Biology 2e All Terms

Each carbon molecule can bond with as many as __________ other atom(s) or molecule(s).

4

If xenon has an atomic number of 54 and a mass number of 108, how many neutrons does it have?

54

Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called __________.

Isotopes

In any given species, there are at least how many types of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases? a. 20 b. 40 c. 100 d. 200

a. 20

In which direction does DNA replication take place? a. 5'-3' b. 3'-5' c. 5' d. 3'

a. 5'-3'

Which of the following analogies best describe the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding? a. A hug between two people b. A key fitting into a lock c. A square peg fitting through the square hole and a round peg fitting through the round hole of a children's toy d. The fitting together of two jigsaw puzzle pieces.

a. A hug between two people

The primary elements forming biomolecules include a. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen b. Nitrogen, Potassium and Lithium c. Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Silicon d. Calcium, Chlorine and Boron

a. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

At which of the cell cycle checkpoints do external forces have the greatest influence? a. G1 checkpoint b. G2 checkpoint c. M checkpoint d. G0 checkpoint

a. G1 checkpoint

During anaphase-I of meiosis: a. Homologous chromosomes separate b. Non-homologous autosomes separate c. Sister chromatids separate d. Non-sister chromatids separate

a. Homologous chromosomes separate

The genotype XXY corresponds to: a. Klinefelter syndrome b. Turner syndrome c. Triplo-X d. Jacob syndrome

a. Klinefelter syndrome

What problem is faced by organisms that live in fresh water? a. Their bodies tend to take in too much water. b. They have no way of controlling their tonicity. c. Only salt water poses problems for animals that live in it. d. Their bodies tend to lose too much water to their environment.

a. Their bodies tend to take in too much water.

Bacteria that lack fimbriae are less likely to __________. a. adhere to cell surfaces b. swim through bodily fluids c. synthesize proteins d. retain the ability to divide

a. adhere to cell surfaces

Mendel performed hybridizations by transferring pollen from the __________ of the male plant to the female ova. a. anther b. pistil c. stigma d. seed

a. anther

By definition, a pericentric inversion includes the ___________. a. centromere b. chiasma c. telomere d. synapse

a. centromere

Genomics can be used on a personal level to: a. decrease transplant rejection b. Predict genetic diseases that a person may have inherited c. Determine the risks of genetic diseases for an individual's children d. All the above

a. decrease transplant rejection

Which of the following does not require energy? a. diffusion b. endocytosis c. active transport d. sodium-potassium pump

a. diffusion

In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize ATP via the process of glycolysis. Many cells also can metabolize pyruvate if oxygen is not present, via the process of: a. fermentation b. aerobic respiration c. oxidative phosphorylation d. electron transport e. photophosphorylation

a. fermentation

Individual genetic maps in a given species are: a. genetically similar b. genetically identical c. genetically dissimilar d. not useful in species analysis

a. genetically similar

During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place? a. hydrolysis b. dehydration c. condensation d. covalent bond

a. hydrolysis

What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes? a. identification of the cell b. flexibility of the membrane c. strengthening the membrane d. channels through membrane

a. identification of the cell

What processing step enhances the stability of pre-tRNAs and pre-rRNAs? a. methylation b. nucleotide modification c. cleavage d. splicing

a. methylation

Most ATP in eukaryotic cells is produced in the: a. mitochondria b. nucleus c. cytoplasm d. rough endoplasmic reticulum e. peroxisome

a. mitochondria

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system? a. mitochondrion b. Golgi apparatus c. endoplasmic reticulum d. lysosome

a. mitochondrion

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ___________. a. phenotype b. genotype c. alleles d. zygote

a. phenotype

Complete the following sentences: "Proto-oncogenes are __________ regulators of cell-cycle, whose __________ mutation is a cause of cancer. Tumor suppressors are __________ regulators of cell cycle, whose __________ mutation is a cause of cancer." a. positive, gain-of-function, negative, loss-of-function b. positive, gain-of-function, positive, gain-of-function c. positive, loss-of-function, negative, gain-of-function d. negative, gain-of-function, positive, loss-of-function e. negative, loss-of-function, positive, gain-of-function

