Biology 2 lab final

In the diagram attached, which pair of species are sister taxa?

turtle and leopard

What types of genes are typically activated during determination?

regulatory genes

he allele for white hair in mice is autosomal recessive (b), while the allele for black hair is autosomal dominant (B). A white, female mouse mates with a black, male mouse. What are the possible genotypes for the white, female mouse?

bb only

For a pea plant gene for height, the tall allele is dominant. You have an F1 generation of pea plants that are 100% heterozygous for the height gene. If you cross two individuals from the F1 generation the ratio of offspring genotypes is _____________ and the ratio of phenotypes is __________. The Punnett square below shows the cross.

1:2:1 genotype; 3:1 phenotype

The variance for a sample with values 2,2,2,6,6, and 6 is ___.

4.8

If a sample of 36 measurements has a variance of 25, what is the standard deviation?

5

Which node represents the most recent common ancestor of the coelocanth and lungfish?

5

If a sample of 36 measurements has a variance of 25, what is the standard error?

5/6

In beavers, having tail spots is an autosomal recessive trait. An individual who is homozygous for the tail spot trait is mated with an individual who is heterozygous. What percentage of their offspring will have tail spots? The Punnett square below is based on this cross.

50%

What is the relationship between the birds and the owls?

competition

If you were to do a χ2 test on the data, what would the expected value be for the individuals with white fur and blue eyes?

9.375

What is the relationship between the rabbit and the grasses?

consumption

What type of data is analyzed using a chi-squared ( χ2 ) test?

counts

The value (sum of all measurements/total number of measurements) for a sample is known as the ___.

mean

The arrow on the diagram is pointing to ____.

a node

If you were going to perform an experiment in which you compare the average leg length of two different spider populations, which of these would NOT reduce systematic error?

Having Sam measure one population and Andrea measure the other.

Which of the following is true because of the fact that only about 10% of food is used to make more biomass?

High trophic level organisms are usually uncommon

Which of the following will result in adaptive evolution?

Natural selection

A man with hemophilia (an X-linked, recessive blood disorder), has children with a non-hemophiliac woman (also not carrying the allele for hemophilia). What is the probability that they will have a daughter that has hemophilia?

0%

You are studying the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in a population of Drosophila. The allele frequency of the fast allele is 0.3 and the allele frequency of the slow allele is 0.7. Assuming the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes in the population?

0.42

What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 assuming independent assortment?

9:3:3:1

You are tracking bull sharks and want to investigate how their swimming speed changes based on their body sizes. Considering what your independent and dependent variables are, which of the following graphs would be appropriate

A line graph showing the relationship between swimming speed and body size

When a scientist refers to a model organism, they are referring to ________________________.

A representative organism that can be used to study a broad biological topic and is easy to keep in a lab and work on.

Which of the following studies cannot be considered scientific?

A study to prove that all birds fly

A student decides for her home science experiment to test at what temperature a pot of water boils. She does 5 trials for this experiment and measures the temperature of the water when it starts boiling as 100ºC, 102ºC, 99ºC, 100ºC, 101ºC. Given water boils at 100ºC, these data are:

Accurate and precise

Which of the following is not likely to have an effect on the abundance of wolves in Yellowstone National Forest?

All of the choices likely affect wolf abundance

Imagine you are a botanist that has been hired by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct an environmental assessment on invasive plants in Tallahassee. Your goal is to collect data on the amount of Colocasia esculenta, an invasive plant in wetlands, in Leon County, Wakulla County, Franklin County, and Jefferson County. What would be the best graph to display this data?

Bar Graph

The allele for white hair in mice is autosomal recessive (b), while the allele for black hair is autosomal dominant (B). A white, female mouse mates with a black, male mouse. If the offspring are half black and half white, what are the possible genotypes for the black, male mouse?

Bb only

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes

Herbivory and predation are both examples of which type of ecological interaction?

Consumption

You are attempting to construct a phylogeny of lizards found in a north Florida marsh. You collect and score 23 lizards for multiple traits but you are having trouble differentiating between 3 lizards based on the trait: long claws. After using molecular data to generate a phylogeny, you discover that these 3 lizards are not closely related. What interpretation can you make based on these observations?

Convergent evolution has occurred because these organisms live in a similar environment.

Lionfish have no natural predators on Florida coral reefs and the local fish populations easily fall subject to predation by the lionfish. The lionfish's favorite food source seems to be young yellowtail snapper on these reefs. Researchers saw that there was an increase in the number of invasive lionfish on the coral reefs over the course of their study. With this increase in invasive predators on the native yellowtail snapper, it was observed that the species abundance of the yellowtail snapper was ___________ due to the influence of a(n) _____________ interaction.

