Biology ch. 10- 14
True or false: Plasmids are crucial in gene cloning because they can carry almost any gene. If false, make it a correct statement.
True
List three methods of cancer prevention as discussed on page 212 of your textbook.
You can decrease risk of cancer by limiting sun exposure by using sun protection such as clothing, lotion, and hat. Avoiding tobacco smoking, inhaling secondhand smoke can decrease risk of cancer. Also, avoiding alcohol consumption decreases risk of cancer.
The regrowth of a lost body part is referred to
regeneration
--behavioral isolation description
--behavioral isolation description: little or no sexual attraction exists between populations. organisms can recognize potential mates with a particular odor, coloration, or courtship ritual. EX: a species of birds looks for potential mates based on their color of their blue feet in the blue footed booby. The male does a mating dance to show off his blue feet to a potential female mate.
A scientist begins a PCR with 10 picograms of DNA and allows it to go through three cycles. How much DNA, in picograms, does the scientist have at the end of three cycles?
80
List the two types of reproductive barriers.
A) prezygotic barriers B) Postzygotic barriers
List the four bases that can be found in the nucleotides of DNA. In what way are they divided into two groups?
A, C, G, and T. The bases can be divided into thymine and cytosine, which are single-ring structures, and adenine and guanine structures, larger and double-ring structures.
Which organisms share the homologous trait of an amnion? Use this figure to answer the question.
According to the figure, mammals, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, ostriches, hawks, and other birds have the same homologous trait of an amnion.
Complete the Venn diagram that compares sympatric speciation with allopatric speciation.
Allopatric speciation: geographic barrier that isolates two populations of a species, result in mutation, genetic drift, or natural selection Sympatric speciation: no geographic barrier, polyploidy may occur, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection Common: produce new species
_________ is the study of the distribution of organisms both past and present
Biogeography
A group of species descended from a common ancestor is known as a ______.
Clade
What kind of evolution gives rise to analogy?
Convergent evolution
Refer to the following figure to correct the following diagram. RNA → Protein → DNA (see ch. 10 number 1 for picture)
DNA transcribes genetic information from DNA molecule to RNA molecule. RNA travels to the cytoplasm to translate the information from RNA into a Polypeptide, specific amino acid sequence for protein synthesis.
Structures that evolve under a certain set of circumstances but prove useful for a separate function are called
Exaptations
Gametic isolation
Female and male gametes (eggs and sperm) of different species fail to fertilize. EX: male and female sea urchins of many species release eggs and sperm in the ocean. fertilization occurs if a specific species molecule on the surface of the egg and sperm attach to each other.
The frequency of alleles in a population should remain constant unless there are other factors at work. This principle of a nonevolving population is known as the
Hardy-Weinberg principle
A cat's forelimb and a human's forelimb are examples of
Homologous structures
The replacement of a person's disease-causing genes with functioning genes is known as
Human gene therapy
What group of organisms appeared in the cretaceous period?
In the cretaceous period, flowering plants (angiosperms) and dinosaur lineages were in this era but became extinct at the end of the era.
Certain viruses, like HIV, actually contain RNA When a virus of this type takes over a host cell, it makes DNA from its RNA. The viral DNA is then used to make an RNA copy, which is used to make viral proteins. In all cells, the flow of genetic information is from DNA → RNA → Proteins. Explain how this differs from viruses (not considered cells) like HIV.
In virus it differs because once a virus enters a cell plasma membrane, It's RNA is the template for making their own genetic material. The RNA template is sued to make complementary strand of RNA to serve as mRNa for viral protein synthesis and Synthesis for new viral genome RNA. New coat of proteins form around the new viral RNA and leaves the cell. This process may look like RNA-> proteins. It does not include DNA strands only its own RNA strands.
Consider the answer to question 3 when answering this question. Would this be an example of microevolution or macroevolution?
It is an example of macroevolution because it was an extinction of organisms at the end of the cretaceous period. Due to the extinction, there was a change of species. Also, It would be considered macroevolution since it is the appearance of a group of organisms.
A sample of DNA contains 30% adenine. What percentage of guanine does it contain?
It will leave 20% of guanine
Which scientist suggested that the Earth was, in fact, very old and gradually changing?
Lyell
Researchers have identified a series of speciation events that has created a new group of organisms. Which of the following terms best describes what has occurred? A) Macroevolution B) Biogeography C) Microevolution D) Geologic time scale
Macroevolution
temporal description:
Mating or fertilization occurs at different seasons or times of day. EX: western spotted skunks breed in the fall, but eastern skunk species breed in late winter
People usually assume that the human genome is the largest in terms of number of genes. Is this true?
No it is false, according to the chart rice has about 42,000 genes while humans have 21,000 genes.
True or false: DNA profiling relies on matching entire genomes. If false, make it a correct statement.
No. DNA profiling relies on matching DNA fragments to get more accurate results compared to matching entire genomes.