a. positive, gain-of-function, negative, loss-of-function

Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure? a. protein b. cholesterol c. carbohydrate d. phospholipid

a. protein

Post-translational modifications of proteins can affect which of the following? a. protein function b. transcriptional regulation c. chromatin modification d. all of the above

a. protein function

Which of the following is not a functional group that can bond with carbon? a. sodium b. hydroxyl c. phosphate d. carbonyl

a. sodium

A diploid, multicellular life-cycle stage that gives rise to haploid cells by meiosis is called a _____________. a. sporophyte b. gametophyte c. spore d. gamete

a. sporophyte

Which of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy? a. sucrose b. ATP c. glucose d. ADP

a. sucrose

What are epigenetic modifications? a. the addition of reversible changes to histone proteins and DNA b. the removal of nucleosomes from the DNA c. the addition of more nucleosomes to the DNA d. mutation of the DNA sequence

a. the addition of reversible changes to histone proteins and DNA

Phospholipids are important components of __________. a. the plasma membrane of animal cells b. the ring structure of steroids c. the waxy covering on leaves d. the double bond in hydrocarbon chains

a. the plasma membrane of animal cells

The chain termination method of sequencing: a. uses labeled ddNTPs b. uses only dideoxynucleotides c. uses only deoxynucleotides d. uses labeled dNTPs

a. uses labeled ddNTPs

In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by __________. a. vacuoles b. peroxisomes c. ribosomes d. nuclei

a. vacuoles

Match the different levels of protein organization with their definition. Levels of organization:1. Primary structure2. Secondary structure3. Tertiary structure4. Quaternary structure Definitions:A. Linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chainB. Three-dimensional structure of a polypeptideC. Highly regular local sub-structures such as α-helix and β-pleated sheet structuresD. Three-dimensional structure of a multi-subunit protein Select one: a. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A b. 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D c. 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C d. 1-A, 2-B, 3-D, 4-C e. 1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B

b. 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D

Imagine you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden pea plants. What F1 offspring would you expect if you cross true-breeding parents with green seeds and yellow seeds? Yellow seed color is dominant over green. a. 100 percent yellow-green seeds b. 100 percent yellow seeds c. 50 percent yellow, 50 percent green seeds d. 25 percent green, 75 percent yellow seeds

b. 100 percent yellow seeds

Which of the following statements is true? a. Acids and bases cannot mix together. b. Acids and bases will neutralize each other. c. Acids, but not bases, can change the pH of a solution. d. Acids donate hydroxide ions (OH-); bases donate hydrogen ions (H+).

b. Acids and bases will neutralize each other.

The initial mechanism for repairing nucleotide errors in DNA is __________. a. mismatch repair b. DNA polymerase proofreading c. nucleotide excision repair d. thymine dimers

b. DNA polymerase proofreading

Why are ion channels necessary to transport ions into or out of a cell? a. Ions are too large to diffuse through the membrane. b. Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. c. Ions do not need ion channels to move through the membrane. d. Ions bind to carrier proteins in the bloodstream, which must be removed before transport into the cell.

b. Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.

Which of the following is true regarding a transmembrane receptor? a. It has exclusively hydrophilic regions b. It has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions and the ligand binds on the hydrophilic regions c. It has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions and the ligand binds on the hydrophobic regions d. It has exclusively hydrophobic regions

b. It has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions and the ligand binds on the hydrophilic regions

What is the mitotic spindle made of? a. Mitosis b. Microtubules c. Chromosomes d. The nuclear envelope e. Chiasmata

b. Microtubules

Which of the following does the enzyme primase synthesize? a. DNA primer b. RNA primer c. Okazaki fragments d. phosphodiester linkage

b. RNA primer

Chromosomes are duplicated during what stage of the cell cycle? a. G1 phase b. S phase c. prophase d. prometaphase

b. S phase

Which feature of promoters can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. GC box b. TATA box c. octamer box d. -10 and -35 sequences

b. TATA box

What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from entering the cell? a. The molecules bind to the extracellular domain. b. The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane. c. The molecules are attached to transport proteins that deliver them through the bloodstream to target cells. d. The ligands are able to penetrate the membrane and directly influence gene expression upon receptor binding.

b. The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.