Decreasing; Consumption

You are conducting a study to see if there's a difference between the heights of longleaf pine trees in two different Tallahassee forests. After conducting your experiment, collecting your data, and analyzing the data using a t-test, you get the following results: t4 = 0.1141, p = 0.9146. How would you interpret these results about the heights of longleaf pine trees in the two different forests?

Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is not a significant difference between the heights of longleaf pine trees in the two forests.

Select the process of evolution in which individuals migrate from one population to another, resulting in the change of allele frequencies.

Gene flow

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the phylogeny below? I. The sister taxon to hippo is whale. II. The sister taxon to hippo is pig. III. A hippo is more closely related to a whale than it is to a pig. IV. A pig is more closely related to a hippo than it is to a peccary.

I and lll

A researcher compared the influence of low and high protein diets on the regeneration of lizard tails over the course of six weeks. The researcher hypothesized that the high protein diet would increase the rate of tail regeneration. The researcher found that the average regeneration amount in the high protein diet treatment was higher than the regeneration amount in the low protein diet treatment treatment: T = 5.21 and P = .0003. Which of the following is an appropriate inference for the researcher to make from their experiment?

Injured lizards may be more likely to consume crickets than ants due to the high protein content of crickets.

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a community-level interaction in ecology?

Male elk competition to impress female elk

The peppered moth typically had a light coloration with black speckling which helped with blending into the lichen covered trees where they rest. In Britain, the Industrial Revolution released large amounts of dark smoke and soot which would settle on the trees in the surrounding area. Over time, the numbers of the light-colored moths drastically decreased while the darker ones flourished. This is a classic example of _________.

Natural selection

Which statement best describes the evolution of pesticide resistance in a population of insects?

Offspring of insects that are genetically resistant to the pesticide become more abundant as the susceptible insects die off

Which of the following is correct regarding species abundance and relative species abundance?

Species abundance describes the number of organisms of one species in a geographic area while relative species abundance is how common or rare one species is relative to other species in a community

Which statement below is an accurate representation of figure 2 from Fogarty et al. (2020)? Click the magnifying glass to open the picture.

Spring surface air temperature increased and spring precipitation decreased from 1970 to 2010

In a marine food web, there is far more total biomass in algae than in all the killer whales. Why is this so?

There needs to be a lot of algae to support a food web with a killer whale

Why would ecologists or conservation biologists study species abundances?

To learn how the physical environment affects the presence of a species, To learn how the presence of human populations affect the presence or absence of a species, To determine how future modifications to an ecosystem might affect its inhabitants

A scientist measured the height (in cm) of 100 trees found in two types of forests (tropical and temperate) and got the following results: Tropical forest: average=216.78 cm and SD=70.47 cmTemperate forest: average=174.22 cm and SD=41.86 cm Which group has a higher variance?

Tropical forest

Which of the following is a testable question?

Were horror movies more profitable than comedies in the 1990s?

Which of the following is true about variance and standard deviation?

When variance is low, standard deviation is low

You are a husky breeder and are interested in breeding huskies to produce blue-eyed individuals. You mate a blue-eyed male husky with a brown-eyed female husky and find that all of their puppies have brown eyes. You then mate these puppies, one male and one female both with brown eyes, and find that all the new female puppies are brown eyed, and half the male puppies have brown eyes and half of the male puppies have blue eyes. Using Punnett squares, what is the mode of inheritance of the blue eye trait in huskies? You may use scrap paper for this question.

X-linked recessive

What is the difference between an allele and a gene (locus)?

an allele is a particular version of a gene

Based on what you know, what kind of cross is being done here?

autosomal dihybrid cross

The rest of the questions are based on the following scenario: You have guinea pigs from two pure breeding lines. One line has black fur and red eyes and the other line has white fur and blue eyes. When you cross them, all the F1 guinea pigs have black fur and blue eyes. When you cross the F1s to one another, you get a total of 50 F2 offspring. There are 31 with black fur and red eyes, 15 with white fur and blue eyes, 2 with white fur and red eyes, and 2 with black fur and blue eyes. There are approximately equal numbers of males and females in each phenotypic category. Which alleles are dominant?

black, blue

A scientists adds fertilizer to the soil in a grassland and measures a change in the insects feeding on the plants. This change is an example of which of the following?

bottom up control

The study of species diversity and the role of interactions among species in influencing diversity is known as ___.

community ecology

A scientist wants to test the idea that temperature affects the rate at which crickets 'sing' (technically called stridulation). She places crickets in different temperatures and records the singing rate. The singing rate is the ___.

dependent variable

A cell in an embryo that still resembles the original cells of that embryo but will eventually form the spinal cord is ___.

determined only

Hox genes play an important role in _____________ development and contribute to ____________.

