Biology Ch. 14 & 15

Why do antibiotics quickly lose their effectiveness in the treatment of bacterial infections? A. Some bacterial strains have natural resistance to antibiotics, and using antibiotics selects for these strains. B. Bacteria grow rapidly to large numbers, so they are unaffected by antibiotics. C. Bacteria have a high rate of mutation and quickly develop resistance to antibiotics. D. Bacteria are able to transport antibiotics through their cell walls. E. Bacteria can eat the antibiotics, and this makes them grow bigger and stronger.

A. Some bacterial strains have natural resistance to antibiotics, and using antibiotics selects for these strains.

Viruses are most closely related, in that they share a common ancestor, to which domain of life? A. Viruses are not considered to be part of the tree of life. B. bacteria C. prokarya D. Viruses are equally related to bacteria and archaea. E. archaea

A. Viruses are not considered to be part of the tree of life.

Unlike higher plants such as angiosperms and gymnosperms, all bryophytes lack: A. alternation of generations. B. water transport mechanisms. C. roots. D. cuticles. E. stomata.

A. alternation of generations.

Of the groups mentioned below, the fungi are most closely related to: A. animals. B. water molds. C. bacteria. D. slime molds. E. vascular plants.

A. animals.

What is the term that describes all trees that shed their leaves in the winter? A. deciduous B. oaks C. coniferous D. delicious

A. deciduous

Which of these is not a defensive device used by plants to prevent being eaten by herbivorous animals? A. making alarm calls B. sticky sap C. spines D. thorns E. toxic chemical compounds

A. making alarm calls

The Plasmodium parasite is transmitted by: A. mosquitoes. B. tainted food. C. sexual contact. D. wind. E. contaminated water.

A. mosquitoes.

Dispersal of fungal spores is typically done by: A. wind. B. movement of cilia. C. insects. D. hummingbirds. E. movement of flagellas.

A. wind.

Which of the following items when combined would be similar to the smell of the corpse flower? (select all that apply) A. stinky feet B. Stale beer C. rotting fish D. Limburger cheese E. cooked onions

ALL

Prokaryotes are found in ______ domain(s). A. 5 B. 2 C. 1 D. 3 E. 4

B. 2

In terms of their adaptation to living on land, how are reptiles similar to the seed plants? A. Both reptiles and seed plants became completely independent of water. B. Both "Reptiles and seed plants have developed structures that house their gametes and protect them from the surrounding environment" and "Reptiles and seed plants have developed structures that house their gametes and protect them from the surrounding environment" are correct. C. Reptiles and seed plants have developed structures that house their gametes and protect them from the surrounding environment. D. Reptiles eat plants. E. Seed plants and reptiles have developed structures such as cuticles and impermeable skin to minimize desiccation.

B. Both "Reptiles and seed plants have developed structures that house their gametes and protect them from the surrounding environment" and "Reptiles and seed plants have developed structures that house their gametes and protect them from the surrounding environment" are correct.

___________________ were the first organisms in the history of life on earth that could use solar energy to build organic compounds from carbon dioxide and, in the process, break down water molecules to release oxygen. A. Horsetails and ferns B. Cyanobacteria C. Retroviruses D. Chemolithotrophs E. Chemoorganotrophs

B. Cyanobacteria

"Fairy rings" of folklore are actually caused when fungi extend their growth outward from an underground food source. This causes a physical ring of dying flora to appear above the food source, due to the fungi depleting the soil of nutrients. What part of the fungi is causing this outward growth and subsequent ring? A. the spores B. the lichen C. the mycelium D. the prothallus E. the fruiting body

C. the mycelium

The bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus is used as a probiotic therapy for gastrointestinal upset. Why would a doctor deliberately infect a patient with a bacteria culture? A. Lactobacillus acidophilus helps to break down the hard-to-digest foods that cause stomach upset. B. Lactobacillus acidophilus is not disease-causing, and it competes for resources with harmful bacteria. C. Lactobacillus acidophilus excretes proteins that are soothing to the intestinal track of patients. D. Lactobacillus acidophilus has been shown to consume virus particles. E. Lactobacillus acidophilus excretes arsenic, which kills other types of bacteria.

B. Lactobacillus acidophilus is not disease-causing, and it competes for resources with harmful bacteria.

Plasmids containing genes for antibiotic resistance can be exchanged between bacterial cells by: A. transduction. B. conjugation. C. cloning. D. artificial exchange. E. conduction.

B. conjugation.

Most archaeal species: A. are pathogenic. B. have yet to be discovered. C. are animal parasites. D. are bacteriophages. E. are beneficial to humans.