What is a biomarker? a. the color coding of different genes b. a protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state c. a molecule in the genome or proteome d. a marker that is genetically inherited

b. a protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state

The __________ is the basic unit of life. a. organism b. cell c. tissue d. organ

b. cell

Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance? a. starch b. cellulose c. glycogen d. lactose

b. cellulose

The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure? a. centromere b. centrosome c. kinetochore d. cleavage furrow

b. centrosome

Genetic recombination occurs by which process? a. independent assortment b. crossing over c. chromosome segregation d. sister chromatids

b. crossing over

As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances a. always remains greater inside a membrane b. eventually becomes balanced on both sides of a membrane c. always remains greater outside of a membrane d. becomes imbalanced on both sides of a membrane

b. eventually becomes balanced on both sides of a membrane

An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited __________. a. cells. b. genes. c. proteins. d. chromatids.

b. genes.

Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a __________ bond between glucose and __________. a. glycosidic; lactose b. glycosidic; galactose c. hydrogen; sucrose d. hydrogen; fructose

b. glycosidic; galactose

Fungi typically display which type of life cycle? a. diploid-dominant b. haploid-dominant c. alternation of generations d. asexual

b. haploid-dominant

Where are nonpolar amino acids of a protein more likely to be found? Check all that apply. a. on the surface of soluble proteins b. in the interior of soluble proteins c. on the surface of cell membrane d. embedded in cell membrane

b. in the interior of soluble proteins d. embedded in cell membrane

What will result from the binding of a transcription factor to an enhancer region? a. decreased transcription of an adjacent gene b. increased transcription of a distant gene c. alteration of the translation of an adjacent gene d. initiation of the recruitment of RNA polymerase

b. increased transcription of a distant gene

GMOs are created by __________. a. generating genomic DNA fragments with restriction endonucleases b. introducing recombinant DNA into an organism by any means c. overexpressing proteins in E. coli. d. all of the above

b. introducing recombinant DNA into an organism by any means

Which of the following have the ability to disassemble and reform quickly? a. microfilaments and intermediate filaments b. microfilaments and microtubules c. intermediate filaments and microtubules d. only intermediate filaments

b. microfilaments and microtubules

The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign particle is known as: a. endosymbiosis b. phagocytosis c. hydrolysis d. membrane synthesis

b. phagocytosis

Which transport mechanism can bring whole cells into a cell? a. pinocytosis b. phagocytosis c. facilitated transport d. primary active transport

b. phagocytosis

Phenotype refers to an organism's: a. genetic code b. physical appearance c. ratio d. parents

b. physical appearance

What transcripts will be most affected by low levels of α-amanitin? a. 18S and 28S rRNAs b. pre-mRNAs c. 5S rRNAs and tRNAs d. other small nuclear RNAs

b. pre-mRNAs

Peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is: a. used in their detoxification reactions b. produced during their oxidation reactions c. incorporated into their membranes d. a cofactor for the organelles' enzymes

b. produced during their oxidation reactions

The forked line and probability methods make use of what probability rule? a. test cross b. product rule c. monohybrid rule d. sum rule

b. product rule

Post-translational control refers to: a. regulation of gene expression after transcription b. regulation of gene expression after translation c. control of epigenetic activation d. period between transcription and translation

b. regulation of gene expression after translation

If glucose is absent, but so is lactose, the lac operon will be __________. a. activated b. repressed c. activated, but only partially d. mutated

b. repressed

Which is one of the seven characteristics that Mendel observed in pea plants? a. flower size b. seed texture c. leaf shape d. stem color

b. seed texture

Meselson and Stahl's experiments proved that DNA replicates by which mode? a. conservative b. semi-conservative c. dispersive d. none of the above

b. semi-conservative

What structure is most important in forming the tetrads? a. centromere b. synaptonemal complex c. chiasma d. kinetochore

b. synaptonemal complex

The plasma membrane of a cell consists of a. protein molecules arranged in two layers with polar areas forming the outside of the membrane. b. two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming the interior of the membrane. c. lipid molecules positioned between two carbohydrate layers. d. protein molecules with polar and nonpolar tails.

b. two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming the interior of the membrane.

A molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions in a solution is called a(n) __________.

base

If DNA of a particular species was analyzed and it was found that it contains 27 percent A, what would be the percentage of C? a. 27 percent b. 30 percent c. 23 percent d. 54 percent

c. 23 percent

If the sequence of the 5'-3' strand is AATGCTAC, then the complementary sequence has the following sequence: a. 3'-AATGCTAC-5' b. 3'-CATCGTAA-5' c. 3'-TTACGATG-5' d. 3'-GTAGCATT-5'

c. 3'-TTACGATG-5'

How many nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons? a. 12 b. 24 c. 36 d. 48

c. 36

Rank the following levels of organization from smaller to larger scale. 1. Macromolecule 2. Organelle 3. Cell 4. Organism 5. Atom 6. Molecule 7. Tissue 8. Organ a. 6, 5, 1, 2, 7, 3, 8 b. 1, 6, 5, 2, 3, 8, 7, 4 c. 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 4, d. 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 8, 7, 4 e. 2, 3, 4, 1, 6, 5, 7, 8,

c. 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 4,

Which sequence of events leads to protein secretion? Events: 1. Glycosylation and tagging in Golgi apparatus. 2. Folding and glycosylation in rough endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Fusion of secretory vesicles with plasma membrane and release of secreted proteins. 4. Translocation into rough endoplasmic reticulum. 5. Transfer from rough endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus in transport vesicles. 6. Export from Golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles. 7. Synthesis by ribosomes. Select one: a. 4, 7, 1, 5, 3, 2, 6 b. 2, 7, 3, 5, 4, 1, 6 c. 7, 4, 2, 5, 1, 6, 3 d. 2, 3, 6, 7, 4, 5, 1 e. 2, 5, 3, 7, 6, 4, 1

c. 7, 4, 2, 5, 1, 6, 3

An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following? a. Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, increasing its affinity for substrate binding b. Binds to the active site and blocks it from binding substrate c. Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate d. Binds directly to the active site and mimics the substrate

c. Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate

During proofreading, which of the following enzymes reads the DNA? a. primase b. topoisomerase c. DNA pol d. helicase

c. DNA pol

Which of the following molecules can pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion? Check all that apply. a. Simple sugars b. Sodium ions c. Fat-soluble drugs d. Dioxygen e. Fat-soluble vitamins

c. Fat-soluble drugs d. Dioxygen e. Fat-soluble vitamins

__________ are changes to the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. a. Proto-oncogenes b. Tumor suppressor genes c. Gene mutations d. Negative regulators

c. Gene mutations

Which product should be added to balance the following chemical equation? glucose + fructose → sucrose + __________ a. OH- b. H+ c. H2O d. O2 e. sucrose

c. H2O

In what important way does receptor-mediated endocytosis differ from phagocytosis? a. It transports only small amounts of fluid. b. It does not involve the pinching off of membrane. c. It brings in only a specifically targeted substance. d. It brings substances into the cell, while phagocytosis removes substances.

c. It brings in only a specifically targeted substance.

What happens to the membrane of a vesicle after exocytosis? a. It leaves the cell. b. It is disassembled by the cell. c. It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane. d. It is used again in another exocytosis event.

c. It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.

The binding of __________ is required for transcription to start. a. a protein b. DNA polymerase c. RNA polymerase d. a transcription factor

c. RNA polymerase

What property enables the residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine to be phosphorylated? Select one: a. They are polar. b. They are non-polar. c. They contain a hydroxyl group. d. They occur more frequently in the amino acid sequence of signaling proteins.

c. They contain a hydroxyl group.

Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? a. a cell that secretes enzymes b. a cell that destroys pathogens c. a cell that makes steroid hormones d. a cell that engages in photosynthesis

c. a cell that makes steroid hormones

What is the main prerequisite for clearance at the G2 checkpoint? a. cell has reached a sufficient size b. an adequate stockpile of nucleotides c. accurate and complete DNA replication d. proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores

c. accurate and complete DNA replication

Complete the following sentence: "A competitive inhibitor competes with substrate binding to the __________ site, generally by also binding to this site; its effect on reaction rate becomes neglectable when the concentration of __________ is sufficiently high compared to the concentration of __________." a. active, inhibitor, substrate b. active, substrate, product c. active, substrate, inhibitor d. allosteric, inhibitor, substrate e. allosteric, substrate, inhibitor

c. active, substrate, inhibitor

How does the sodium-potassium pump make the interior of the cell negatively charged? a. by expelling anions b. by pulling in anions c. by expelling more cations than are taken in d. by taking in and expelling an equal number of cations

c. by expelling more cations than are taken in

Which of the following cell parts is described as a "fluid mosaic"? a. chloroplast b. vacuole c. cell membrane d. endoplasmic reticulum

c. cell membrane

The principal force driving movement in diffusion is the __________. a. temperature b. particle size c. concentration gradient d. membrane surface area

c. concentration gradient

A nucleotide of DNA may contain ________. a. ribose, uracil, and a phosphate group b. deoxyribose, uracil, and a phosphate group c. deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group d. ribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

c. deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

Facilitated diffusion ____ require energy and uses the help of ______ a. does, transport proteins b. does, cytoplasm c. does not, transport proteins d. does not, sodium pumps

c. does not, transport proteins

In each case where Mendel crossed true breeding plants as parents, the offspring displayed only one of the two traits seen in the parents. This observation supports which principle of genetics? a. segregation b. independent assortment c. dominance and recessiveness d. allele frequency

c. dominance and recessiveness

The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is an example of __________. a. autocrine signaling b. paracrine signaling c. endocrine signaling d. direct signaling across gap junctions

c. endocrine signaling

Meiosis produces _____________ daughter cells. a. two haploid b. two diploid c. four haploid d. four diploid

c. four haploid

Water moves via osmosis __________. a. throughout the cytoplasm b. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one c. from an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration d. from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration

c. from an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration

Which is a monosaccharide? a. sucrose b. maltose c. glucose d. starch e. cellulose

c. glucose

A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ___________ for that trait. a. heterozygous b. homozygous or heterozygous c. homozygous d. diploid

c. homozygous

Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the following instances: i. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end, ii. the moment that it is in the middle between the two ends, iii. just before it reaches the end of one cycle (just before instant i.). a. i. potential and kinetic, ii. potential and kinetic, iii. kinetic b. i. potential, ii. potential and kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic c. i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic d. i. potential and kinetic, ii. kinetic iii. kinetic

c. i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic

The key components of desmosomes are cadherins and __________. a. actin b. microfilaments c. intermediate filaments d. microtubules

c. intermediate filaments

Transport proteins that allow ions to pass through the cell membrane are called a. receptor proteins b. marker proteins c. ion channels d. None of the above

c. ion channels

Because carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level a. it can form bonds with carbon atoms only b. these atoms are naturally chemically stable c. it can react with up to four other atoms to form covalent bonds d. it cannot react with anything other than organic molecules

c. it can react with up to four other atoms to form covalent bonds

Which eukaryotic cell cycle event is missing in binary fission? a. cell growth b. DNA duplication c. karyokinesis d. cytokinesis

c. karyokinesis

Assume a pericentric inversion occurred in one of two homologs prior to meiosis. The other homolog remains normal. During meiosis, what structure—if any—would these homologs assume in order to pair accurately along their lengths? a. V formation b. cruciform c. loop d. pairing would not be possible