embryonic, differentiation

Sally breeds dogs and wants to give them shinier coats. She collects 10 male Golden retrievers and feeds half of them a low-fat diet and other half, a high-fat diet for a month. She uses a shiny-meter to measure the shininess of retrievers in both groups. The null hypothesis is that the diet has no association with coat shininess. Her p-value is 0.075. Which of the following is true?

fail to reject the null hypothesis

Why is a food web a more accurate representation of a community than a food chain?

food webs can show that species can occur at multiple trophic levels

Which evolutionary force is most powerful in small populations?

genetic drift

The use of DNA sequences to estimate phylogenies is based on the idea that DNA sequences in different taxa can be ___.

homologous

The proposal that singing rate depends on temperature is the ___

hypothesis

Two flies that are both homozygous for the fast allele of alcohol dehydrogenase are mated (neither has mated previously). They have many homozygous fast offspring and one offspring that is a heterozygote. What evolutionary force is responsible for this result?

mutation

The temperature to which crickets are exposed is the ___.

independent variable

A measurement that is highly precise has which of the following characteristics?

it is highly repeatable

A measurement that is highly accurate has which of the following characteristics?

it is very close to the 'true' value

Which one of the following phylogenetic trees is most likely based on the gain or loss of traits through evolutionary history (the numbers of the phylogenetic trees are in the bottom right of each image)?

lV

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE based on the figure below? I. Starfish arm regeneration does not occur in bays II. 45% of the population sampled had 1 or more arms regenerating III.Starfish do naturally regenerate their arms in bays IV. Only starfish with 3 regenerating arms were used in the experiment

ll and lll

Cellular development is a process that is often divided into two parts: cell determination and cell differentiation. Which of the following is not true about how cell determination and differentiation are related to cellular development?

mutations never happen in genes that control cell determination or differentiation

Sea anemones contain a venom that is used to sting and paralyze their prey. Clownfish have an enzyme in their scales that makes them immune to the venom. This allows them to live in the sea anemone without being harmed. Clownfish in anemones suffer lower rates of predation than clownfish without anemones. Anemones are protected by their clownfish and experience increased nutrient availability and oxygenation. What kind of a relationship is this?

mutualism

A large sample of flies from the population in question 2 is moved to a new habitat. There are no flies existing there. There is a lot more fermenting fruit (and thus alcohol) in this environment compared to the original environment. Over 10 generations, the frequency of the fast allele increases from 0.3 to 0.6. What evolutionary force is responsible for this result?

natural selection

Girardia tigrina (formerly Dugesia tigrina) have an abundance of ________________ allowing them to regenerate body parts

neoblasts

A succulent plant is grown in a low light situation so that it is very tall. pale, and has few leaves compared to its siblings grown in full sun. Is this an evolutionary change or not, and why?

not evolution because no genetic changes, not evolution because phenotypic change

What does the law of segregation state?

only one allele per locus is present in each gamete

Why is the combination of DNA data and parsimony so powerful?

parsimony maps the evolution of each base in the sequence so there are a huge number of characters

A community is a group of __________________ of different species that all occur in the same area.

population

A team of researchers tracked the abundance and size classes of a group of gopher frogs (Rana capito) at a single wetland in South Georgia over the course of 10 years to better understand their ecological dynamics. This is an example of what level of ecological study?

population

A species interaction in which on species benefits and another species does worse than it would if it was alone is known as ___

prediction

Organisms that feed upon plants are known as ___

primary consumers

The production of a new structure, following the removal of an existing structure, in an adult animal is known as ___.

regeneration

Beth conducts a pollination experiment testing the types of pollinators that visit a set of flowers. She hypothesizes that bees will be attracted to yellow flowers 75% of the time, and white flowers 25% of the time. She runs a chi-squared test which returns a p-value of <0.0001. How should this value be interpreted with respect to the null hypothesis, and the validity of her model?

reject the null; the model is not supported

A researcher is trying to determine the mode of inheritance for large size in sailfin mollies. She mates large and small individuals together and compares the number of large and small offspring observed and expected using a Chi-Square test. The following chart shows the calculated Chi-Square Value for each of the hypotheses: Which of the four hypotheses is correct for the mode of inheritance of size in sailfin mollies with an alpha of 0.05?

sex linked, large size dominant

Which of the following is NOT the cause of problems when using morphological characteristics to construct a phylogeny?

slow gradual change in traits over time

If you do a t-test and you get p<0.04, what does the value mean?

the probability that the two populations have the same mean is less than 4%

Why is it important to use individuals from pure breeding lines to start crosses?

to ensure the individuals are homozygous

For evolution to occur, a trait must be _____________ and __________.

variable, heritable

You decide you want to know the average weight of FSU freshmen. You measure five males and five females, all from separate classes. After collecting the data, you proudly give it to your professor who said your study is flawed. What could be the source of your mistake?

your sample size is too low which makes your data subject to random error