B. have yet to be discovered.

Double fertilization in angiosperms provides several advantages over reproduction in gymnosperms. One of these advantages is that double fertilization: A. allows for a higher degree of inbreeding in angiosperms than is available in gymnosperms. B. initiates the formation of endosperm only when an egg is fertilized, where gymnosperms use hundreds of haploid female cells to make the endosperm before fertilization occurs. C. allows angiosperms to avoid the genetically less diverse haploid stage that gymnosperms must go through. D. initiates the formation of endosperm before an egg is fertilized, where gymnosperms use hundreds of haploid female cells to make the endosperm only after fertilization occurs. E. produces twice as many seeds in angiosperms as single fertilization does in gymnosperms.

B. initiates the formation of endosperm only when an egg is fertilized, where gymnosperms use hundreds of haploid female cells to make the endosperm before fertilization occurs.

Which disease is bacterial in origin? A. herpes B. necrotizing fasciitis C. smallpox D. HIV/AIDS E. malaria

B. necrotizing fasciitis

Which species has the corpse flower harnessed to spread the species to its widest range in known history? A. The giant honey bee of Sumatra (Apis dorsata) B. the humans (Homo sapiens) C. A common carrion beetle in Sumatra (Necrophila sp.) D. The South East Asian Flesh Fly (Sarcophaga pattoni)

B. the humans (Homo sapiens)

Which of these is a common protist-caused sexually transmitted disease? A. syphilis B. trichomoniasis C. genital herpes D. yeast infection E. chlamydia

B. trichomoniasis

Which of the following adaptations arose first in early plants? A. seeds B. vessels to transport water and food C. resistance to drying out D. roots E. pollen

B. vessels to transport water and food

Which of the following statements about antibiotics is incorrect? A. Antibiotics are used not just in human health care but also in agriculture. B. Antibiotics help microbes compete with other microbes. C. Antibiotics, though effective against viruses, are not effective against bacteria. D. Penicillin was the first antibiotic widely used to fight bacterial infections. E. Antibiotic-resistant microbes are selected for in humans who are taking antibiotics.

C. Antibiotics, though effective against viruses, are not effective against bacteria.

Which of the following comparisons and contrasts between fungi and plants is incorrect? A. Fungi are heterotrophs (i.e., cannot fix carbon and so must use organic carbon for growth), but plants are not. B. Both fungi and plants have cell walls. C. Both fungi and plants use chitin as a structural stabilizer. D. Fungi cannot photosynthesize, but plants can. E. Both fungi and plants have a sexual stage in their reproductive cycle.

C. Both fungi and plants use chitin as a structural stabilizer.

The genetic information in all viruses is: A. protein. B. RNA. C. DNA or RNA. D. DNA. E. a polymerase enzyme.

C. DNA or RNA.

Which of the following statements about HIV is incorrect? A. It mutates frequently. B. It is a virus. C. It attacks red blood cells. D. It is derived from a simian immunodeficiency virus. E. It contains RNA but not DNA.

C. It attacks red blood cells.

Why do leaves turn yellow, orange, or red in the fall? (select all correct answers) A. Chlorophyll molecules have a relatively short lifespan and break down after several months of activity, exposing more long-lasting yellow and red pigments. B. Chlorophyll molecules change colors as they age and the chlorophyll that was made in the spring have changed colors to reflect their age. C. Leaves make red pigments to shade chlorophyll molecules blocking them from absorbing light energy. D. Chlorophyll is "deactivated" and made clear exposing underlying yellows and orange pigments that were there all along.

C. Leaves make red pigments to shade chlorophyll molecules blocking them from absorbing light energy. D. Chlorophyll is "deactivated" and made clear exposing underlying yellows and orange pigments that were there all along.

Which is the best brief description of the vascular system of the very first terrestrial plants? A. The first plants developed specialized vessel cells that conducted water. B. None of these are correct. C. The first plants did not possess a vascular system. D. The first plants had only long, needle-like leaves, from which water could evaporate easily. E. The first plants had a very basic vascular system with a simple method of internal transport.

C. The first plants did not possess a vascular system.

What is significant about the symbiosis between mycorrhizae and the plants known as ghost pipe and garlic mustard? A. The plants trade nitrogen and phosphorous to mycorrhizae, which, in turn, supply sugar. B. The mycorrhizae produce chemicals that poison the plants they feed on. C. The plants are part of a network of parasites, sucking nutrients from the mycorrhizae that were absorbed from a nearby photosynthetic plant. D. The mycorrhizae extract nutrients from the plants and give nothing in return. E. The mycorrhizae grow with the roots of these plants, sucking out their chlorophyll so they are completely white.

C. The plants are part of a network of parasites, sucking nutrients from the mycorrhizae that were absorbed from a nearby photosynthetic plant.

Which of the following statements about ferns is incorrect? A. Their spores are contained in sporangia. B. Their sporophyte is dominant. C. Their seeds are dispersed by the wind. D. They require liquid water for fertilization. E. They have vascular tissue for distributing water and nutrients throughout the plant.

