Biology 2

The first Genus on Earth

Prokaryote

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes differ?

Prokaryotes ribosomes contain 3 seperate rRNA molecules while Eukaryotes contain 4. Also, prokaryotes are smaller.

First Genetic material on

RNA

Holdfasts

Root like structures that some organisms have to help them hold on to rocks.

Similar characteristics between archaeans and bacteria

They both are circular chromosomes, have no nuclear envelope, and have an enclosed organelle membrane.

Sporopollenin

A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out.

How far back in time does the fossil record extend?

3.5 Billion

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.

horizontal gene transfer

A process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

What are the characteristics of all angiosperms?

All angiosperms have flowers at some stage in their life. Angiosperms have small pollen grains that spread genetic information from flower to flower. All angiosperms have stamens. Stamens are the reproductive structures found in flowers that produce the pollen grains that carry the male genetic information.

host

An organism on which a parasite lives.

Capsule

Covers the cell wall in prokaryotes.

What is the composition of the bacterial cell wall?

Peptidoglycan. a polymer composed of modified sugars cross- linked by short polypeptides.

Difference between endotoxins and exotoxins

Endotoxins are part of the Gram negative cell wall while exotoxins are excreted proteins.

What domain is the kingdom protista?

Eukarya

Two structures that permit bacteria to adhere to each other

Fimbriae and Pili

How did mitochondria originate?

From engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes that could detoxify oxygen.

If an individual microtroph loses it plastides yet continues to survives, what amounts to its continued survival?

It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.

Composition of the bacterial flagellum

It has 3 main parts: the motor, hook, and filament. It also consist of 42 different kinds of protein

Integuments

Layers of sporophyte tissues that contribute to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant.

State the observation that gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals (carbon) as energy source instead of light.

A characteristic that help seedless plants better adapt to life on land

Stomata on leaves

What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?

The can convert some molecules to form that can be taken up by other organisms.

Name an important source of endotoxins in gram-negative species

The cell wall

Characteristics of a Fern

The fern body consists of 3 major parts - the rhizome, the fronds and the sporangia.

Which part of the flowering plant develops into a fruit?

The ovary

symbiont

The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.

Plasmogamy

a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell

The characteristic of the vegetative bodies of most fungi are

composed of hyphae, multicelluar, and mycelium

Plasmogamy can directly result in

heterokeryotic cells and dikaryotic cells

Symbiosis

relationship in which two species live closely together

What are the functions of the seed coat?

to protect the seed from any harm