Biology

What are the different Protein Functions?

Hemoglobin Keratin Collagen Tropomyosin Actin Gelatin Cartilage

What is the ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms in monosaccharides?

1:2:1

What is DNA

A double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule that is capable of replicating and is an organism's genetic material Function: DNA stores genetic information

What is nucleotide?

A molecule that contains a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group

Polar compound

A molecule where one side is positive and the other side is negative

Compare and Contrast polar and nonpolar

A polar molecule is one in which electrons in the bonds are shared unequally. Polar molecules have a partial positive end and a partial negative end. Non-polar molecules do not have partial positive and partial negative ends. Electrons in the bonds are shared evenly.

What is RNA

A single-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule that functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. Function: Plays a key role in manufacturing proteins by translating DNA

What are hydrogen bonds?

A specific type of covalent bonding where the electrons are not shared equally between the two atoms or molecules

Compare and Contrast Acid and Bases

Acids are substances that increase the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution. They have a pH of 0-6.9, with those closer to 0 being stronger acids. Bases are substances that increase the hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration in a solution. They have a pH of 7.1-14, with those closer to 14 being stronger bases.

What combination of nucleotides does RNA contain?

Adenine Cytosine Guanine Uracil

What combination of nucleotides does DNA contain?

Adenine Cytosine Thymine Guanine

What property of water allows it to stick to a dry surface, such as a wooden countertop?

Adhesion

What kinds of substances besides water can be involved in hydrogen bonding?

Any polar molecule, because hydrogen bonds are formed because of a strong attraction between polar molecules.

Why do Saturated Fats stay solid in room temperature?

Because Saturated Fats have single bonds, meaning they are relatively straight molecules

Why are Unsaturated Fats liquid in room temperature?

Because Unsaturated Fats have double bonds, meaning they have a kinky shape

What are Nucleic Acids

Biological molecules consisting of many nucleotide monomers. Serves as a blueprint for proteins, and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activities They carry, translate, and encode genetic information Monomers are nucleotide

What are Proteins?

Biological molecules consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure Monomers are amino acids

What is the key source of energy for a living organism?

Carbohydrates

What property of carbon allows it to form such a variety of different bonds?

Carbons has 4 electrons, meaning it need 4 more electrons to follow to octet rule. Because of this, it is able to share with just about anyone

Polymer

Chains of small monomers

What are Polysaccharides

Chains of three or more monosaccharides. They are complex sugars They are the polymers of monosaccharies linked together by dehydration reactions

Explain why water forms large, round drops as it fall from a faucet with a slow leak?

Cohesion

What type of bond holds a hydrogen and oxygen atoms together in A water molecule?

Covalent Bond

What bond is created when atoms share electrons?

Covalent Bonds

Compare and Contrast the different bond types

Covalent and Ionic bonds are strong bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak. In a covalent bond, electrons are shared. In an ionic bond, one atom donates one or more electrons to another atom. A hydrogen bond is an interaction between two molecules where a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom in another molecule.

What type of carbohydrate is Sucrose?

Disaccharide

What type of bonds do Unsaturated Fat have?

Double Bonds

What are good and bad Cholesterol?

HDL is the good cholesterol that's essential for proper body functioning LDL is the bad cholesterol that contributes to fatty substance build up

How are polypeptide bonds formed?

Forms when a H+ from the amino group joins with the an OH+ from the carboxyl group

What are Macromolecules?

Giant molecules in a living organism formed by monomers

What type of bond holds together a hydrogen and oxygen atoms together from two different water molecules?

Hydrogen Bonds

Which bond is created because of a strong attractive force between polar molecules?

Hydrogen Bonds

Which bond is created when atoms gain or lose electrons?

Ionic bonds

Which bond is usually between a metal and non-metal?

Ionic bonds

What are Phospholipids?

Large lipids that have a nonpolar hydrophobic tail and polar hydrophilic head Function: Making cell membranes Monomers: fatty acids, glycerol, and negatively charged phosphate group

What are Pigments?

Lipids who give other substances or mixtures their colors

What are steroids?

Lipids whose carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings with various chemical groups Example is Cholesterol, which helps make animal cell membranes and needed to produce certain hormones

What is Glucose?

Monosaccharide Function: Energy source for the brain and red blood cells

Compare and Contrast Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides, and Disaccharides

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all classes of carbohydrates. They are different in that monosaccharides contain one ring (actually one hexagon-shaped subunit), disaccharides contain two rings, and polysaccharides contain three or more rings.

What are polypeptides?

Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

What is starch?

Polysaccharide Function: Converts glucose to energy

What is Glycogen?

Polysaccharide Function: Stores energy for long term

What is Cellulose?

Polysaccharide Function: Structural support for plants

What are the different protein structures?

Primary structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure

What are enzymes?

Proteins that serve as biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process

Why are the chemical shapes of saturated and unsaturated fats different?

Saturated fats are made up on single bonds and so are able to stack on top of each other Unsaturated Fats are made up of double bonds and when put together, create a more kinky shape

What are Monosaccharides

Simple sugars with a molecule formula that is generally some multiple of CH20 Monomers of disaccharides and polysaccharides

What type of bonds do Saturated Fats have?

Single Bonds

Monomers

Small molecules that tend to repeat and create bigger molecules; Subunits of Macromolecules

How do proteins fold?

The polar amino acids fold to the outside and the nonpolar amino acids fold to the inside of the protein so they stay away from water

How does water help cells keep an even temperature despite temperature changes in the environment?

Water has a high specific heat, meaning that cells that contain a good amount of water are slow to heat up and slow to cool down

List and explain three unique features of water and why these are important for life

Water has a pH of 7, meaning it is neutral (It is not too acidic or basic for our skin) Water resists changes in temperature, which is important because humans have a large amount of water in their body Water has a high specific heat. Important to life because humans do not do well if heated up too high.

What are Denaturing Proteins

When proteins are put in high heat or an acidic environment, the proteins can start to break down and lose their shape.

What element do all macromolecules and other organic compounds contain?

sugar