C. Their seeds are dispersed by the wind.

Viruses are often used in laboratories as vectors (i.e., transporters of genetic material) for gene therapy. Which property makes viruses so useful in these types of experiments? A. Viruses are able to control the movement of molecules in or out of the virus particle. B. Viruses do not have their own genetic material and are thus empty shells waiting to be filled. C. Viruses are very adept at entering host cells and will inject any genetic material inside their capsids into host cells. D. Viral enzymes inject the genetic material into the host cell genetic material at exactly the right place in the DNA. E. Viruses are powerful replicating machines that will produce many copies of any genetic material put into their capsids.

C. Viruses are very adept at entering host cells and will inject any genetic material inside their capsids into host cells.

The oldest known eukaryotes were: A. paramecia. B. algae. C. acritarchs. D. bacteria. E. viruses.

C. acritarchs.

Anthers and stigmas are found on: A. bryophytes. B. gymnosperms. C. angiosperms. D. all of these. E. fungi.

C. angiosperms.

Which of the following pairs of domains are the most closely related, in that they share a unique common ancestor? A. None of these; all three domains are equally related to one another. B. archaea and bacteria C. archaea and eukarya D. bacteria and eukarya E. None of these; all three domains evolved from different ancestors.

C. archaea and eukarya

"Establishing a phylogeny for bacteria is more difficult than establishing a phylogeny for plants or animals." This statement is: A. incorrect, because lateral gene transfer makes creating a phylogeny simpler. B. incorrect, because the metabolic diversity of bacteria makes classification impossible. C. correct, because bacteria can engage in lateral gene transfer. D. correct, because of the quick generation time of bacteria. E. correct, because it is difficult to obtain enough morphological data from bacteria.

C. correct, because bacteria can engage in lateral gene transfer.

Which of these is not an example of a gymnosperm? A. cycads B. conifers C. maple tree D. ginkgos E. gnetophytes

C. maple tree

The evolution of seeds allowed: A. plants to spend more energy growing. B. for coevolution with animal pollinators. C. plants to colonize drier climates. D. for heterospory (i.e., the development of male and female gametophytes). E. plants to colonize moist climates.

C. plants to colonize drier climates.

Which of these is not a novel trait of angiosperms? A. stamens B. flowers C. pollen D. double fertilization E. ovule

C. pollen

Which group of organisms utilizes the largest variety of energy sources? A. fungi B. protists C. prokaryotes D. vertebrate animals E. invertebrate animals

C. prokaryotes

Which of the modern gymnosperms is the most abundant? A. the ferns B. the gnetophytes C. the conifers D. the cycads E. the ginkgos

C. the conifers

Over the evolutionary history of plants: A. the gametophyte has become larger, though more dependent. B. the gametophyte and sporophyte have grown increasingly independent of each other. C. there has been a trend toward gametophyte dependence on the sporophyte. D. the sporophyte has become smaller, though more independent. E. there has been a trend toward gametophyte dominance.

C. there has been a trend toward gametophyte dependence on the sporophyte.

How can breaking down chlorophyll molecules within the leaves in order to recycle nutrients can be dangerous for the trees? A. Some of the components of chlorophyll can be toxic for the leaf cells. Breaking them down causes the cells to wither and die which leaves them brown and dry. B. Broken down chlorophyll molecules turn colorless which makes them unable to photosynthesize light, thus halting sugar production. C. If the trees break down the chlorophyll molecules too early, they will not be able to make enough sugars to get them through winter; so, timing is everything. D. Just because the chlorophyll has been "disconnected" from the rest of the leaf, does not mean that photosynthesis has stopped, creating dangerous free radicals in the leaves.

D. Just because the chlorophyll has been "disconnected" from the rest of the leaf, does not mean that photosynthesis has stopped, creating dangerous free radicals in the leaves.

How are archaea and bacteria alike? A. Their DNA sequences are nearly indistinguishable from each another. B. The chemical composition of their plasma membranes is nearly identical. C. The composition and structure of their flagella are similar. D. They both lack a distinct cell nucleus and nuclear membrane. E. The chemical composition of their cell walls is nearly identical.

D. They both lack a distinct cell nucleus and nuclear membrane.

Which of these is always absent in viruses? A. capsid B. enzymes C. RNA D. a nucleus E. DNA

D. a nucleus

Which phrase is not normally associated with archaea? A. living in very salty water B. methane production in the human gut C. living in very acidic water D. causing disease E. living in very hot water

D. causing disease

Why does the corpse flower invest so much time and energy to smell so bad? A. to chase away predators (herbivores) that would normally eat it B. to attract other corpse flowers to mate with C. to attract bees to pollinate it D. to attract flies and other bugs to pollinate it

D. to attract flies and other bugs to pollinate it

Many biologists do not consider viruses to be alive. Which of the following characteristics of viruses leads to this conclusion? A. Only two of these are correct. B. Viruses do not respond to external stimuli. C. Viruses lack a metabolic system. D. Viruses are unable to reproduce on their own. E. All of these are correct.

