What is the first and second law of thermodynamics?

1st- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one type to the other. 2nd- Entropy is increased in any system.

Antiporter

2 or more molecules or ions transported in opposite directions.

Symporter

2 or more molecules or ions transported in the same direction.

Cytoskeleton

3 diffrent types of protein filiments: microtubules, intermediate filiments, and actin filaments. All are important for cell shape.

Enzymes recognize reactants(aka substrates) with ?

A high specificity

Multicellular

A organism composed of one or more cells.

Energy

Ablility to do work, is either kinetic or potential

Fluid-mosaic model

Accepted model of membranes, where the phosphlipid bilayer is the basic framework, has a mosaic of lipids, proteins, and attached carbohydrates.

Reduction

Addition of electrons

What are the 2 types of proteins in ECM and thier fuctions?

Adhesive - help adhere cells in ECM Structural - form fibers, provide tensile strength, and/or provide elasticity

Catalyst

Agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction.

Cell Theory

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Free energy

Amount of avaliable energy to do work.

Freeze facture electron microscopy (FFEM) can be used to ?

Analyze the interiors of phospholipid bilayers.

What are the 3 types of animal cell junctions?

Anchoring, tight, and gap junctions.

Glycoslyation

Attachment of a carbohydrate to protein or lipid that produces either glycolipids or glycoproteins.

Secondary cell wall

Between plasma membrane and primary cell wall; made up of cellulose and other components, is thick and rigid.

Endocytosis

Plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell, in 3 types: receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Polysaccharides of repeating diasaccharide units that give a gel-like character to the ECM of ANIMALS.

Mitochondria

Primary role is to make ATP, yet also involved in the synthesis, modification, and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules

What are the 2 categories all forms of life based on cell structure?

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Enzyme fuction can be affected by what factors?

Prosthetic groups, cofactors, coenzymes, temperature, and pH.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions; they lower the activation energy that is needed to achieve a transition state.

Carbohydrate can serve as a ?

Recognition marker or a protective cell coat

Phospholipid bilayer

Relatively impermeable to many substances

Prokaryotic cell

Reletively simple sturctures without a nucleus, put into either bacteria/archaea categories, composed of a cell wall and a glycocalyx

Oxidation

Removal of electrons

Plant cell walls provide

Rigidity for mechanical support, maintenance of cell shape, and direction of cell growth (usally stronger and thicker than ECM in animals).

Membrane transport are?

Selectively permeable plasma membrane, ensuring essential molecules enter, metabolic intermediates remain, and waste products exit

Membranes are ?

Semifluid (essential for normal cell function, growth, and divsion).

Plasmodesmata

Similar to gap junctions in animal cells, yet they are the channels in the cell walls where the plasma membrane of adjacent cells are continuous with each other. The ER of adjacent cells are also connected by this.

Uniporter

Single molecule or ion.

The proetome of a cell determines its ?

Structure and function.

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions by cells

Transporters

Tend to be slower than channels, bind thier solutes in a hydrophilic pocket and undergo a conformational change that moves thier pocket to the other side of the membrane. (Can be uniporter, symporter, or antiporter).

Palade's pulse-chase experiments demonstrated what?

That secreted proteins move sequentialy through the ER and Golgi apparatus.

Semiautonomous Organelles

The mitochondria and chloroplast which can grow and divide to reproduce themselves by binoary fission, but they are not completely autonomous because they depend on other parts of the cell for their internal components, also contain own DNA

Potential energy

The stored energy that is possessed due to its structure or location.

Osmotic pressure

The tendency for water to move into any cell, force per area that prevents water from passing through a membrane.

What are the 3 main types of membrane proteins?

Transmembrane proteins, lipid-anchored proteins, and peripheral proteins

Anchoring junctions

Use cell adhesion molecules(CAMs), which bind cells to eachother or to the ECM. This is broken down into 4 types: adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and focal adhesions.

Entropy

Useless energy, cannot be used to do work.

Osmosis

Water diffuses through a membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration. This can make cells shrink or swell as water leaves or enters the cell.

What is included in the endomembrane system ?

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane and vacuoles