c. loop

The RNA components of ribosomes are synthesized in the __________. a. cytoplasm b. nucleus c. nucleolus d. endoplasmic reticulum

c. nucleolus

Gene therapy can be used to introduce foreign DNA into cells __________. a. for molecular cloning b. by PCR c. of tissues to cure inheritable disease d. all of the above

c. of tissues to cure inheritable disease

Cancer causing genes are called __________. a. transformation genes b. tumor suppressor genes c. oncogenes d. mutated genes

c. oncogenes

Targeted therapies are used in patients with a set gene expression pattern. A targeted therapy that prevents the activation of the estrogen receptor in breast cancer would be beneficial to which type of patient? a. patients who express the EGFR receptor in normal cells b. patients with a mutation that inactivates the estrogen receptor c. patients with lots of the estrogen receptor expressed in their tumor d. patients that have no estrogen receptor expressed in their tumor

c. patients with lots of the estrogen receptor expressed in their tumor

Which of the following are found only in plant cells? a. gap junctions b. desmosomes c. plasmodesmata d. tight junctions

c. plasmodesmata

The high concentration of protons in the inner mitochondrial space relative to the mitochondrial matrix represent a. magnetic energy b. kinetic energy c. potential energy d. photonic energy e. none of the above

c. potential energy

A gene that codes for a positive cell cycle regulator is called a(n) __________. a. kinase inhibitor. b. tumor suppressor gene. c. proto-oncogene. d. oncogene.

c. proto-oncogene.

Although there are a limited number of amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the a. size of a given amino acid in each protein can vary. b. chemical composition of a given amino acid in each protein can vary. c. sequence and number of amino acids in each protein is different. d. same amino acid can have many different properties.

c. sequence and number of amino acids in each protein is different.

When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, scientists use __________ to distinguish the individual components of cells. a. a beam of electrons b. radioactive isotopes c. special stains d. high temperatures

c. special stains

Which of the following sequences correctly lists in order the steps involved in the incorporation of a proteinaceous molecule within a cell? a. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the Golgi apparatus; packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the vesicle b. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; tagging in the Golgi; packaging in the vesicle; distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum c. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle d. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; packaging in the vesicle; distribution via the Golgi; tagging in the endoplasmic reticulum

c. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle

A diploid cell has __________ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell. a. one-fourth b. half c. twice d. four times

c. twice

Dehydration synthesis leads to formation of: a. monomers b. polymers c. water and polymers d. none of the above

c. water and polymers

How many different offspring genotypes are expected in a trihybrid cross between parents heterozygous for all three traits when the traits behave in a dominant and recessive pattern? How many phenotypes? Select one: a. 64 genotypes; 16 phenotypes b. 16 genotypes; 64 phenotypes c. 8 genotypes; 27 phenotypes d. 27 genotypes; 8 phenotypes

d. 27 genotypes; 8 phenotypes

A diploid organism has 8 chromosomes in G1. How many chromosomes will each of its offspring cells have after meiosis? a. 6 b. 2 c. 16 d. 4 e. 8

d. 4

Which pre-mRNA processing step is important for initiating translation? a. poly-A tail b. RNA editing c. splicing d. 7-methylguanosine cap

d. 7-methylguanosine cap

The following structure is solid at room temp with the maximum amount of hydrogens attached and has no double bonds. What is it? a. An unsaturated fat b. A protein c. A solute d. A saturated fat

d. A saturated fat

Which of the following is true about Buffers? a. Buffers are of relatively little importance in living things b. Buffers are formed when a large number of hydroxide ions are released in a solution c. Buffers are formed when a large number of hydronium ions are released in a solution d. Buffers tend to prevent great fluctuations in pH

d. Buffers tend to prevent great fluctuations in pH

Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false? a. Endergonic reactions have a positive ∆G and exergonic reactions have a negative ∆G b. Endergonic reactions consume energy and exergonic reactions release energy c. Both endergonic and exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy to overcome an activation barrier d. Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly

d. Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly

Fill in the following equation: ATP + ___ → ADP + ___ a. H2O, Pi b. H2O + free energy, Pi c. free energy, Pi + H2O d. H2O, Pi + free energy e. free energy, Pi