Which of the following taxonomic levels include all of the others? Use Figure 14.22 on page 286 of your textbook.
Order
What percentage of our genome actually contains coding sequences?
Our genome contains about 1 percent of coding sequences, 21,000 coding sequences.
What two limitations did science face with treating diabetes in humans during the late 1970s? Read page 221 in your textbook to identify the answers.
People need insulin and at the time they were only limited from using insulin from cows and pigs. Some people had allergic reactions from pig and cow insulins because their chemical structures differ from human insulin. Also, there was a shortage of cow and pig pancreases.
Overall, a molecule of DNA has a negative charge. Which component of DNA gives it this charge?
Phosphate groups carry negatively charged oxygen molecules in the DNA molecules which give DNA a negative charge.
Which of the following refers to having more than two complete sets of chromosomes?
Polyploid
A research biologist assembles a list of all the proteins produced by a certain spider found in the Amazon. He uses this list to study the interactions of certain proteins of interest. This scientist is using an approach called __
Proteomics
What organelle is directly responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosome
A short sequence of DNA nucleotides that repeats one after the next is known as
STR
Finish this quoted sentence from the section on DNA replication. "DNA replication ensures..."
That all the body cells in a multicellular organism carry the same genetic information.
Use Figure 14.18 from your textbook to answer the following question. What key event allowed for mammals to significantly increase in the number of different species? Approximately when did this occur?
The event that allowed mammals to significantly increase was the extinction of dinosaurs which occurred around 66 million years ago.
A human cell has a mutation in a gene, the effect of which is a lack of certain receptor proteins on the surface of the cell. Would a typical enveloped virus be able to infect that cell? Briefly explain your answer.
The virus will not be able to enter the mutation cell because it would have trouble to attach to the cell due to lack of proteins on the surface.
1. True or false: Two organisms in the same family would definitely be in the same order. If false, please make it a correct statement.
True
What is the relationship between the codon and the anticodon?
Anticodons complement to their corresponding codon. Codon pairs with anticodons, so amino acids are linked to the given codon.
The inactive X chromosome in a human female cell will condense into what structure?
Barr body
why DNA from two different sources can be joined together as long as they were cut with the same restriction enzyme?
DNA ligase recognizes that the two sources of DNA were cut with the same enzyme and joins the fragments.
True or false: Most complex structures evolved suddenly. If false, please make it a correct statement.
False, most complex structures evolve in small steps from simple versions with the same basic function
A gene will have a sequence of DNA in front of it that directs the RNA polymerase where to begin transcription. This sequence of DNA is the
Promoter
Any substance that mutates DNA, which leads to cancer, is known as a(n)
carcinogens
It is possible for mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow to cause microevolution. However, only by a __________ event could they lead to that population of organisms becoming better adapted to their environment.
chance/bottleneck
A _______ is a series of ______ bases that specify an amino acid.
codon, three
The discovery of __________ in 1996 was a key moment in our understanding of feather evolution because it was the first feathered _____to be found.
dinosaur fossil (sinosauropterx), non-avian dinosaur
The mechanism by which cells turn on and off specific genes is known as
gene regulation
Organisms that have received one or more genes through artificial mechanisms are referred to as a
genetically modified organisms (GMO).
Reduced hybrid viability
hybrid zygotes fail die or fail to develop normally before reaching sexual/ reproductive maturity. EX: a closely related salamander species will hybridize, but the offspring will fail to develop normally or die because of genetic incompatibilities.
An enzyme called ____________ converts the DNA message into an RNA message.
mRNA
A _______ is any change in the original sequence of DNA of a cell.
mutation
The source of all genetic diversity is
mutation/ genetic vaariation
A geographic barrier to ________ can give rise to ________ speciation.
reproductive, allopatric
____is the area of biology that focuses on classification and evolutionary relationships
systematics
the science of classifying, identifying, and naming organisms.
taxonomy
Complete the following list that compares transcription to translation. *transcription -cellular location: -description: *translation -cellular location: -descrption:
*transcription -cellular location: nucleus -description: The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA *translation -cellular location: cytoplasm -description: The transfer of information from RNA to a polypeptide
List three concerns that individuals have with GM crops
- Individuals are concerned that GM crops are carrying genes from other species that may harm the environment or be harmful to human health. - Individuals are worried that domestic plants may carry genes that have a resistance to insect pests, herbicides, and diseases. If the wild plants are pollinated with the domestic plants, the off spring may produce "superweed" that is hard to get rid of. - Another concern that individuals have is the use of GM seeds may reduce natural genetic diversity. It will leave many crops to die from the sudden change of the environment or introduce a new pesticide.
Match the following terms with their description: DNA technology, recombinant DNA, genetic engineering, plasmid, biotechnology, DNA cloning - Production of multiple identical copies of a piece of DNA: - A set of techniques for manipulating DNA: - The use of organisms or their products for human purposes: - A round bacterial chromosome: - DNA combined from two different sources: - Purposefully altering genes for human purposes:
- Production of multiple identical copies of a piece of DNA: DNA cloning - A set of techniques for manipulating DNA: DNA technology - The use of organisms or their products for human purposes: biotechnology - A round bacterial chromosome: plasmid - DNA combined from two different sources: recombinant DNA - Purposefully altering genes for human purposes: genetic engineering
Match the following terms to their description: operator, operon, promoter, and repressor. -Genes that serve a related function and the sequences that control them: -Place where RNA polymerase begins transcription: -Protein that blocks the RNA polymerase from binding the DNA: -DNA sequence that determines whether RNA polymerase binds the promoter:
---Genes that serve a related function and the sequences that control them: operon ---Place where RNA polymerase begins transcription: promoter --Protein that blocks the RNA polymerase from binding the DNA: repressor --DNA sequence that determines whether RNA polymerase binds the promoter: operator
Match the description to the molecule(s). Each choice will be used only once. A) DNA B) mRNA C) tRNA D) More than one of the above. E) None of the above. --A molecule of this will always have an equal percentage of A and T, and an equal percentage of C and G: --Has an anticodon and carries an amino acid: --Serves as a messenger for taking genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm: --Is involved in the process of translation: --Is a component of ribosomes:
--A molecule of this will always have an equal percentage of A and T, and an equal percentage of C and G: ___DNA___ --Has an anticodon and carries an amino acid: __trna____ --Serves as a messenger for taking genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm: __mrna___ --Is involved in the process of translation: ____More than one above____ --Is a component of ribosomes: ____None of the above_____
Complete the following table, which compares the methods by which humans manipulate DNA. --Biotechnology descrpition: --DNA technology description: --Genetic engineering description:
--Biotechnology descrpition: Manipulation of organisms genes or components to make useful human products --DNA technology description: Modern lab techniques to study and manipulate genes --Genetic engineering description: Manipulating genes purposely for human purposes.
Complete the list that compares embryonic stem cells to adult stem cells. --embryonic stem cells description: --adult stem cells description:
--embryonic stem cells description: Remove cells from a 7-day old embryo to divide into more cells in lab. They can be used to grow cells to repair injured or diseased organs. ---adult stem cells description: May generate replacements for body cells such as stem cells in bone marrow may create different kinds of blood cells.
Complete the list that compares enhancers to silencers. enhancers description: silencers description:
--enhancers description: helps stimulate the transcription of a gene by binding to transcription factors --DNA sequence that inhibits the start of a gene transcription. they are binding repressors.
Complete the table that illustrates the different mechanisms of evolution --genetic drift description: --gene flow description: --bottleneck effect: --founder effect: --sexual selection:
--genetic drift description: In small populations, a change in gene pool in a population is due to chance. --gene flow description: genetic exchange with another population --bottleneck effect: when the genetic drift has a drastic reduction in population, the population that survives does not genetically represent the original population sufficiently. some alleles are lost. --founder effect: genetic drift results in a new, small population. the gene pool differs from the parent population because a new population is made by a small group of individuals colonizing a new habitat which is only a sample of the gene pool from the larger population. --sexual selection: "evolutionary fitness" organisms with certain traits are more likely to obtain mates than other.
Match the following terms with their proper description: terminator, promoter, RNA polymerase, and elongation. -The RNA strand grows one amino acid at a time: -Creates an RNA copy of a gene: -A sequence of bases that determines the end of the gene: -DNA sequence in front of the gene that determines the start of transcription:
-The RNA strand grows one amino acid at a time: elongation Creates an RNA copy of a gene: RNA polymerase -A sequence of bases that determines the end of the gene: terminator -DNA sequence in front of the gene that determines the start of transcription: promoter
Complete the list that describes bioinformatics and genomics. -bioinformatics: -genomics:
-bioinformatics: A way for scientist to use mathematical methods to organize and analyze large sets of biological data. -genomics: The study of complete sets of genes
Complete the following list, which compares the three basic kinds of RNA involved in translation. -mRNA -tRNA -rRNA
-mRNA: MRNA is the messenger from DNA to RNA. -tRNA: tRNA is the interpreter to translate the genetic message into amino acid language of protein -rRNA: rRna is carries protein synthesis in the ribosome.
Use Figure 10.10 on page 178 of your textbook to answer the following questions 1. How many codons are there in total? 2. How many of the codons actually specify an amino acid? 3. What do the other three codons "specify"? 4. What is special about the codon AUG?
1. How many codons are there in total? :There is 64 codons 2. How many of the codons actually specify an amino acid?:23 codons specify an amino acid. 3. What do the other three codons "specify"? :The other three codons specify stop codons. UAA, UAG, UGA instruct the ribosomes to end the polypeptide 4. What is special about the codon AUG?:AUG provide a signal for the start of a polypeptide chain and provide an amino acid, methionine
1. The meadowlarks in the following figure look very similar and yet they belong to different species. The humans shown in the same figure display a fair amount of diverse features and, yet, they are all members of the same species. Briefly explain why the birds are not members of the same species while the humans belong to the same species. 2. The answer to question forms the basis for the ____________ concept.
1. The birds are not members of the same species because they cannot interbreed and cannot produce fertile offspring. Humans belong to the same species because they can interbreed and successfully produce fertile offspring. 2.Biological species concept
What is meant by the following statement? A population has a "shallow" gene pool.
A population that has a shallow gene pool means that the population have a low diversity in the populations genes and alleles.
A virus in which life cycle can be triggered to enter into the other one? What triggers that event?
A virus can enter a reproductive cycle called the lytic cycle when the virus infects a bacterium. Many copies of the phage are produced and the bacterium breaks open. It can be triggered to enter the lysogenic cycle if DNA replication occurs without phage production and death of the cell.
Match the following terms with their proper description: reverse transcriptase, provirus, prion, and retrovirus. A) A misfolded protein ____________ B) Double-stranded viral RNA that inserts itself into a host cell's DNA _________ C) A molecule that makes DNA from RNA ___________ D) Reverses the flow of genetic information __________
A) A misfolded protein ____ prion ________ B) Double-stranded viral RNA that inserts itself into a host cell's DNA ____ provirus _____ C) A molecule that makes DNA from RNA ____ reverse transcriptase _______ D) Reverses the flow of genetic information ___ retrovirus ________
Match the following terms with their proper description: nucleotide, polynucleotide, sugar-phosphate backbone, DNA, RNA, and DNA polymerase. Some terms are used more than once and some descriptions can have more than one answer. A) Could contain the nitrogenous base thymine: B) The monomers of nucleic acids : C) Forms the covalent bonds between nucleotides : D) Formed by covalent bonds forming between nucleotides : E) A polymer of nucleotides: F) Could contain the nitrogenous base adenine :
A) Could contain the nitrogenous base thymine: nucleotide, DNA, polynucleotide, nucleotide, DNA polymerse B) The monomers of nucleic acids : nucleotides C) Forms the covalent bonds between nucleotides : DNA polymerse D) Formed by covalent bonds forming between nucleotides : sugar phosphate backbone E) A polymer of nucleotides: DNA, RNA F) Could contain the nitrogenous base adenine : nucleotide, DNA, RNA polynucleotide, nucleotide, DNA polymerse
Match the following terms to their descriptions: PCR, thermal cycler, DNA polymerase, primers. A) Machine used to exponentially increase small amounts of DNA: B) The process by which a small sequence of DNA is significantly increased: C) Short sequences of nucleotides that are used to flank the target DNA sequence: D) Molecule that synthesizes DNA from DNA:
A) Machine used to exponentially increase small amounts of DNA: thermal cycler B) The process by which a small sequence of DNA is significantly increased:PCR C) Short sequences of nucleotides that are used to flank the target DNA sequence: Primers D) Molecule that synthesizes DNA from DNA: DNA polymerase
Place the following events of signal transduction in order: Activated protein travels inside the nucleus, a new protein is made, a cell sends a signal molecule, a couple of cytoplasmic proteins relay the message, a receptor in the cell's membrane binds the signal molecule, a gene is turned on.
A) a cell sends a signal molecule B) a receptor in the cell's membrane binds the signal molecule C) a couple of cytoplasmic proteins relay the message, D) a gene is turned on. E) Activated protein travels inside the nucleus, F) a new protein is made
Provide an example of a complex structure that has evolved in numerous small increments.
An example of a complex structure that have evolved in small steps is the eyes. Among molluscs, simple patches of pigmented cells enable limpets. Others have eyecups that have no lenses or ways to focus images but can indicate light direction. Others have a simple pinhole with fuil-filled cavity and a retina. Other advanced eyes found in marine snails have a cornea and a retina. The most complex eyes have a cornea, lens and retina.
Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes are often misunderstood. Briefly describe the relationship between the two. Provide an example to help explain your answer
An oncogene is a tumor gene that can cause cancer. Chromosomes of many animals and humans may have tumor genes that can be converted to oncogene. Growth factors may trigger an oncogene to malfunction and divide excessively in the cell cycle. Proto-oncogene is a normal, healthy gene that can be triggered into an oncogene. Proto-oncogene is triggered by a virus or a mutation of one of its own proto-oncogenes. Different mutations of a gene such as multiple copies of the gene can trigger excessive normal growth stimulating protein.
An oncologist wants to study how gene expression changes in pancreatic cancer cells. What technique might the oncologist use? Briefly explain how that would be of benefit to the oncologist.
An oncologist may study gene expression in pancreatic cancer cells by DNA microarray because they can study many genes all at once. cDNA can indicate which genes are being transcribed compared to other tissues from the pattern of glowing spots.
Describe the primary difference between artificial selection versus natural selection.
Artificial selection is when a certain organism with desirable traits produce offspring to receive offspring that will have those desirable traits that breeders want. Natural selection happens when organisms adapt to an environment with specific conditions and they are more likely able to reproduce successfully without dying off. An organism that cannot adapt to the environment will most likely die off and have a low population.
Why would a bacterium need to regulate the expression of genes that metabolize certain nutrients like lactose?
Bacterium need to regulate the expression of genes that metabolize nutrients because bacteria must regulate their genes in responses to environmental changes. Bacterium conserve resources and energy until it is needed. For instance, when we ingest anything with lactose, the bacteria will be turned on to absorb and digest the sugar. After lactose is gone, the genes will be turned off and the bacterium will not waste energy to produce enzymes to break down lactose.
Evidence suggests that feathers evolved before flight. List a possible function served by feathers prior to their use as an instrument of flight.
Before feathers were used for flight, they were used for insulation, mating displays, thermoregulation, and camouflage.
Briefly explain how the CRISPR-Cas9 system could be used to potentially edit mutant genes that cause disease in humans. Refer to Figure 12.5 on page 221.
Cas9 can identify and cut viral DNA. A new segment from a normal gene can be introduced along with cas9 guide RNA. After cas9 cuts the target DNA and repair enzymes use normal DNA template to repair the cut, they can correct and edit DNA sequence.
List three genetically modified organisms that humans have developed in agriculture.
Corn has been genetically modified to resist attack from corn borer. Modified strawberries produce bacterial proteins to act as an antifreeze to protect themselves from cold weather. Potatoes and rice produce proteins to protect against cholera bacterium
DNA and RNA have three basic differences. Other than their structural difference (double-stranded DNA versus single-stranded RNA), what are their two chemical differences?
DNA consists of thymine as RNA consists of uracil instead. Also, DNA and RNA have a slightly different sugar. DNA has deoxyribose sugar while RNA has ribose sugar.
The analysis of DNA samples to determine if they came from the same person is known as
DNA profiling
The process of determining the entire sequence of a strand of DNA is known as
DNA sequencing
True or false: A retrovirus needs reverse transcriptase to make viral DNA from the host-cell RNA. If false, please make it a correct statement.
False, a retrovirus needs reverse transcriptase to make viral DNA from the viral RNA.
True or false: A codon reads AUA. The anticodon that recognizes it is TAT. If false, make it a correct statement
False, it would be UAU because an anticodon is found on tRNA.
True or false: A jellyfish would likely leave behind a fossil. If false, please make it a correct statement.
False, jellyfish has soft tissue and it will likely decompose and decay quickly. To make a fossil, the animals needs to have hard parts like bones.
True or false: Eukaryotic genes are grouped into operons like in prokaryotes. If false, make it a correct statement.
False, most eukaryotes are not grouped into operons. they have their own promoter and other control sequences.
True or false: Scientists have not manipulated DNA due to moral and ethical concerns. If false, correct the statement.
False, scientist have been manipulating DNA from DNA technology which allows them to manipulate and study genes.
True or false: Geographic isolation always leads to speciation. If false, make it a correct statement.
False, some organisms have different ways of moving and they are able to move across geographic barriers and they can spread their seed or pollen. Geographic barrier becomes ineffective. If populations end up interbreeding, then speciation has not occurred. If populations cannot interbreed, speciation has occurred. For example, birds who can easily cross a canyon can interbreed easily and not turn into a different species, no speciation. However, squirrels who live on the north side of the grand canyon and a squirrel that lives on the south side of the grand canyon are different species because they cannot interbreed, speciation occurrence.
This diagram uses colors to illustrate the replication of a chromosome. Use your knowledge of DNA replication to determine whether or not the illustration is accurate. If it is not accurate, briefly explain how to make it correct. (see ch.10 number 10 for picture)
False, the original DNA molecule only consists one double helix strand, not two. Each strand of the parental DNA will separate. As replication occurs, new DNA strands form. It results in a new daughter DNA molecule that consists of the new strand and old strand.
True or false: The skulls of humans and chimpanzees are an example of analogy. If false, make it a correct statement.
False, the skulls of humans and chimpanzees are an example of homology because they evolve from a common ancestor.
True or false: The stop codons specify an amino acid. If false, make it a correct statement.
False, the stop codon does not specify an amino acid. Regular codons and start codon specify an amino acid.
1. Briefly describe a fossil.
Fossils are the preserve remains of a prehistoric organism.
All the variations of all the genes in a population are known as its
Gene pool
Briefly compare analogy to homology
Homology are the homologous structures in different species, but they can vary in form and function. These structures are very similar to each other because they evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor. More recently two species have branched from a common ancestor, the more similar is their DNA sequence. In analogy, due to convergent evolution there is a similarity between two species rather than a common ancestor with the same trait. Species from different evolutionary branches haver certain structures that are similar natural selection has shaped analogous adaptations.
Refer to the following figure to answer the following question. A virologist develops a drug that specifically targets step 5 of the reproductive cycle of an enveloped virus. Briefly explain what effect this would have on the virus.
If the drug targeted RNA synthesis, then it would be impossible to create a new strand of viral RNA for the new viral genome. It would not be able to assemble probably in the creation of the viral cell.
Refer to the following figure to answer the following question. A virologist develops a drug that specifically targets step 5 of the reproductive cycle of an enveloped virus. Briefly explain what effect this would have on the virus. (ch 10, number 4)
If the drug targeted RNA synthesis, then it would be impossible to create a new strand of viral RNA for the new viral genome. It would not be able to assemble probably in the creation of the viral cell.
You are a research biologist working at the U.S. research station in Antarctica. You discover a new single-celled organism that is able to survive in the frigid conditions. During your research you observe that the organism has a nucleus. Which domain would this new organism be classified into? Briefly explain your answer.
If the new organism is about to survive frigid conditions and contains a nucleus, then it will be in the domain Eukarya. The domain Eukarya consists of multicellular eukaryotes which contain a nucleus.
A mutation in the bacterial gene that codes for the lac repressor creates a repressor that binds irreversibly to the lac operator. Briefly explain what effect, if any, this would have on the bacterium's metabolism of lactose
If the repressor binds irreversibly to the lac operator, then lactose will not be able to metabolize because proteins or enzymes are not available to break down lactose.
How does the flow of genetic information differ in a retrovirus when compared to any other cell?
In a retrovirus the flow of genetic information is reversed. Instead of DNA -> RNA, it is RNA-> DNA.
It is possible to produce an offspring from a zebra mating with a donkey. Indeed, in 2013 at a zoo in Florence, Italy, a male zebra climbed a zoo fence in order to mate with a female donkey. This resulted in the donkey giving birth to a live organism called Ippo. Ippo is considered a hybrid organism and is known as a zeedonk or a zonkey. While there is no doubt that Ippo is cute, this mating would likely never happen in the wild. Which reproductive barrier would prevent this from occurring?
In the wild, donkeys and zebra live in different areas and do not meet. Habitat isolation will prevent them from breeding in the wild.
A population of bacteria sees an increase in the number of bacteria resistant to a certain antibiotic over a number of generations. This is known as ______________.
Microevolution
Briefly explain why the application of pesticides to kill cockroaches is not artificial selection.
Pesticides to kill cockroaches is not artificial selection because cockroaches obtain characters to help it survive once pesticides were introduced to the insects and environment. The roaches become immune to the pesticides because they adapt to the environment with pesticides.
What processes occur in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
RNA splicing, Addition of a cap, Addition of a tail
Which of the following represents a post-zygotic barrier? A) Temporal B) Habitat C) Reduced hybrid viability D) Gametic
Reduced hybrid viability
Mechanical isolation
Reproductive structures of a different species are physically incompatible EX: pollinators, Hummingbirds pick pollen from male parts from one flower and transfer it to female parts of another flower. The flower reproductive structures determine the best fit between the pollen and flower.
List three major outbreaks of emerging viruses from the past 100 years. Refer to Figure 10.33 from page 192 of your textbook.
Some of the major outbreaks of virus are AIDS, H1N1 flu, and Ebola.
The creation of a new species without geographic isolation is known as ________.
Sympatric speciation
What analogy do the authors use to help explain gene regulation in cells?
The Authors used the analogy of restaurants in a hometown using the same cookbook. Each restaurant will use the same cookbook, but different restaurants will pick and choose different recipes from the book to have a unique menu.
describe relative fitness?
The ability to produce healthy offspring
A crime has been committed in your home. The police take DNA samples for DNA profiling using STR analysis. Days later, you are arrested for the crime based solely on a DNA profile based on an STR analysis of the DNA. Briefly explain how this could end up being a silly arrest.
The arrest based on the STR analysis could have been wrong because your DNA is everywhere in your home. Therefore, the police needs more evidence than a DNA sample.
A biologist is working to identify a single-celled organism that was discovered in a pond. After a series of experiments, she determines that every gene she has observed has its own promoter. What type of cell is this? Conversely, what type of cell is it not? Briefly explain your answer either way.
The cell is a eukaryote cell because it has its own promoter. Typically eukaryotes tend to have their own promotor. Prokaryotic cells are normally grouped into Operons which is common in gene regulation for prokaryotic genes.
A biochemist identifies a new toxin that closes the nuclear pores of a cell's nucleus. What cellular process would be disrupted by this toxin? Which one would not be? Briefly explain your answer either way. Refer to Figure 10.8 on page 176 of your textbook.
The cellular process that would be disrupted will be translation. The cellular process that will not be affected will be transcription. The reasoning behind that is due to the fact that DNA can still translate its genetic information to the RNA molecule, but RNA will not be able to leave into the cytoplasm. The closed nuclear pores will not let RNA pass to translate information for protein synthesis.
You are a graduate student at the University of Iowa and working as a teaching assistant for a freshman introductory biology course. Two of your students have come to you with a question about the sequence of an mRNA transcribed from a gene. The original DNA sequence from which the mRNA was transcribed reads: TGACGATCGTA. The students were asked to provide the sequence of bases in the mRNA and came up with the following mRNA sequence: ACTGCTAGCAT. They are confused because their answer does not match the answer in the book. Briefly explain the very common mistake they made and what would the correct sequence be? The common mistake
The common mistake is that occurred is not switching out thymine. In order to translate DNA to a sequence of mRNA, the students need to change the T into a U for uracil. Their answers is a DNA replication sequence.
A scientist finds a rock formation with 12 distinct layers. She finds a fossil in the 3rd and 7th layers. Briefly explain how she knows the fossil in the 3rd layer is older without even using a fossil dating method.
The fossil in the 3 layer is older because the more towards the bottom on the layer, the older the fossil is. The top layers are younger, so fossil found in the top layers are younger.
Briefly state the purposes of the Human Genome Project (HGP).
The human genome project purpose was to determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome and identify the locations and sequence of every gene.
What do the leopard, striped skunk, European otter, coyote, and wolf all have in common? Use Figure 14.22 on page 286 of your textbook.
The leopard, striped skunk, European otter, coyote, and wolf are all part of the carnivora order.
What method of genome sequencing is described as a method where all the chromosomes are cut with restriction enzymes and all the fragments are sequenced by computers using special software?
The method is known as the whole-genome shot gun method.
How old is the oldest known animal fossil?
The oldest known animal fossil is 635 million years.
Which color of DNA represents the newly synthesized strands in the 3rd round of DNA amplification as illustrated in this figure? (chapter 12 number 2)
The orange color represents the newly synthesized DNA stands in the 3rd round of DNA amplification
Earth has witnessed several mass extinctions. It would seem obvious that a mass extinction is not desirable. However, is there any upside to a mass extinction?
The upside to all the mass extinctions are the diversity of survivors. The extinctions provided the surviving organisms new environmental opportunities.
what stem cells can be used in treating medical ailments?
Therapeutic cloning
The word mutation is generally considered to be negative. However, is there a positive side to mutations? Briefly explain your answer.
There are some beneficial sides to mutations such as providing a source of diversity of genes. Different diversities may be beneficial to evolution by natural selection. Also, different types of alleles are needed for research so having different diversity of mutations can be studied in lab.
You are a molecular biologist studying a defective human protein that is known to be a cause of a rare cancer. You isolate the suspected protein from a person with this cancer and compare it to the same protein in a person without the cancer. You discover that the protein isolated from the cancer patient is slightly smaller in size when compared to the protein from the unaffected patient. Furthermore, you discover that the protein from the cancer patient differs in almost every amino acid starting after the 23rd amino acid. What is the likely explanation?
There could have been a nucleotide deletion or insertion that will disrupt the amino acids after a certain point
Does it seem that there is a relationship between complexity of an organism and the number of genes in its genome? Briefly explain your answer.
There is no relationship between the size or complexity of an organism that indicates the size of the genome or number of genes. Organisms have different sets of chromosomes and genes for their specific species, their size or complexity does not determine how small or large amounts of genes they receive.
A person suffering from cystic fibrosis is enrolled in an experimental program where their defective gene that causes the disease is replaced with the normal human gene. Is this person a GMO, transgenic organism, or both? Briefly explain your answer.
This person is GMO because they received a normal human gene from another source, human source instead of a different organism/species.
Two different species of spiders mate at different times of the year. One species breeds in late spring and one breeds in late summer. What type of reproductive barrier is this?
This reproductive barrier is called temporal isolation, mating or fertilization occurs at different seasons.
1. A classic example of microevolution is the shift in a population of moths from light colored to dark colored during the Industrial Revolution in England. This shift in moth color was brought about by an accumulation of soot on the trees and other vegetation around the factories of the cities. What type of selection was this an example of?
This type of selection is called Directional selection
A scientist trying to clone a Bengal tiger via nuclear transplantation obtains the donor nucleus from a gametic cell rather than a somatic cell. Briefly explain why this is not going to work.
This will not work because gametic cells only contain a haploid set of chromosomes and somatic cells have diploid sets of chromosomes.
List the steps of nuclear transplantation.
To perform nuclear transplantation, you need to replace the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus from an adult body cell. When stimulated, the recipient cell will divide.
If a criminal leaves behind even a single cell at the crime scene, a scientist could make many copies of specific DNA sequences from that cell. If false, make it a correct statement.
True
True or false: A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of an organism. If false, make it a correct statement.
True
True or false: A reproductive barrier is a mechanism that prevents members of different species from mating with one another. If false, please make it a correct statement.
True
True or false: A very common misconception about evolution is that individuals evolve. If false, make it a correct statement.
True
True or false: Adenine always pairs to thymine in DNA. If false, make it a correct statement.
True
True or false: Radiometric dating is based on the decay of radioactive isotopes over time. If false, make it a correct statement.
True
True or false: The expression of genes can be turned on or off. If false, make it a correct statement.
True
True or false: The genetic code is in triplet, which specifies for 64 possible codes. If false, make it a correct statement.
True
This figure compares two different turtle species found on the Galapagos Islands. Briefly describe the differences between these two species.
Turtle A has a thick round shells, short neck and legs. Turtle B has an arch at the front of the shell to allow more movement. The shell looks lumpy as well. Turtle B has longer legs and neck.
Briefly explain why control valves on a water pipe are a good analogy for control of gene expression in eukaryotes.
Water pipe is a good analogy for control of gene expression because valves control the flow of water in pipes. Each control knob indicates a gene expression which are valve controls for the flow of water. All knobs represent possible controls.the regulation of eukaryotic genes can occur at many different places along the entire process of transcription, translation, and beyond.
On pages 173 and 174, of your textbook, the authors describe the process by which Watson and Crick came up with the idea for the double helix. How were Watson and Crick able to rule out that the bases paired with themselves?
Watson and Crick used wire models to construct a double helix. As they placed the backbones of the outside of the model and forced nitrogenous bases to spin, they realized the bases must be paired in a specific way to spin in the interior of the molecule. Watson tried to pair the same bases with each other such as A with A and C with C would result in an uneven molecule. They discovered that a single ringed based must be paired with a double ringed base. Lastly, the found that A and T best form hydrogen bonds as well as guanine paired with cytosine.
A tumor-suppressor gene is mutated such that its expression is increased. Would this increase or decrease your chance of cancer? Briefly explain your answer.
When a tumor-suppresor gene is mutated, the protein becomes defective and they will be prevented from being made or to function properly. This will lead to an increase of cancer because the control of normal proteins will become uncontrolled. The cells will divide excessively causing a tumor.
Is it possible for North and South America to "drift" apart? Briefly explain your answer using the following figure.
Yes, it is possible for north America and south America to drift apart because, there is violent tectonic activity near the North American, Caribbean and South American plate. They are all in different plate tectonics and the north America plate tectonic will most likely go up and the south American plate goes to the side. Overtime, they will not be connected.
what are components of a nucleotide?
a nitrogenous base, a pentose (5-carbon sugar), a phosphate
Darwin used the practice of ______________ to gain insight on his ideas about a mechanism for evolution.
artificial selection
A scientist isolates an mRNA from the cytoplasm of a cell. He then uses it to make a cDNA copy from the isolated mRNA. How would the cDNA differ from the original DNA of the gene?
cDNA would differ from the original DNA of the gene because cDNA uses mRNA that has a genetic message with no interruption of the message from introns and only includes the exons. Splitting of the exons can generate different RNA molecules as well. As opposed to DNA, it includes both exons and introns. The inclusion on introns will interrupt the genetic message.
A sequence of DNA reads ACTGAGTCA. The next base would have to be
could be any of the four bases. C, T, A, G
Place the following steps to the shotgun sequencing method in order: DNA sequencing, computer alignment of overlapping sequences, obtain DNA, upload the DNA into a database, and cut the DNA with restriction enzymes.
cut the DNA with restriction enzymes, DNA sequencing, upload the DNA into a database, computer alignment of overlapping sequences, obtain DNA
___________ determine which end of the fruit fly becomes the head.
homeotic genes
RNA splicing removes _______ from the mRNA while keeping the _______.
introns, exons
cDNA is made from ___________ using reverse transcriptase.
mRNA
Darwin proposed a mechanism by which evolution occurred. He called his mechanism
natural selection
DNA is attracted to the positive pole because ____ electrical charges attract.
negative
The default state of most eukaryotic genes is
off rather than on in prokaryotes .
A gene that causes cancer is known as a(n)
oncogene
Habitat isolation
populations live in different habitats and do not meet. EX: north American garter snakes live in the water, but a close related species lives on land.
___________ is the formation of a new species through evolutionary mechanisms.
speciation
STR analysis used for DNA profiling in the pursuit of a criminal or legal matter requires that__STR sites be compared.
specific
1. Isle Royale National Park consists of a series of islands located in Lake Superior. Initially, there were no wolves on any of the islands since they were in the middle of Lake Superior. However, in 1949 an unusually long and cold winter produced an ice bridge between Canada and the islands of the National Park. During this winter, a pair of wolves used the ice bridge to inadvertently travel to Isle Royale. What mechanism of evolution is this?
this mechanism is called the founder effect because a pack of wolves colonized an new habitat which is the lake.