E. All of these are correct.

Which statement is not a step that HIV takes in infecting a human T cell? A. Viral genes are transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into HIV proteins. B. The double-stranded DNA is incorporated into the host's DNA. C. Reverse transcriptase creates DNA out of the virus's RNA, which then serves as the template for its complementary strand. D. The virus binds receptors on cell membranes and injects its RNA. E. Capsids surround new viral RNA, creating progeny, which then lyse the host cell and are released to infect new cells.

E. Capsids surround new viral RNA, creating progeny, which then lyse the host cell and are released to infect new cells.

A vaccination against the smallpox virus will provide years of protection, whereas a vaccination against the flu virus will only provide one season's worth of protection, if that. Why is this? A. The vaccine for smallpox was derived from cattle, which are more closely related to humans than birds, from which the flu vaccine was derived. B. The smallpox virus is an RNA virus with mutation-correcting enzymes, so it changes very slowly. The flu virus is a DNA virus without error-correcting mechanisms, so it changes rapidly. C. Scientists began working on a vaccine for smallpox much earlier than they began working on a vaccine for the flu. When the technology for the flu vaccine catches up, it will be effective for many years. D. There is very little of the smallpox virus left in the world, so there is not much variation to which a vaccine can respond. The flu virus is ubiquitous, with many variants. E. The smallpox virus is a DNA virus with mutation-correcting enzymes, so it changes very slowly. The flu virus is an RNA virus without error-correcting mechanisms, so it changes rapidly.

E. The smallpox virus is a DNA virus with mutation-correcting enzymes, so it changes very slowly. The flu virus is an RNA virus without error-correcting mechanisms, so it changes rapidly.

Gram-positive bacteria are colored purple by the Gram stain because they: A. are yellow bacteria and when surrounded by the red stain, they look purple. B. have a layer of glycoprotein called peptidoglycan beneath a membrane. C. have circular DNA molecules called plasmids that take up the stain. D. have circular DNA molecules called plasmids that repel the stain. E. have a layer of glycoprotein called peptidoglycan on the outside of the cell wall.

E. have a layer of glycoprotein called peptidoglycan on the outside of the cell wall.

Besides producing sugar for itself, a plant also needs to absorb nitrogen to build proteins, salts to make concentration gradients, and: A. chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis. B. pyruvate for fermentation. C. starch to power the cells. D. potassium to make enzymes. E. phosphorus to make ATP.

E. phosphorus to make ATP.

Diatoms are an example of _____________; they are _________________. A. plant-like protists; eukaryotic and multicellular. B. fungus-like protists; prokaryotic and unicellular. C. animal-like protists; eukaryotic and multicellular. D. fungus-like protists; eukaryotic and multicellular. E. plant-like protists; eukaryotic and unicellular.

E. plant-like protists; eukaryotic and unicellular.

The best description of the first land plants is: A. tall and covered in bark. B. seed-producing. C. cone-producing and wind-pollinated. D. fruit-bearing. E. small, leafless, and without roots or flowers.

E. small, leafless, and without roots or flowers.

One structure that is found in ferns but not in mosses or conifers is a(n): A. ovule. B. vessel. C. cuticle. D. root. E. sporangium.

E. sporangium.

In most cases, the relationship between roots and fungi in mycorrhizae can best be described as: A. mycelium. B. trickery. C. parasitism. D. competition. E. symbiosis.

E. symbiosis.

Transduction is not: A. the ability of a virus to incorporate genetic material from a host into its own genetic material during replication. B. the ability of a virus to transfer new genetic information from a previous host into a new host. C. the ability of a virus to transfer genetic material between hosts of different species. D. a possible means of evolutionary change. E. the ability of a virus to transfer genetic material between two viruses that infect the same host cell at the same time.

E. the ability of a virus to transfer genetic material between two viruses that infect the same host cell at the same time.

In the human body: A. bacterial cells can survive only inside the eukaryotic cells. B. archaea can survive, but bacteria are killed by the immune system. C. the bacterial cells are larger than the eukaryotic cells. D. there are more archaeal cells than bacterial cells. E. there are more microbial cells than human cells.

E. there are more microbial cells than human cells.

Ovaries contain ovules. Ovaries mature into fruits, and ovules mature into seeds. Using this information, which of these "vegetables" is technically a fruit? A. cabbage B. potato C. celery D. artichoke E. tomato

E. tomato