d. H2O, Pi + free energy

Cyanide is a poison that binds to the active site of the enzyme cytochrome c and prevents its activity. Cyanide is a(n): a. Prosthetic group b. Cofactor c. Coenzyme d. Inhibitor e. Reverse regulator

d. Inhibitor

Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes? a. They change shape when they bind their substrates b. They can catalyze reactions in both forward and reverse directions c. Their activity is sensitive to changes in temperature d. They are always active on more than one kind of substrate e. They may have more than one binding site

d. They are always active on more than one kind of substrate

Where do DAG and IP3 originate? Select one: a. They are formed by phosphorylation of cAMP. b. They are ligands expressed by signaling cells. c. They are hormones that diffuse through the plasma membrane to stimulate protein production. d. They are the cleavage products of the inositol phospholipid, PIP2

d. They are the cleavage products of the inositol phospholipid, PIP2

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Water is polar. b. Water stabilizes temperature. c. Water is essential for life. d. Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.

d. Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.

Abnormalities in the number of X chromosomes tends to have milder phenotypic effects than the same abnormalities in autosomes because of ___________. a. deletions b. nonhomologous recombination c. synapsis d. X inactivation

d. X inactivation

GPCRs are often referred to as seven-pass transmembrane receptors because they have: a. seven pores that signal molecules can use to pass through the bilayer. b. seven receptors on each side of the lipid bilayer that receive and transmit signals. c. seven different G proteins with which they interact to amplify signals. d. a polypeptide chain that crosses the lipid bilayer seven times.

d. a polypeptide chain that crosses the lipid bilayer seven times.

A protein signature is: a. the path followed by a protein after it is synthesized in the nucleus b. the path followed by a protein in the cytoplasm c. a protein expressed on the cell surface d. a unique set of proteins present in a diseased state

d. a unique set of proteins present in a diseased state

An example of a monosaccharide is __________. Select one: a. fructose b. glucose c. galactose d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Genomics can be used in agriculture to: a. generate new hybrid strains b. improve disease resistance c. improve yield d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Products of glycolysis include: a. pyruvate b. ATP c. NADH d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following are involved in post-transcriptional control? a. control of RNA splicing b. control of RNA shuttling c. control of RNA stability d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following are true of epigenetic changes? a. allow DNA to be transcribed b. move histones to open or close a chromosomal region c. are temporary d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Whole-genome sequencing can be used for advances in: a. the medical field b. agriculture c. biofuels d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which type of life cycle has both a haploid and diploid multicellular stage? a. asexual b. diploid-dominant c. haploid-dominant d. alternation of generations

d. alternation of generations

If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what stage of mitosis will be blocked? a. prophase b. prometaphase c. metaphase d. anaphase

d. anaphase

At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other? a. prophase I b. prophase II c. anaphase I d. anaphase II

d. anaphase II

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the genes in prokaryotic cells are: a. all expressed, all of the time b. transcribed and translated almost simultaneously c. transcriptionally controlled because translation begins before transcription ends d. b and c are both true

d. b and c are both true

Which is not a property of water? a. good solvent for electrolytes b. high specific heat c. adheres to polar compounds d. contracts during freezing

d. contracts during freezing

The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this? a. complementarity b. nonsense codons c. universality d. degeneracy

d. degeneracy

Prokaryotes depend on __________ to obtain some materials and to get rid of wastes. a. ribosomes b. flagella c. cell division d. diffusion

d. diffusion

Active transport must function continuously because __________. a. plasma membranes wear out b. not all membranes are amphiphilic c. facilitated transport opposes active transport d. diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions

d. diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions

Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane? a. its head b. cholesterol c. a saturated fatty acid tail d. double bonds in the fatty acid tail

d. double bonds in the fatty acid tail

Binding of an RNA binding protein will __________ the stability of the RNA molecule. a. increase b. decrease c. neither increase nor decrease d. either increase or decrease

d. either increase or decrease

Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)? a. only the transcriptional level b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels c. epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels d. epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels

d. epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels

Diffusion is the movement of a substance a. only through a lipid bilayer membrane b. from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration c. only in liquids d. from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

d. from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

The first level of DNA organization in a eukaryotic cell is maintained by which molecule? a. cohesin b. condensin c. chromatin d. histone

d. histone

In eukaryotes, what is the DNA wrapped around? a. single-stranded binding proteins b. sliding clamp c. polymerase d. histones

d. histones

Which of the following components is not involved during the formation of the replication fork? a. single-strand binding proteins b. helicase c. origin of replication d. ligase

d. ligase

The building blocks of nucleic acids are __________. a. sugars b. nitrogenous bases c. peptides d. nucleotides

d. nucleotides

Which of the following do not play a role in intracellular movement? a. microfilaments and intermediate filaments b. microfilaments and microtubules c. intermediate filaments and microtubules d. only intermediate filaments

d. only intermediate filaments

Cellulose and starch are examples of: a. monosaccharides b. disaccharides c. lipids d. polysaccharides

d. polysaccharides

The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is: a. primarily stored between the alpha and beta phosphates b. equal to −57 kcal/mol c. harnessed as heat energy by the cell to perform work d. providing energy to coupled reactions

d. providing energy to coupled reactions

The experiments by Hershey and Chase helped confirm that DNA was the hereditary material on the basis of the finding that: a. radioactive phage were found in the pellet b. radioactive cells were found in the supernatant c. radioactive sulfur was found inside the cell d. radioactive phosphorus was found in the cell

d. radioactive phosphorus was found in the cell

Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? a. nucleus b. mitochondrion c. vacuole d. ribosomes

d. ribosomes

Which of the following events does not occur during some stages of interphase? a. DNA duplication b. organelle duplication c. increase in cell size d. separation of sister chromatids

d. separation of sister chromatids

The ends of the linear chromosomes are maintained by: a. helicase b. primase c. DNA pol d. telomerase

d. telomerase

Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers? a. the ribosomes b. the vesicles c. the cytoplasm d. the nucleoplasm

d. the nucleoplasm

Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except: a. they are solid at room temperature b. they have single bonds within the carbon chain c. they are usually obtained from animal sources d. they tend to dissolve in water easily

d. they tend to dissolve in water easily

DNA double helix does not have which of the following? a. antiparallel configuration b. complementary base pairing c. major and minor grooves d. uracil

d. uracil

When acids are added to a solution, the pH should __________.

decrease

Which of the following is NOT a typical event associated with cell signaling? a. Activation of G-proteins by exchanging GTP for GDP b. Production of the second messengers cAMP and IP3 c. Activation of protein kinases d. Release of calcium ions from cell membranes e. Stimulation of apoptosis

e. Stimulation of apoptosis

Complete the following sentence: "When ionic compounds dissociate in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of hydration: __________ are surrounded by the partially negative charge of the water molecule's __________; __________ are surrounded by the partially positive charge of the water molecule's __________. a. cations, hydrogen, anions, oxygen b. anions, oxygen, cations, hydrogen c. elections, oxygen, cations, hydrogen d. protons, oxygen, elections, hydrogen e. cations, oxygen, anions, hydrogen

e. cations, oxygen, anions, hydrogen

Complete the following sentence: "When a base is added to pure water, the pH __________, the concentration of H3O+ ions __________ and the concentration of OH- ions __________." a. increases, decreases, does not change b. increases, does not change, increase c. decreases, increases, decreases d. does not change, increases, increases e. increases, decreases, increases

e. increases, decreases, increases

Complete the following sentence: "The interior of living cells is more __________ than the exterior because more __________ ions are expelled than__________ ions are taken in by the sodium-potassium pump." a. electropositive, Na+, K+ b. electronegative, Na+, H+ c. electronegative, Na+, K+ d. electropositive, Na+, K+

electronegative, Na+, K+ electropositive, Na+, K+

Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?

hydrogen bonds

Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration?

shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron